ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

GHAZIABAD-201009
(An autonomous Institution affiliated to
UTTAR PRADESH Technical University, Lucknow–201009)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

A report on the Final Year-project entitled

“SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING

INTERNET OF THINGS”

Conducted by
TEJASW TOMAR – 1900320400069
TUSHAR CHOUDHARY – 190032000070
SUDHANSHU KSHYAP – 1900320400063
PRATEEK SINGH TOMAR – 1900320400055
VIJAY KUMAR – 1900320400073

Students of Final Year

Under the guidance of

Dr. NAMAN JAIN

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD
During the academic year 2022-23 & submitted in APRIL 26.
 ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
GHAZIABAD-201009
(An autonomous Institution affiliated to
UTTAR PRADESH Technical University, Lucknow– 201009)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report on the final year project entitled “SMART IRRIGATION
SYSTEM BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS”. Is a bonafied work carried out by

MR. TEJASW TOMAR (1900320400069).

MR. TUHSAR CHOUDHARY (1900320400070).
MR. SUDHANSHU KASHAP (1900320400063).
MR PRATEEK SINGH TOMAR (190032040056).
MR. VIJAY KUMAR (1900320400073)

students of F I N A L Y E A R Department of Mechanical Engineering

ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD (201009), for the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of third year Engineering
course, during the academic year 2022-23. The report has been thoroughly
reviewed and it is approved that the report satisfies the necessary academic
requirements prescribed for the said course.

3
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
 Dr. NAMAN JAIN Dr. Dr.

Examiner I Examiner II

Signature
with date:

Name:

4
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The completion of any project depends upon cooperation, co-ordination and
combined efforts of several sources of knowledge. This report acknowledges a
number of guidance, supervision, stimulation and lot of inspiration from
numerous people. First of all, we thank the almighty for the blessings that have
been showered upon us to complete this project work successfully. It is our
privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project guide Prof. NAMAN
JAIN for his valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted
cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the duration of our project.
We are thankful to Prof. NAMAN JAIN, Assistance Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering for supporting us to provide necessary resources.
We are thankful to Prof. Dr. D E V E N D R A K U M A R , H.O.D of
MECHNAICAL DEPARTMENT ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
GHAZIABAD, for supporting us to carry out this work successfully and
extending the resources of the department.
We take the opportunity to thank all our lectures who have directly or indirectly
helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our parents and all other
family members and friends for their love encouragement throughout our career.
Last but not the least we express our thanks to our friends for their cooperation
and support.

MR. TEJASW TOMAR

MR. TUSHAR CHOUDHARY
MR. SUDHANSHU KASHYAP
MR. PRATEEK SINGH TOMAR
MR. VIJAY KUMAR

5
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
 ABSTRACT

The project describes the smart irrigation system using the concept of IoT. The
project uses a GSM module (ESP8266-12) which connects the system to internet.
This module controls a motor and two solenoid valves for supplying water to the
field on the information obtained from a water level indicator and two soil
moisture sensors. This whole system is monitored and controlled by GSM Module
through internet. The project also depicts the concept of Internet of Things (IoT).

Precise irrigation plays an essential role in agricultural production and its

management. Based on current conditions and historical records, profitability in
the farming sector depends on making the right and timely operational decisions.
For the last two decades, especially in India, climate change, groundwater
depletion, and erratic variation in rainfall have affected crop production
significantly. Due to advancements in technologies and reductions in size, sensors
are becoming involved in almost every field of life. Agriculture is one such
domain where sensors and their networks are successfully used to get numerous
benefits from them. In this paper, a review of the scope of smart irrigation using
IoT has been discussed. The scarcity of agricultural workers in irrigation can be
compensated by the Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The various parameters,
such as soil moisture, soil temperature, humidity, and pH, have been collected
using the Internet of Things (IoT) platform, equipped with sensors and Global
service Module (Global service Module)

6
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Motivation 1

1.3 Area of Utility 1

1.4 Literature Survey 2

CHAPTER 2: BASICS OF IoT 3

2.1 Definition 3

2.2 Introduction 3

2.3 What Devices Makes it to IoT 4

2.3.1 Are Mobile Phones being IoT Devices 5

2.3.2 IoT Devices 5

2.3.3 IoT Platforms 6

2.3.3.1 Wearable Platform 6

2.3.3.2 Embedded Platform 6

2.4 Implementation using IoT 8

2.4.1 MQTT 8

2.4.2 MQTT Architecture 8

2.4.3 MQTT Ports 9

2.4.4 MQTT Example 9

CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARES 11

3.1 Arduino 11

7
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
 3.1.1 Introduction to Arduino Boards 11

3.1.2 Arduino UNO 11

3.1.3 Arduino UNO Technical Specifications 13

Introduction to ESP8266

3.2.2 Block Diagram of ESP8266 14

3.2.3 Characteristics of ESP8266 15

3.2.4 Schematic Diagram of ESP8266-EX 15

3.2.5 GSM Modules 16

3.2.6 ESP8266 Applications 16

3.2.7 Explore ESP8266 GSM Module 17

3.2.8 Schematic Diagram of Explore ESP8266 GSM Module 17

3.2.9 AT Commands 18

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Initial Setups in Arduino IDE Software 24

4.2 How to Flash ESP8266-12 24

Experimental Setup 25

List of Components 25

Circuit Connection Procedure 25

Physical Connection 27

4.3 Results 28

4.3.1 How Module Works? 28

4.3.2 Controlling the Module using GSM Module 29

8
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
CHAPTER 5: PROJECT EXPENDITURE 33

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 34

REFERENCES 34

PHOTO GALLERY 35

9
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad
College, Ghaziabad
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Introduction

India is the country of village and agriculture plays an important role for development of
country. In our country, agriculture depends on the monsoons which has insufficient source
of water. So, the irrigation is used in agriculture field. In Irrigation system, depending upon
the soil type, water is provided to plant. In agriculture, two things are very important, first to
get information of about the fertility of soil and second to measure moisture content in
soil. Nowadays, for irrigation, different techniques are available which are used to
reduce the dependency of rain. And mostly this technique is driven by electrical power
and on/off scheduling. In this technique, water level indicator placed in water reservoir and
soil moisture sensors are placed root zone of plant and near the module and gateway unit
handles the sensor information and transmit data to the controller which in turns the
control the flow of water through the valves.

1.2 Motivation

For continuously increasing demand and decrease in supply of food necessities, it’s
important to rapid improvement in production of food technology. Agriculture is only the
source to provide this. This is the important factor in human societies to growing and dynamic
demand in food production. Agriculture plays the important role in the economy and
development, like India. Due to lack of water and scarcity of land water result the decreasing
volume of water on earth, the farmer use irrigation. Irrigation may be defined as the science
of artificial application of water to the land or soil that means depending on the soil type,
plant is to be provided with water.

1.3 Area of Utility

1. The primary focus of this project is to help the farmers and reduce their work.
2. This module can be implemented in perennial plant irrigation land and gardening land.

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, 0
1.4 Literature Review
1. In irrigation field, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensors are placed in root of plant
and microcontroller handles the sensor information and transmits data. One algorithm
was developed to measure threshold values of temperature sensor and soil moisture
sensor that was programmed into a microcontroller to control water quantity.[1]
2. A model of automatic irrigation system which is based on microcontroller and solar
power was used only for source of power supply. Various sensor are placed in paddy
field. Sensors sense water level continuously and give the information to farmer
through cellular phone. Farmer controls the motor using cellular phone without going
in paddy field. If the water level reaches at danger level, automatically motor will be
off without conformation of farmer.[1].
3. A study by Meena et al. (2020) identified that smart irrigation systems using IoT can
significantly reduce water usage and increase crop yields. The researchers found that
IoT-based sensors, combined with machine learning algorithms, can accurately
determine soil moisture levels and adjust irrigation accordingly, resulting in up to
40% reduction in water usage and up to 30% increase in crop yields
4. In another study, Dhar Adhikari and Kulkarni (2019) highlighted the importance of
IoT-based smart irrigation systems in addressing water scarcity issues. The authors
stated that these systems can provide real-time monitoring and control of water usage,
allowing farmers to make informed decisions and optimize their irrigation practices.
5. A review by Zhang et al. (2021) identified that the integration of IoT-based smart
irrigation systems with weather forecasting can further improve their performance.
The authors found that by utilizing weather data, these systems can adjust irrigation
schedules in advance to avoid water loss due to rainfall or high humidity.
6. In a systematic review, Jat et al. (2021) identified several key factors that influence
the adoption and effectiveness of IoT-based smart irrigation systems. These factors
include the availability of reliable and affordable sensors, user-friendly interfaces, and
reliable connectivity. The authors emphasized the need for further research to address
these challenges and promote widespread adoption of these systems.
7. Finally, a study by Lee et al. (2020) explored the potential of IoT-based smart
irrigation systems to improve water quality. The authors found that by optimizing
irrigation practices, these systems can reduce fertilizer and pesticide runoff, which can
improve water quality and reduce environmental pollution.
8. "Smart Irrigation System using IoT for Agriculture" by V. C. Arun et al. (2020)

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, 1
 This paper discusses the implementation of a smart irrigation system using IoT
technology in agriculture. The system uses sensors to collect data on soil moisture,
temperature, and humidity, which is then analyzed and used to control irrigation
valves. The authors report that the system was successful in reducing water usage and
improving crop yields.
IoT-based Smart Irrigation System using Wireless Sensor Networks" by R. K. Sinha
et al. (2020)
This paper presents a smart irrigation system that uses wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) to monitor soil moisture and control irrigation valves. The authors report that
their system was able to improve water efficiency and reduce water consumption in
agricultural fields.

Overall, the literature suggests that IoT-based smart irrigation systems have significant
potential to improve water usage, increase crop yields, and address water scarcity and
environmental issues. However, further research is needed to address technical and
adoption challenges and promote widespread implementation of these systems.

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, 2
CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF IoT

2.1 Definition

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded

The “Internet of Things” connects devices and vehicles using electronic sensors and the
Internet.

2.2 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects devices, vehicles,
buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to
be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer based systems,
and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit, when IoT is augmented
with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of
cyber physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart
homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through
its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet
infrastructure.

So, Internet of Things or IoT is an architecture that comprises specialized hardware

boards, Software systems, web APIs, protocols which together creates a seamless environment
which allows smart embedded devices to be connected to internet such that sensory data can
be accessed and control system can be triggered over internet.

Also, devices could be connected to internet using various means like Wi-Fi, Ethernet and
so on. Furthermore, devices may not need to be connected to internet independently.
Rather a cluster of devices could be created (for example a sensor network) and the base
station or the cluster head could be connected to internet. This leads to more abstract
architecture for communication protocols which ranges from high level to low level.

Most interestingly, these devices must be uniquely discovered. For unique discovery of the
devices in a Network, they need to have unique IP address. IoT devices essentially have
IPv6 addressing scheme. All these devices have either fixed or Subnet masked IP addresses of
type v6. Unique IP addresses makes IoT devices discoverable in the internet as independent
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, 3
 node. This is the most important concept to have in mind to understand IoT.

Following figure.2.1 explain what IoT is all about.

Figure 2.1 Internet of Things (IoT) Basic Architecture

2.3 What Devices Makes it to IoT

Since IoT are essentially embedded systems and smart objects connected to internet with
unique IP address which can be discovered and communicated over internet. We have also
seen that the IoT devices may have external peripheral like Actuators and Sensors.

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, 4
 2.3.1 Are Mobile Phones being IoT Devices

One of the most common in day- t o - d a y life are mobile phones. Mobile phone is
essentially an embedded system with a processor at the core having display and keypad. They
support wide variety of sensors like ambient light Sensors, Accelerometer, Gyroscope and so
on. They are connected to internet. Mobile phones get IP addresses, can access internet. In
other words, it virtually fits every description of IoT. So, can we call mobile phones IoT
devices?

This doubt was clarified at a keynote event during Sept 2011's Mobile World Congress in
Barcelona by Qualcomm Chairman and CEO Dr. Paul Jacobs.

Paul Jacobs talked about how mobile technology could be used to connect non-phone, non-
tablet devices called IoT devices and objects to the Internet. In this future where everything
is Web-connected, mobile phones will serve as the hub, or the remote control, for
Internet of Things.

So IoT is internet connectivity of smart objects and embedded system other than mobile
phones which can be connected with external hardware and Mobiles, Tablets, Laptops and
PCs are remote control/access center of IoT.

2.3.2 IoT Devices

Figure 2.2 Common IoT Devices and Technologies

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, 5
The most common and popular technologies in IoT will give an overview device. The IoT
devices into two broad categories: The wearable ones and Microcontroller /Microprocessor
driven embedded IoT devices. Some of the embedded devices like Arduino Lilypad are
Monique and it can further utilize them to make wearable solution. But wearable includes
hardware which are pretty standard and IoT has only software scope for the developer. Some
peripheral hardware are which might require are in IoT hardware in embedded level. Apps
can be used with popular wearable platforms, Embedded IoT platform may include
broader technologies like Raspberry Pi, Arduino or Galileo, etc.

2.3.3 IoT Platforms

IoT development can be divided into two parallel technologies: Wearable and Embedded.
Developers can build apps for custom Wearable devices like Peebles, Samsung Gear or can
often create their own platform using Embedded solution and then can develop app for that
platform.

2.3.3.1 Wearable Platform

Tizen is fast becoming one of the most popular platforms for Mobile and wearable
devices. Tizen SDK comes ported with wearable emulator which makes it easier to develop
wearable solutions for Tizen platform. As figure 2.2 suggests, a large Android Wear
devices are now being made and marketed. Smart watches are getting popular by every
day. Android Wear apps can be developed and tested in Eclipse. This Android Developer
Guide helps you in setting up Android Wear development environment in Eclipse.
Salesforce is another platform which is coming up with awesome development
environment, APIs in wearable technologies. Their solution is extended from Peebles to
Google glass.

2.3.3.2 Embedded Platform

Arduino is probably the best starting point for embedded based IoT. Basic Arduino boards
don't come with Ethernet shield or Wi-Fi shield and for Arduino to be able to work as IoT
device, their need to select Arduino with Ethernet shield or Wi-Fi shield. Arduino Yun on the
other hand is a board that comes ported with Ethernet shield.

11
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
CHAPTER 3: METHODLOGY AND HARDWARE

1.1.1. Sensor Selection:

The first step in building a smart irrigation system is selecting the right sensors to
collect data on various parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and
weather conditions. These sensors should be able to communicate with the IoT
platform to provide real-time data.

1.1.2. IoT Platform:

The IoT platform is the backbone of the smart irrigation system, as it collects data
from the sensors and processes it to make intelligent decisions. The platform should
be able to process large amounts of data quickly and provide timely insights to
optimize irrigation.

1.1.3. Decision-Making Algorithm:

The algorithm used in the smart irrigation system should be designed to take into
account multiple factors such as weather conditions, soil type, and plant species. The
algorithm should be able to adjust the irrigation schedule based on the real-time data
collected from the sensors.

1.1.4. Actuators:
The actuators are the devices responsible for carrying out the decisions made by the
algorithm. They control the water flow to the plants and should be able to
communicate with the IoT platform to receive commands.

1.1.5. Mobile Application:

A mobile application can be developed to allow users to monitor the irrigation
system remotely. The application can provide real-time information on the status of
the system and alert the user in case of any issues.

1.1.6. Cloud Storage:

11
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 Cloud storage can be used to store the data collected by the sensors and the insights
generated by the IoT platform. This data can be used for future analysis

Arduino
Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on simple input/output board
and development environment that implements the Processing language
(www.processing.org). Arduino can be used to develop standalone interactive objects or can
be connected to software on your computer. The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased
preassembled; the open-source IDE (Integrated Development Environment) can be downloaded
for free from www.arduino.cc.

Introduction to Arduino Boards

Arduino is an architecture that combines Atmel microcontroller family with standard hardware
into a board with inbuilt bootloader for plug and play embedded programming. Arduino
Software comes with an IDE that helps writing, debugging and burning program into Arduino.
The IDE also comes with a Serial Communication window through which can easily get the
serial data from the board.

Arduino Uno

Diagram of Arduino Uno is showed in figure 3.1.

11
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. Each of the 14
digital pins can be used as an input or output, using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and
digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as
recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any
I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and

transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be
configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM
output with the analogWrite () function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI
library.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin
13.
• TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support
TWI communication using the Wire library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analog Reference () function.

There are a couple of other pins on the board,

• AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used

with analog Reference ().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the
microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button
to shields which block the one on the board.

12
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Arduino Uno Technical Speciation’s

Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Length 68.6 mm

Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Table 3.1 Technical Specification

ESP8266

Introduction to ESP8266

ESP8266 is a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi network solutions that can carry
software applications, or through another application processor uninstall all Wi-Fi networking
capabilities. ESP8266 when the device is mounted and as the only application of the
application processor, the flash memory can be started directly from an external Move.
Built-in cache memory will help improve system performance and reduce memory
requirements. Another situation is when wireless Internet access assume the task of Wi-Fi
adapter, you can add it to any microcontroller-based design, and the connection is simple,
just by SPI / SDIO interface or central processor AHB bridge interface. Processing and
storage capacity on ESP8266

13
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 powerful piece, it can be integrated via GPIO ports sensors and other applications specific
equipment to achieve the lowest early in the development and operation of at least occupy
system resources. The ESP8266 highly integrated chip, including antenna switch balun,
power management converter, so with minimal external circuitry, and includes front-end
module, including the entire solution designed to minimize the space occupied by PCB. The
system is equipped with ESP8266 manifested leading features are: energy saving VoIP
quickly switch between the sleep / wake patterns, with low-power operation adaptive radio
bias, front-end signal processing functions, troubleshooting and radio systems coexist
characteristics eliminate cellular / Bluetooth / DDR / LVDS / LCD interference.

Figure 3.2 Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

lock Diagram of ESP8266

Figure 3.3 Block Diagram of ESP8266

14
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Characteristics of ESP8266

 802.11 b / g / n
 Built-in TCP / IP protocol stack
 Built-in TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Built-in PLL, voltage regulator and power management components
 802.11b mode + 19.5dBm output power
 Built-in temperature sensor
 Support antenna diversity
 off leakage current is less than 10uA
 Built-in low-power 32-bit CPU: can double as an application processor
 SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART
 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
 A-MPDU, A-MSDU aggregation and the 0.4 Within wake
 2ms, connect and transfer data packets
 standby power consumption of less than 1.0mW (DTIM3)

Schematic Diagram ESP8266-EX

Figure 3.4 Schematic Diagram ESP8266EX

15
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Explore ESP8266 GSM Module

The ESP8266 ESP12E Wi-Fi Module is more user friendly with the Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi
Module. It fits on a breadboard with all pins taken out. The module goes into programming
mode with a single reset switch.

Features:

 Fits on a breadboard.
 Single button 'Reset' switch for programming. Uses MOSFET's to put the module in
programming mode.
 All pins of ESP12E taken out.
 Separate serial pins breakout compatible with FTDI cable layout.
 On-board LM1117-3.3V regulator.
 Works with Arduino IDE for ESP8266.
 Programs can easily dumped using USB to TTL converter.
 ESP8266 ESP12E features.

Schematic Diagram of Explore ESP8266 GSM Module

Figure 3.5 Schematic Diagram of Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module.

16
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Soil Moisture Sensor

This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it. It's a
low-tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant's water level.
This is a must have tool for a connected garden. This sensor uses the two probes to pass
current through the soil, and then it reads that resistance to get the moisture level. More
water makes the soil conduct electricity more easily (less resistance), while dry soil
conducts electricity

poorly (more resistance). It will be helpful to remind you to water your indoor plants or to
monitor the soil moisture in your garden.

Figure 3.6 Soil Moisture Sensor YL-69 YL-38

A Chinese built YL-69 sensors (Figure 3.6) come with a ‘middle-man’ circuit which allows
to get two outputs: one is an analog readout of the resistance between the sensor’s probes and
the second is a digital output (essentially, HIGH or LOW, 5v or 0v) depending on whether
the humidity is above or below a threshold which can in turn be adjusted by a built-in POTS.
The YL-69 sensor has two pins which need to be wired to be the two pins on the YL-38
Bridge. On the other end of the YL-38 have four pins which represent VCC, GND, D0 and
A0. VCC and GND are power pins which should set to 3.3/5V and ground respectively. A0 is
an analog output. D0 is a digital output.

17
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 Submersible Water Pump

A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump) (figure3.8) is a device which
has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is
submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it
prevents pump cavitation’s, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between

pump and the fluid surface. Small DC Submersible water pumps push fluid to the surface as
opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps. It
is usually operated between 3v to 12v.

Figure 3.8 Submersible Water Pump.

Specifications:

 Voltage: 2.5-10V
 Maximum lift: 40-110cm / 15.75"-43.4"
 Flow rate: 80-120L/H
 Outside diameter: 7.5mm / 0.3"
 Inside diameter: 5mm / 0.2"
 Diameter: Approx. 24mm / 0.95"
 Length: Approx. 45mm / 1.8"
 Height: Approx. 30mm / 1.2"
 Material: Engineering plastic
 Driving mode: DC design, magnetic driving
 Continuous working life for 500 hours

18
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Relay Switch

Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically and
connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch
another one while they are completely separate. They are often used to interface an electronic
circuit (working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage. For
example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. Thus a
small sensor circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb.

Figure 3.9 Relay Switch

A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a coil
which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit is applied to
it. This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are available in
different configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The output section
consists of contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are
three contactors: normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no
input state, the COM is connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay
coil gets energized and the COM changes contact to NO.

Transistor (BC-547)

A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used for many

purposes. Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and
capacitors, it can be used as the active component for switches and amplifiers. Transistors has
an emitter terminal, a base or control terminal, and a collector terminal. In a typical

19
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 configuration, the current flowing from the base to the emitter controls the collector current. A
short vertical line, which is the base, can indicate the transistor schematic for an NPN
transistor, and the emitter, which is a diagonal line connecting to the base, is an arrowhead
pointing away from the base (Figure 3.10).

Figure 3.10 BC-547 NPN Transistor

Diode (IN4007)

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in

one direction (asymmetric conductance), it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of
current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor
diode is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two
electrical terminals (figure 3.11).

Figure 3.11 Diode IN4007

Relay Circuit

The relay circuit consists of relay switch, diode and transistor as shown in figure 3.12. This
circuit controls 18-24v DC solenoid valve or 2.5-10v submersible motor. The control
signal from controller to the base of transistor controls ON-OFF of actuators. The diode
prevents the reverse flow of current in input end of the relay switch. At output end of relay
switch a series connection of battery source and actuator. It is used because of actuators needs
supply of 3-24v DC, but controller output signal is of 3.3v DC.

20
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS

Initial Setups in Arduino IDE Software

Step 1: Install the Arduino 1.6.7 IDE.

Step 2: Go to File>>Preferences>>Additional Boards Manager URLs:

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

>>Ok

Step 3: Go to Tools>>Boards>>Boards Manager>>

Download the “esp8266 by ESP8266 Community version 2.2.0”

Step 4: Go to Tools>>Boards>>Generic ESP8266 Module

Step 5: Go to Tools>>Upload Speed>>115200

Port>>choose preferred COM ports.

4.1 How to Flash ESP8266-12

Step 1: First upload BareMinimum code to Arduino Uno board.

Step 2: Connect the pins of Arduino Uno to ESP8266-12 pins as mention below

Arduino Pins  ESP8266 pins

 5v  5v
 3.3v  3.3v, CH_PD
 Gnd  Gnd (both)
 Tx  Tx
 Rx  Rx

Note: Program code is directly uploaded into ESP8266 module. In this case, Arduino board is
used as a Flash Burner, i.e. code is directly uploaded to ESP8266 module.

21
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Step 3: Reset the ESP8266 by connecting RESET pin to GND3.3vGND and disconnect.
But Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi module has inbuilt Reset button. Press the reset button to reset
the module.

Step 4: While uploading the program code connect the GPIO 0 to GND.

Step 5: Once upload is successful, disconnect the GPIO 0 from GND.

4.2 Experimental Setup

4.2.1 List of Components

Components Quantity
Explore ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 1
Relay Switch 3
Transistor (BC-547) 3
Diode (IN4007) 3
LED (Power Indication) 1
Power Supply - 5v 1 (from Arduino)
3.3v 1 (from Arduino)
9v 1 (from 9v battery)
18v 2 (from 9+9v battery)
Gnd From Arduino
Table 4.1 List of Components

4.2.2 Circuit Connection Procedure

Step 1: Make the connection in bread-board as shown in figure 4.1 and verify results.

Figure 4.1 Circuit Diagram

22
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Step 2: Once results are confirmed, make a PCB layout using software ExpressPCB as
shown below in figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 PCB Layout

Step 3: Print the PCB layout on a copper plate.

Step 4: Itching: Immerse the printed PCB copper plate in a copper sulphate solution until all
copper oxidizes except PCB traces. Then, wash with petrol to remove printed carbon.

Step 5: Place the components and carefully solder them. Front and rear views are shown in
figure 4.3a, 4.3b.

23
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 Top View of the circuit

24
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
Step 6: Connect the power supplies to output ends of relay switches as mentioned in the
circuit diagram. 9v to motor pump, 18v to both valves. Connect the power supplies to PCB
board 5v, 3.3v and ground from Arduino board.

Physical Connections

Physical connections include the placing the sensors and actuators in small model of
agriculture field and includes proper connections. Detail is given below

 The field includes two Regions: 1, 2 and a water reservoir.

 Submerse the submersible motor pump in the reservoir.
 Place the valve 1 in region 1.
 Place the valve 2 in region 2.
 Make proper pipeline connections from motor pump to the valves.
 Extend the pipeline connection to respective fields to supply water.
 Make some arrangements to supply the water like making the holes to pipes.
 Place the water level indicator in the water reservoir.
 Place the soil moisture sensor 1 in region 1 near the roots of the plants.
 Place the soil moisture sensor 2 in region 2 near the roots of the plants.

Give all required supply voltages.

Physical connection and implementation are shown.

25
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 26
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad
 8
Department of Mechanical Engineering ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad