Brescia University College

London Canada
Preliminary Year Mathematics
MATH 1229 Final Exam

December 15, 2023 Version A 7:00 - 10:00 p.m.

MATH 1229

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Complete the inside cover of this booklet AND the pro-

vided bubblesheet when the exam begins. Ensure your Student
Name and Student ID Number are correct before handing in your booklet and
bubblesheet.

2. CALCULATORS AND NOTES ARE NOT PERMITTED

3. DO NOT UNSTAPLE THE BOOKLET.

4. There are two parts to this examination: Part A (36 marks) in multiple choice
format and Part B (14 marks) in written answer format.

5. In Part A, fill in the bubble corresponding to the correct answer to each question
completely on the bubblesheet provided with your exam.

6. In Part B, write your answer in the space provided.

7. Questions are printed on both sides of the paper. They begin on Page 1 and
continue to Page 17. Be sure that your booklet is complete.

8. You must hand in this test booklet, the bubblesheet, and all rough work sheets.

9. TOTAL MARKS = 50
Remember to ensure your Student Name and Student ID Number
are correct before handing in your booklet.

Student ID Number

Student’s Name (Print)

 Page 1

PART A (36 marks)

YOUR ANSWERS TO THE PROBLEMS IN THIS PART MUST BE PROPERLY

FILLED IN ON THE SCANTRON PROVIDED WITH YOUR EXAM.

Use the following vectors to answer questions A1 - A4.

~u = (1, 2, −1) ~v = (−1, 1, 1)

1 A1. Which one of the following vectors is a scalar multiple of ~u?

mark
A: (4, 8, 1) B: (−3, 6, 3) C: (−3, −6, 1) D: (3, −6, 3) E: (−4, −8, 4)

Solution: Any scalar multiple of ~u looks like c(1, 2, −1) = (c, 2c, −c) for some c. Looking at our
options, only (4, 8, 1), (−3, −6, 1) and (−4, −8, 4) have the second component be double the first
component. And of these, only (−4, −8, 4) has the third component as the negative of the first
component. So only (−4, −8, 4) is a scalar multiple of ~u. Specifically, (−4, −8, 4) = −4~u.

1 A2. Find a unit vector in the same direction as ~v .

mark
 1 1 1  √ √ √ √ √ √
A: (−1, 1, 1) B : − √ ,√ ,√ C: ( 3, − 3, − 3) D: (− 3, 3, 3)
3 3 3
 1 1 1 
E: √ ,− √ ,− √
3 3 3

1
Solution: To get a unit vector in the same direction we use the formula ~v .
||~v ||
p √ 1 1  1 1 1 
||~v || = ||(−1, 1, 1)|| = (−1)2 + 12 + 12 = 3. So, ~v = √ (−1, 1, 1) = − √ , √ , √ is the
||~v || 3 3 3 3
desired unit vector.

1 A3. Determine ||~v − ~u||.

mark
√
A: 3 B: 9 C: −3 D: (−2, −1, 2) E: 3

Solution:
p √ √
||~v − ~u|| = ||(−1, 1, 1) − (1, 2, −1)|| = ||(−2, −1, 2)|| = (−2)2 + (−1)2 + 22 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9 = 3

1 A4. If possible, find the value of k such that the vector (2k, −2, −8) is orthogonal to ~u.
mark
1 1
A: k = 2 B: k = C: k = −2 D: k = E: no such k
2 4

Solution: 0 = ~u • (2k, −2, −8) = (1, 2, −1) • (2k, −2, −8) = 2k − 4 + 8 becomes 0 = 2k + 4 which
can be rearranged to −4 = 2k, or rather k = −2.
 Page 2

1 A5. Find the area of the parallelogram which has sides given by the vectors ~i + 2~k and −~i + 2~j + 2~k.
mark
√ √ √
8 D: 6 E: 3
A: 8 B: 3 5 C:
2

Solution: ~i + 2~k = (1, 0, 0) + 2(0, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 2) and

−~i + 2~j + 2~k = −(1, 0, 0) + 2(0, 1, 0) + 2(0, 0, 1) = (−1, 2, 2). The area of the parallelogram is given
by the length of the cross
 product of these two vectors. 
(1, 0, 2) × (−1, 2, 2) = (0)(2) − (2)(2), (2)(−1) − (2)(1), (1)(2) − (−1)(0) = (−4, −4, 2). So the area
p √
equals ||(−4, −4, 2)|| = (−4)2 + (−4)2 + 22 = 36 = 6.

1 A6. Find a point-parallel form for the line through point P (1, 2) and orthogonal to vector (−2, 3).
mark
A: (x, y) = (−2, 3) + t(1, 2) B: (x, y) = (1, 2) + t(−2, 3) C: (−2, 3) + t(3, 2)

D: (x, y) = (1, 2) + t(−3, 2) E: (x, y) = (1, 2) + t(3, 2)

Solution: To make point-parallel form we need a direction vector. If the line is orthogonal to
(−2, 3) then so will any direction vector for this line, for example (3, 2). We can see that
(x, y) = (1, 2) + t(3, 2) is one of the options, and that is our desired line equation.

1 A7. Find the point of intersection of the plane x + 2y − 2z = 5 and the line
mark (x, y, z) = (1, 0, 1) + t(2, −5, −1)

A: (7, 1, 2) B: (−1, 5, 2) C: (1, 0, 1) D: (−6, 15, 3) E: (−5, 15, 4)

x = 1 + 2t
Solution: Writing the line in parametric form we get y = −5t . Plugging these equations
z = 1−t
into the plane we get
(1 + 2t) + 2(−5t) − 2(1 − t) = 5
1 + 2t − 10t) − 2 + 2t = 5
−6t − 1 = 5
−6t = 6
t = −1
Plugging this value back into the line we get the point of intersection, (−1, 5, 2).

1 A8. Find cos(θ) where θ is the angle between vectors ~u = (1, 0, 2, −2, 0) and ~v = (3, 1, 2, −1, 1).
mark
4 3
A: B: 9 C: D: 0 E: 1
3 4
 Page 3

~u • ~v
Solution: cos(θ) = . Calculating,
||~u||||~v ||
~u • ~v = (1, 0, 2, −2, 0) • (3, 1, 2, −1, 1) = 3 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 9
p √
||~u|| = ||(1, 0, 2, −2, 0)|| = 12 + 02 + 22 + (−2)2 + 02 = 9 = 3
p √
||~v || = ||(3, 1, 2, −1, 1)|| = 32 + 12 + 22 + (−1)2 + 12 = 16 = 4
~u • ~v 9 3
So, cos(θ) = = = .
||~u||||~v || 3×4 4

1 A9. Find a two-point form equation for the line through the points P (1, 3, −1, −2) and Q(1, 2, 1, 0).
mark
A: (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 3, −1, −2) + t(0, −1, 2, 2)

B: x1 + 3x2 − x3 − 2x4 = 6

C: (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1, 3, −1, −2) + t(1, 2, 1, 0)

D: (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1 − t)(1, 3, −1, −2) + t(1, 2, 1, 0)

E: (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1 − t)(1, 3, −1, −2) + t(0, −1, 2, 2)

Solution: Two point form looks like (1 − t)~p + t~q for vectors with same components as the
coordinates of two of the points on the line. In this case we have points P (1, 3, −1, −2) and
Q(1, 2, 1, 0), so we could set up a two point form equation,

(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (1 − t)(1, 3, −1, −2) + t(1, 2, 1, 0)

1 A10. Which of the following is in row-reduced echelon form (RREF)?

mark
         
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 51 10
A: 0

0 0 1

B: 
0 2 1 0 

C: 
0 0 0 0

D: 
0 1 0 0

E: 
0 0 0 0 


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Page 4
 
1 1 0 0
Solution: 0 0 0 0 is not in RREF since the all zero row should be at the bottom.
 

0 0 0 1
 
1 1 0 1
0 2 1 0 is not in RREF since the second row needs a leading 1 rather than the "leading 2" it
 

0 0 0 1
has.
 
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 is not in RREF since the leading one in the second row has nonzero entries in its
 

0 0 0 0
column.
 
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 is not in RREF since the leading ones are not in order, descending from top left to
 

1 0 0 0
bottom right.  
0 1 51 10
By process of elimination, 0 0 0 0  is in row reduced echelon form.
 

0 0 0 0

1 A11. Describe the solution(s) to the SLE with augmented matrix given by:
mark  
0 1 1 2
 1 0 1 −3 
 

1 0 2 0

A: One solution. B: Two solutions. C: 1-parameter family.

D: No solutions. E: 2-parameter family.

Solution:    
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2
 1 0 1 −3  R3 ← R3 − R2  1 0 1 −3 
   
−−−−−−−−−−→
1 0 2 0 0 0 1 3

0 −1

0 1
R1 ← R1 − R3  1 0 1 −3 
 
−−−−−−−−−−→
0 0 1 3

0 −1

0 1
R2 ← R2 − R3  1 0 0 −6 
 
−−−−−−−−−−→
0 0 1 3

−6

1 0 0
R1 ↔ R2  0 1 0 −1 
 
−−−−−−→
0 0 1 3
We can see that this solution will have exactly one solution (specifically (x, y, z) = (−6, −1, 3)).
 Page 5

1 A12. For what value(s) of k does the SLE with the given augmented matrix have no solutions?
mark 
1 0 −1

0 1
 0 1 0 k 1 
 

0 k 0 1 −1

A: k = −1 only B: k = 1 only C: k = 1 and −1 only D: all k 6= 1, −1

E: all k 6= 1

Solution: 
1 0 −1 0
 
1 0 −1

1 0 1
 0 1 0 k 1  R3 ← R3 − kR2  0 1 0 k 1
   
−−−−−−−−−−−→

0 k 0 1 −1 0 0 0 1 − k 2 −1 − k
In order to have no solutions 1 − k 2 = 0 and −1 − k 6= 0. We can see 1 − k 2 = 0 exactly when k = 1
or −1. If k = 1, −1 − k = −1 − 1 = −2 6= 0. But if k = −1, −1 − k = −1 − −1 = 0. So only k = 1
will result in no solutions.

Use the following matrices to answer questions A13 - A15.

   
1 2 1 1 " #
−1 5
A = 3 −1 B = −4 0  C=
   
0 1
0 2 2 −1

1 A13. Which of the following matrix operations is/are defined?

mark
(i) AB (ii) 2A − BC (iii) BCAT

A: Only (ii) and (iii) B: Only (iii) C: Only (ii) D: Only (i)

E: All three are defined

Solution: (i) Since A is a 3 × 2 and B is a 3 × 2 the number of columns of A doesn’t match the
number of rows of B, so AB is not defined.

(ii) B is a 3 × 2 and C is a 2 × 2 so BC is defined and a 3 × 2. 2A is also a 3 × 2 matrix, so the

subtraction 2A − BC is defined.

(iii) B is a 3 × 2 and C is a 2 × 2 so BC is defined and a 3 × 2. A is a 3 × 2 matrix, so AT is a 2 × 3.

Since the middle numbers match we can multiply BC and AT meaning that BCAT is defined.

1 A14. Find the (2, 2) entry of AT B − 2C.

mark
A: −2 B: 2 C: −13 D: 4 E: 3

 T  
1 2 1 1 " # " # " # " #
−1 5 −13 1 −2 10 −11 −9
Solution: AT B − 2C = 3 −1 −4 0  − 2 = − =
   
0 1 10 0 0 2 10 −2
0 2 2 −1
so the (2, 2) entry is −2.
 Page 6

1 A15. Find C 78
mark
" # " # " # " # " #
1 390 1 578 −1 5 1 0 1 0
A: B: C: D: E:
0 1 0 1 0 1 5 1 0 1

Solution:
" Let’s
# look at some smaller powers,
−1 5
C1 = ,
0 1
" #" # " #
−1 5 −1 5 1 0
C2 = = ,
0 1 0 1 0 1
" #" #" # " #
−1 5 −1 5 −1 5 −1 5
C3 = = , and
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
" #" #" #" # " #
−1 5 −1 5 −1 5 −1 5 1 0
C4 = =
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
" #
1 0
We can see that for even exponents the result is and for odd exponents the result is
0 1
" # " #
−1 5 1 0
. So we conclude C 78 = .
0 1 0 1

" # " #
a b 1 c
1 A16. Suppose A = and A−1 = . Determine the value of x.
mark x 2 3 d

A: 3 B: −5 C: 0 D: −6 E: −7

" #
1 0
Solution: We know that, by definition AA−1 = . So taking the dot product of the second
0 1
row of A and the first column of A−1 should give us the (2, 1) entry of the identity matrix, 0. Thus
(x, 2) • (1, 3) = 0. This gives us x + 6 = 0 and we deduce x = −6.

" #
2 5
1 A17. Let C = . Simplify 2C T − 2CC −1 C.
mark 0 1

" # " # " # " # " #

4 0 1 0 0 −10 4 10 0 5
A: B: C: D: E:
10 2 0 1 10 0 0 2 0 −1

Solution: By definition C −1 C = I, so 2C T − 2CC −1 C = 2C T − 2CI = 2C T − 2C. Then,

" #T " # " # " # " #
2 5 2 5 4 0 4 10 0 −10
2C T − 2C = 2 −2 = − = .
0 1 0 1 10 2 0 2 10 0
 Page 7
" #−1 " # " #" # " #
a b 3 −1 a b x −2
1 A18. Suppose we are told = . Find the solution to the system = .
mark c d 1 0 c d y 3

A: (x, y) = (−3, 2) B: (x, y) = (−3, 4) C: (x, y) = (−6, 0) D: (x, y) = (−4, 3)

E: (x, y) = (−9, −2)

Solution: Rewriting the equation with the method of inverses we find

" # " #−1 " # " #" # " #
x a b −2 3 −1 −2 −9
= = =
y c d 3 1 0 3 −2

So (x, y) = (−9, −2) is the solution to the system.


1 0 −1 2


1 A19. Find the rank of 0 1 1 1.

 
mark 1 1 0 3

A: 3 B: 1 C: 0 D: 2 E: 4


1 0 −1 2
 
0 −1 2
 
0 −1 2

1 1
Solution: 0 1 1 1 R3 ← R3 − R1 0 1 1 1 R3 ← R3 − R2 0 1 1 1 Counting
     
−−−−−−−−−−→ −−−−−−−−−−→
1 1 0 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
the number of leading ones in the row reduced echelon form we see the rank is 2.

 
1
0
 
1 A20. Let A~x = 
−2 be a linear system with 4 unknowns. If this system has a unique solution, which

mark  
−1
one of the following statements is false?
h i
~
A: The rank of A | b is 5.

B: A is invertible.

C: The row-reduced echelon form of A is an identity matrix.

D: A~x = ~0 has only the trivial solution.

E: The rank of A is 4.

Solution: By the Fundamental Theorem of Invertible Matrices, since A~x = ~b has one unique
solution that means A is invertible, A~x = ~0 has only the trivial solution, the rank of A is equal to
h to ithe 4 × 4 identity matrix I4 . By process of
the size of A which is 4, and A row reduces
elimination, the statement "The rank of A | ~b is 5." is false.
 Page 8

1 A21. Which one of the following represents a homogeneous system of linear equations?
mark
" # " # " # " # " #
1 0 0 1 5 1 1 1 −5 4 3 0 3 −1 0
A: B: C: D: E:
0 1 −2 0 0 0 0 3 1 −1 4 0 1 −2 2

Solution: A homogeneous SLE is one where " all the constants

# on the right of the | are 0. The only
4 3 0
presented option where this is the case is .
−1 4 0

" #
1−k 3
1 A22. If det = −7, what is the value of k?
mark 1 2

A: −1 B: 1 C: 6 D: 2 E: 3

" #
1−k 3
Solution: −7 = det = (1 − k)(2) − (1)(3) = 2 − 2k − 3 = −1 − 2k. Rearranging we can
1 2
get 2k = 7 − 1 = 6 and so k = 3.

 
1 0 0 0
 1 −2 0 0 
 
1 A23. Find det 
 
mark −6 0 1 0 

4 0 1 −3

A: 12 B: −6 C: 0 D: −12 E: 6

Solution: Since this matrix

 is lower triangular
 its determinant is just the product of the entries on
1 0 0 0
 1 −2 0 0
 
the main diagonal. det 
−6 0 1
 = (1)(−2)(1)(−3) = 6
 0 
4 0 1 −3

1 A24. Which one of the following matrices does not have a determinant of 0?
mark
   
−11 0 9 9     0 0 −2 7
1 2 5 1 2 5
 18 0 −4 6 1 1 67
   
A: 
 12 0
 B:  1 4 −3

 C: −2

1 0

D:  
4 1 3 3 7 5
−1 3 5 4 −2 0
   
6 0 15 −1 3 3 −7 3

0 −8 0


E: 
0 0 0


1 0 0
 Page 9
 
0 0 −2 7
1 1
7 6
 
Solution: det 
3
 = 0 since the first two columns are identical.
 3 7 5 
3 3 −7 3
 
−11 0 9 9
 18 0 −4 6
 
det 
 12 0 4
 = 0 since the second column is all zero.
 1
6 0 15 −1
 
1 2 5
det −2 1 0 = 0 since the third row is twice the second row.
 

4 −2 0

0 −8 0


det 0 0 0 = 0 since the second row is all zero.

 

1 0 0
 
1 2 5
This leaves only  1 4 −3 which has a nonzero determinant.
 

−1 3 5

 
3 2 5
1 A25. Find the (3, 2) cofactor of matrix  1 −5 6 .
 
mark −1 2 −6

A: −8 B: 8 C: 13 D: −13 E: 48

" #
3 5
Solution: (3, 2) cofactor = (−1)3+2 det = (−1)(18 − 5) = −13.
1 6


−1 
1 A26. Suppose that A is a 5 × 5 matrix and det(A) = −2. Determine det AT .
mark
1 1 5
A: − B: −10 C: 2 D: E:
2 2 2


T −1

 1 1 1 1
Solution: det A =
= = =−
det AT det(A) −2 2

1 A27. Suppose A and B are 3 × 3 matrices with det(A) = −2 and det(B) = −1. Determine det(3AB).
mark
A: 54 B: 4 C: −6 D: 6 E: 8

Solution: det(3AB) = 33 det(AB) = 27 det(A) det(B) = 27(−2)(−1) = 54

 Page 10
" # " #!
−1 3 1 0
1 A28. Simplify det −2 .
mark 0 4 2 2

A: −4 B: 8 C: 12

D: −12 E: cannot be determined

" # " # " #

−1 3 1 0 −3 3
Solution: First, we simplify −2 = . So,
0 4 2 2 −4 0
" #
−3 3
det = (−3)(0) − (−4)(3) = 12
−4 0

 
3 0 0
1 A29. For what value(s) of k is the matrix −2 k 1 not invertible?
 
mark 5 −1 2

2 1 1
A: k = 2 B: k = − C: k = 0 D: k = E: k = −
3 2 2

 
3 0 0 " #
k 1
Solution: det −2 k 1 = 3(−1)1+1 det + 0 + 0 = 3(2k + 1) = 6k + 3. We know that
 
−1 2
5 −1 2
for any matrix, A, A is not invertible exactly when det(A) = 0. So 6k + 3 = 0 which happens only
1
when k = − .
2

Use the following information to answer questions A30 - A32.

 
a b c
det d e f  = 3
 

g h i
 
a b c
1 A30. Find det  d e f .
 
mark 3g + d 3h + e 3i + f

A: 3 B: 9 C: 0 D: 6 E: 10

Solution:
     
a b c a b c a b c
d e f  d e f R3 ← R3 + R2  d e f 
     
R3 ← 3R3
−−−−−−→ −−−−−−−−−−→
g h i 3g 3h 3i 3g + d 3h + e 3i + f
det = 3 det = 9 det = 9
 Page 11
 
2g 2d 6a
1 A31. Find det  h e 3b .
 
mark i f 3c

A: −18 B: 18 C: 9 D: −9 E: −3

Solution:
     
a b c a d g g d a
d e f   b e h h e b 
     
transpose C1 ↔ C3
−−−−−−→ −−−−−→
g h i c f i i f c

det = 3 det = 3 det = −3

   
2g 2d 2a 2g 2d 6a
h e b   h e 3b 
   
R1 ← 2R1 C3 ← 3C3
−−−−−−→ −−−−−−→
i f c i f 3c
det = −6 det = −18

 
c 2a 3b
1 A32. Find det  f 2d 3e .
 
mark i − 5c 2g − 10a 3h − 15b

A: 18 B: 6 C: 30 D: −3 E: −90

Solution:
     
a b c b a c c a b
d e f  e d f  f d e 
     
C1 ↔ C2 C1 ↔ C3
−−−−−→ −−−−−→
g h i h g i i g h
det = 3 det = −3 det = 3
   
c a 3b c 2a 3b
f d 3e  f 2d 3e 
   
C3 ← 3C3 C2 ← 2C2
−−−−−−→ −−−−−−→
i g 3h i 2g 3h
det = 9 det = 18
 
c 2a 3b
R3 ← R3 − 5R1  f 2d 3e 
 
−−−−−−−−−−−→
i − 5c 2g − 10a 3h − 15b
det = 18
 Page 12

−4 4 −6


1 A33. Let A be a matrix such that det(A) = −6 and Adj(A) =  12 −6 12 . Determine the (3, 1) entry
 
mark 3 −3 3
−1
of A .

1 2 1
A: − B: C: D: 1 E: −2
2 3 2

1
Solution: We know that A−1 = Adj(A). So the (3, 1) entry of A−1 will be equal to
det(A)
(3, 1) entry of Adj(A) 3 1
= =− .
det(A) −6 2

 
2 1 0


1 A34. If A = 0 −3 4 then det Adj(A) is
 
mark 0 0 1

1 1
A: − B: −216 C: −6 D: E: 36
6 36

Solution: Since A is upper triangular

we can quickly calculate det(A) = (2)(−3)(1) = −6. Since A
is a 3 × 3 matrix, det Adj(A) = det(A)3−1 = (−6)2 = 36.

  
−6

a b c 21 3
1 A35. Find det(A) if A = 2 5 4 and its adjoint is Adj(A) = −6 3 0
   
mark g h i −3 −3 3

A: −47 B: 3 C: 9 D: −9 E: 0

Solution: We know that AAdj(A) = det(A)I and as a result if we, for example, dot product the
second row of A with the second column of Adj(A) the result will be det(A). So
det(A) = (2, 5, 4) • (3, 3, −3) = 6 + 15 − 12 = 9.

 
2 0 c
1 A36. Find x3 in the unique solution to the system A~x = ~b if we know that det(A) = 3, A = 1 2 f
 
mark 2 −1 i
 
1
and ~b = 2
 

11
A : x3 = 9 B : x3 = C : x3 = 3 D : x3 = 4 E: x3 = −33
3
Page 13

Solution: According to Cramer’s rule,

 
2 0 1
det 1 2 2
 


det A(3) 2 −1 3 2(6 − −2) + 0 + 1(−1 − 4) 11
x3 = =  = =
det(A) 2 0 c 3 3
det 1 2 f 
 

2 −1 i
 Page 14

PART B (14 marks)

YOU MUST SHOW SUFFICIENT WORK TO JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWERS.

A CORRECT ANSWER WITH LITTLE WORK MAY EARN FEW/NO MARKS.

3 B1. Consider the two lines given by the following sets of parametric equations,
marks
x = 4 − 2r x = 1 + 2t
y = 2 y = 4t
z = 3 − 3r z = 0

Find the point of intersection of these two lines.

Solution: We’ll start by equation the equations for each coordinate,

4 − 2r = 1 + 2t
2 = 4t
3 − 3r = 0
1
Rearranging the second equation we can solve for t = . Rearranging the third equation we can
2
solve for r = 1. Plugging these values back into the corresponding lines, we get points (2, 2, 0) and
(2, 2, 0). Since we get the same point on both lines this must be the unique point of intersection.
 Page 15
" #
1 2

2 B2. Let A = . Determine A AT − I
marks 4 9
" #T " # " # " # " #
1 2 1 4 1 4 1 0 0 4
Solution: AT = = , and so AT − I = − = . From there we
4 9 2 9 2 9 0 1 2 8
" #" # " #

1 2 0 4 4 20
can calculate, A AT − I = = .
4 9 2 8 18 88

2 B3. Solve the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix,
marks " #
1 1 −3 2
0 1 2 0

Solution: First, let’s complete the row reduction

" # " #
1 1 −3 2 1 0 −5 2
R1 ← R1 − R2
0 1 2 0 −−−−−−−−−−→ 0 1 2 0

Converting back to a system of equations,

x − 5z = 2
y + 2z = 0
Since the z column does not have a leading variable, we can assign a parameter to z. Let z = t.
Plugging this back into our system we have,
x − 5t = 2
y + 2t = 0
and solving for x and y gives out solutions,
x = 2 + 5t
y = −2t
z = t
 Page 16

3 −1 3


4 B4. For this question, consider the matrix A = 2 2 1.

 
marks 0 −1 0

(a) Calculate det(A).

Solution: We can perform a cofactor expansion along the third row to calculate the
determinant,




det(A) = 0 (3, 1) cofactor + (−1) (3, 2) cofactor + 0 (3, 3) cofactor
" #
3 3
= 0 + (−1)(−1)3+2 det +0
2 1
= (1)(3 − 6)
= −3

(b) Determine the (1, 2) entry of Adj(A).

Solution: The (1, 2) entry is the (2, 1) cofactor.

" #
2+1
−1 3
(−1) det = (−1)(0 − −3) = −3
−1 0

(c) Determine the (1, 2) entry of A−1 .

1
Solution: We know that A−1 = Adj(A). So the (1, 2) entry of A−1 must be equal to
det(A)
1 1
(1, 2) entry of Adj(A) = (−3) = 1.
det(A) −3
 Page 17

3 B5. Using Cramer’s Rule find the z value in the unique solution to the following system of linear
marks equations,
x + y − z = −1
−2x − y − 4z = 4
y + 2z = 1


det A(3)
Solution: Since z is the third coordinate, Cramer’s rule tells us z = .
det(A)

1 −1

1
det(A) = det −2 −1 −4
 

0 1" 2 # " # " #

−2 −1 1 1 1 1
= (−1)(1) det + (−4)(−1) det + (2)(1) det
0 1 0 1 −2 −1
= (−1)(−2 − 0) + (4)(1 − 0) + (2)(−1 − −2)
= 2+4+2
= 8

−1

1 1


det A(3) = det −2 −1 4 
 

0 1" 1 # " # " #

−2 −1 1 1 1 1
= (−1)(1) det + (4)(−1) det + (1)(1) det
0 1 0 1 −2 −1
= (−1)(−2 − 0) + (−4)(1 − 0) + (1)(−1 − −2)
= 2 + −4 + 1
= −1
−1 1
So, by Cramer’s rule we conclude z = =− .
8 8

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