I/O Management

Components

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I/O device
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I/O controller
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I/O bus
 I/O Devices based on Characteristics

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Data transfer ●
Transfer schedule
– Block devices – Synchronous
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stores information in blocks which ●
The transfer must not return
are usually of fixed size
until the I/O is complete.
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Data transfer one block at a time
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Tape drive
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EX: disks and CDROMs
– character devices
– Asynchronus
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transfers data as a stream of bytes
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schedule the I/O and return
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Ex: keyboard, printer, or modem
immediately to continue
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Keyboard
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Access Type
– Sequential
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I/O Direction
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Tape drive – Read only
– Random – Write only
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CDROMs – Both read and write
 I/O Devices based on Characteristics

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Sharing
– Dedicated
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Assigned to only one job at a time
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Ex: printers, tape drives
– Shared
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Can be assigned to several processes, e.g. a disk can be
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Sharing will be handled by the Device Manager.
– Virtual
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A combination of the both dedicated and shared
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a printer made sharable through spooling (Simultaneous
Peripheral Operation On-Line).
 I/O Controller

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I/O controllers
interface between
the I/O devices and
the internal system
components; CPU,
memory, etc.
●
A single I/O controller
may control multiple
devices.
 Interfaces to I/O controller

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CPU interact with the I/O controller through a set of interface registered called I/O
port.
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I/O port
– consists of four registers, called the status , control, data-in, and data-out
registers.
– Control register
●
The control register can be used give the command.
– Status Register
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whether the current command has completed or not
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whether a byte is available to be read or not
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Indication of device error.
– Data-in register
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read by the host to get input.
– Data-out register
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written by the host to send output.
 How does CPU interact with the I/O
controller
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programmed I/O
– the CPU issues an I/O command on behalf of a process to an I/O module through
control register and send the operand through input register
– I/O module performs operation
– I/O module sets status bits
– CPU checks status bits periodically (polling)
– CPU waits for the operation to be completed before proceeding
●
Interrupt-driven I/O
– The CPU issues commands to the I/O module then proceeds with its normal work until
interrupted by I/O device on completion of its work.
– Two Cases
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Non-blocking instruction:
– Processor continues to execute instructions from the process that issued the I/O command
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Blocking instruction:
– Put the current process in a blocked state and schedule another proces
– Still inefficient in data transfer of large amount because the CPU has to transfer the data
word by word between I/O module and memory
 How does CPU interact with the I/O
controller

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Direct Memory Access (DMA)
– DMA module controls the exchange of data
between main memory and an I/O module
 Device Driver

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A device driver is usually part of
the OS kernel that contains the
device specific code to control an
I/O device, which is usually
written by device manufacturer
●
Functionality
– handles the translation of requests
between a device and the computer
– defines where a process must put
outgoing data before it can be sent
– where incoming messages will be
stored when they are received
– Sleep & wakes up the device as per
the requirement
 Protection

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Provides the access control mechanism for Subjects
(processes, users, etc.) to perform operations (read, write,
etc.) on Object (files, printer, Disk writer, etc.).
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Protection vs. Security
– Protection happens inside a computer where as Security considers
external threats.
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Components involved in protection
– Subjects
●
user, process, procedure, etc.
– Object
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files, printer, Disk writer, etc.
– Operations
●
read, write, etc.
 Protection

Subject Access Reference Object

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The reference monitor validates access to
objects by authorized subjects.
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This validation is based on the protection state
defined by the operating system.
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a protection state is represented by an access
matrix.
 Protection Domain

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Domains
– User
– Supervisor
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So, a process executes inside a protection
domain has the has the same rights and
privileges as the domain has.
 Access Matrix

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Access(i, j) is the set ●
Transfer to another
of operations that a domain – switch
process executing in – a process executing in
Domaini can perform D2 can switch to D3 or
on Objectj D4
●
 Access Matrix with Copy Right

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Copy right “*” signifies
the permission can be
copied. Can only
work on the same
object/column.
– Copy
– Limited copy
 Access Matrix with Owner Right

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Owner right means
any values on the
object/column can be
changed.
– D1 is the owner of F1,
and can add and
delete any valid right
in column F1.
 Access Matrix With Control Rights

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We include “control” right in access(D2, D4).
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Then, a process executing in D2 (row) could
modify D4 (row).