REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Department of the Interior and Local Government

Department of Public Works and Highways

May 20 – 24
Apo View Hotel
Davao
 CODED DEFECTS
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 41, SERIES OF 2016
 D. O. 4 1 , s . 2 0 1 6

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 RESPONSE TIME

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
CODE 01
POTHOLE
Code 01 - POTHOLE
Any of the following defects can be recorded under
Code 01:
A. Bowl-Shaped Depression
B. Delamination
C. Slippage cracking
D. Edge Break
E. Spalling
F. Chuck-Hole or Punch-Out

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 1 – B OW L - S H A P E D D E P R E S S I O N

Bowl-shaped depression in the pavement surface

resulting from the loss of wearing course or base
materials

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 01 – DELAMINATION
Loss of a discreet area of a wearing course layer
due to poor bonding between the surface and the
lower layer

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 1 – S L I P PA G E C R A C K I N G
It often occurs as a result of poor bonding or
adhesion between layers

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 01 – EDGE BREAK
Chipping or breaking occurs at the corner or
edge side of the pavement with depression or
removal of pavement surface

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 1 – S PA L L I N G
Breakdown or disintegration of slab surface at
edges, joints, corners or cracks (spalls≥ 50mm
wide, measured from the face of the joint or crack,
with loss of material, or broken into two or more
pieces)

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 01 – CHUCK-HOLE/PUNCH-OUT

A depressed or broken part of a slab resulting from

pavement cracking or disintegration of concrete

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 01 – POTHOLE
Unit of Measurement : sq.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

On bituminous pavement, bituminous premix (hot) or penetration
patching of the affected area; adding base materials, if needed, is
included if no subgrade repair is required.
On concrete pavement, bituminous premix (hot) or penetration
patching.
BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS
Activity 111 Premix Patching Bituminous Pavements
Activity 112 Penetration Patching Bituminous Pavements

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Activity 121 Patching of Concrete Pavement
(continuous Length <30meters)

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 02
ALLIGATOR CRACK
Code 02 – ALLIGATOR CRACKS
Interconnected or interlaced cracks forming a series
of small polygons resembling an alligator hide.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 02 – ALLIGATOR CRACKS
Unit of Measurement : sq.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Bituminous premix (hot) or penetration patching; adding base materials,
if needed, is included if no subgrade repair is required.

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS
Activity 111 Premix Patching Bituminous Pavements
Activity 112 Penetration Patching Bituminous Pavements
Activity 114 Replacement of Bituminous Pavements
(continuous Length <100m)

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
CODE 03
MAJOR SCALING
Code 03 – MAJOR SCALING
Deterioration of the upper concrete slab surface of
more than 10mm affecting the whole slab.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 03 – MAJOR SCALING

Unit of Measurement : sq.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Re-blocking of Slabs

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Activity 123 Replacement of Concrete Pavements

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 04
SHOVING and CORRUGATION
Code 04 – S H OV I N G & C O R R U G A T I O N

Any of the following defects can be recorded under Code

04:

A. Shoving
B. Corrugation
C. Rutting
D. Depression

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 4 – S H OV I N G
Bulging of the road surface generally parallel to the
direction of traffic and/or horizontal displacement of
surfacing materials, mainly in the direction of traffic where
braking or acceleration movement occur.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 04 – CORRUGATION
Refers to transverse undulations, closely and regularly
spaced, with wavelengths of less than 2 meters.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 04 – RUTTING
A longitudinal deformation in a wheel path. May occur in
one or both wheel paths of a lane.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 04 – DEPRESSION
Localized area within the pavement with elevations lower
than the surrounding area. May not be confined to wheel
paths and could extend across several wheel paths

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 04 – S H OV I N G & C O R R U G A T I O N
Unit of Measurement : sq.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Half or full width replacement of defective pavement. Frequent
recurrence of the defect in a section must be investigated to determine
a more appropriate intervention such as:
(a) Program road section for reconstruction;
(b) Based on engineering judgment, consider removal and replacement
of the affected area.

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS
Activity 111 Premix Patching Bituminous Pavements
Activity 112 Penetration Patching Bituminous Pavements
Activity 114 Replacement of Bituminous Pavements
(continuous Length <100m)

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 05
PUMPING and DEPRESSION
Code 05 – PUMPING & DEPRESSION

Any of the following defects can be recorded

under Code 05:

A. Pumping
B. Faulting
C. Slab Cracking
D. Depression

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 05 – PUMPING
Seeping or ejection of water from beneath the
pavement through cracks causing rocking, faulting and
slab cracking

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 5 – FA U L T I N G
The difference in elevation across a joint or crack creating
a "step" deformation

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 05 – SLAB CRACKING
Under this code refers to shattered slab

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 05 – DEPRESSION
A dip in the pavement surface almost invariably across a
crack or joint.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 05 – PUMPING & DEPRESSION

Unit of Measurement : sq.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Re-blocking/replacement of concrete pavement, including base
correction

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Activity 123 Replacement of Concrete Pavements

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 06
NO/FADED ROAD MARKINGS
C o d e 0 6 – N O / FA D E D R OA D M A R K I N G S
Absence of pavement markings or as visually assessed,
less than 50% visibility; lane markings are classified into:

06-E Edge Line

06-C Center Line

06-Y Yellow Line (includes Yellow Box Lines in

major intersections with traffic light; Red Box
Lines for Metro Manila area)

06-P Pedestrian Lane (in schools, hospitals,

government offices and major
intersections
SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 06-E – EDGE LINE

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 06-C – CENTER LINE

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 6 - Y – Y E L L OW B OX

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 06-P – PEDESTRIAN LANE

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 6 – N O / FA D E D R OA D M A R K I N G S

Unit of Measurement : l.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

✓Application or re-application of pavement markings using
Thermoplastic Paint.
✓Carriageway width > 6.10m must be provided with Edge and Center
Line markings
✓Repainting of Faded Strips.

GROUP 300 – TRAFFIC SERVICES

Activity 302 Centerline and Lane Line Repainting
Activity 309 Other Traffic Services

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 07
LOW/INVERTED SHOULDER
CCode
o d e 07
0 7 Low/Inverted
– L O W / I N V E RShoulder
TED SHOULDER

This defect refers to the loss of or excess shouldering

materials resulting on shoulder level being lower or higher than
the pavement level, which also include any of the following:

Lane-to Shoulder Drop-off - which is the difference in elevation

between the edge of slab and shoulder; typically occurs when
the outside shoulder settles.

Uneven Finished Grade Level - between an AC overlaid

pavement and existing sealed shoulder.

Vegetated Shoulder - growth of grass on shoulders along

secondary roads.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 7 – L OW S H O U L D E R

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 07 – INVERTED SHOULDER

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 07 – INVERTED SHOULDER

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 07 – VEGETATED SHOULDER

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 07 – VEGETATED SHOULDER

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 0 7 – L OW PAV E D S H O U L D E R

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 07 – L OW / I N V E R T E D S H O U L D E R

Unit of Measurement : l.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

✓Resurfacing or reshaping of unpaved shoulder
✓Reinstatement of dropped / settled shoulder
✓Provided that the shoulder is stable, grasses are trimmed to a height
that would allow water to drain from the pavement surface.
✓For purposes of minimizing danger, provide lane-to-shoulder
transition
UNPAVED SHOULDERS
Activity 131 Manual Repair of Unpaved Shoulders
Activity 132 Manual Patching Unpaved Shoulders
Activity 133 Machine Grading Unpaved Shoulders
GROUP 200 – ROADSIDE FEATURES
Activity 201 Vegetation Control

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 08
LUSH VEGETATION
Code 08 – LUSH VEGETATION
Growth of grass, weeds and shrubs or any kind of
vegetation from the side of the canal to the RROW limits
reaching an average height of 0.60 meters. This will
include trimming/pruning of trees in compliance with DO 93
s. 2014.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 08 – LUSH VEGETATION

Unit of Measurement : l.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Vegetation control

GROUP 200 – ROADSIDE FEATURES

Activity 201 Vegetation Control

GROUP 300 – TRAFFIC SERVICES

Activity 304 Sight Distance Mowing and Clearing

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 09
CLOGGED DRAINS
CCode
o d e 07
0 9 Low/Inverted
– C L O G G E DShoulder
DRAINS

Obstructed flow of surface run-offs in the drains due to

accumulated materials such as construction spoils, soil,
garbage, leaves, rocks, and etc. Any of the following
defects are covered under this code:

A. Silted/clogged line/barrel culverts, lined or

unlined canals
B. Damaged lined canal/culvert
C. Obstructed ditches (lined or unlined) and
inadequate flow lines

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 09 – CLOGGED DRAINS

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 09 – VEGETATED CANAL

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 09 – SILTED CANAL

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 09 – OBSTRUCTED CANAL

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 09 – CLOGGED DRAINS
Unit of Measurement : l.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

✓Manual cleaning/de-clogging of canals/drainage culverts.

✓Repair damaged lined canal / replace damaged individual culvert

pieces.

✓Manual ditch cleaning and reshaping of unlined ditch.

DRAINAGE
Activity 141 Manual Ditch Cleaning
Activity 142 Manual Inlet/Outlet Cleaning
Activity 143 Culvert Line Cleaning

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
CODE 10
OPEN MANHOLE
Code 10 – OPEN MANHOLE

Not limited to uncovered drainage manhole but also

includes the following defects/deficiencies on these
structures:

a) Damaged curb inlets and missing gratings

b) Damaged drainage/manhole edges and covers
c) Unlevelled/unfit drainage/manhole covers
d) Missing drainage steel gratings

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – OPEN MANHOLE

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – OPEN MANHOLE

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – D A M AG E D M A N H O L E C OV E R

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – D A M AG E D D R A I N AG E C OV E R

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – U N F I T M A N H O L E C OV E R &
DAMAGED CURB INLET

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – DAMAGED STEEL GRATING

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – DE P R E S SE D M ANHO L E C OVE R

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – UN LEV ELED M AN H O LE COV ER

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 10 – OPEN MANHOLE

Unit of Measurement : no.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

✓Repair damaged drainage manhole covers & opening edges, curb
inlets, and drainage gratings

✓Replace missing drainage manhole covers, curb inlets/drainage

gratings

DRAINAGE
Activity 144 Repair and/or Replacement of Minor Drainage
Structure

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 11
NO/INADEQUATE SEALANT in JOINTS
Code 11 – INSUFFICIENT SEALANT
IN JOINTS

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 11 – NO SEALANT IN JOINTS

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 11 – NO/INADEQUATE
SEALANT IN JOINTS
Unit of Measurement : lm.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Apply sealant on open and under sealed joints

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Activity 122 Cracks and Joints Sealing of Concrete
Pavements

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
CODE 12
CRACKS
CCode
o d e 07
1 2 Low/Inverted
– C R A C K S Shoulder

Breaks on pavement occurring in variety of patterns

ranging from isolated single crack to an interconnected
pattern extending over the entire pavement surface.
This defect includes the following crack types:

A. Transverse Crack
B. Longitudinal Crack
C. Block Crack
D. Corner Crack
E. Corner Crack
F. Meandering Crack
G. Reflection Cracks
SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – TRANSVERSE CRACK
Unconnected crack running transversely across the
pavement/slab.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – LONGITUDINAL CRACK
Crack running longitudinally along the pavement; can
occur singly or as a series of nearly parallel cracks.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – BLOCK CRACK
Interconnected cracks forming a series of blocks
approximately rectangular in shape, commonly distributed
over the full pavement. Cell sizes are usually greater than
1m.

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – EDGE CRACK
a crack extending diagonally from longitudinal edge to
transverse/weakened plane joint

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – DIAGONAL CRACK
unconnected crack diagonally across a pavement/slab

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – REFLECTION CRACKS
cracks on asphalt mirrored from the unsealed concrete
weakened plane joint and longitudinal joint

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 12 – CRACK
Unit of Measurement : l.m.
Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment
Seal working cracks with asphalt sealant or pressurized concrete
epoxy.

For cracks on concrete, consider cross-stitching (Type 1: Staple tie bar

or, Type 2 diagonal tie bar). See DO 4, s. 2006: Interim Guidelines for
the maintenance and rehabilitation of unreinforced concrete roads.

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS
Activity 113 Sealing Bituminous Pavements

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Activity 122 Cracks and Joints Sealing of Concrete
Pavements

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
CODE 13
RAVELLING
C o d e 1 3 – R AV E L L I N G
Progressive disintegration of the pavement surface by
loss of both binder and aggregates

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 1 3 – R AV E L L I N G

Unit of Measurement : sq.m.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Removal/replacement or resealing of the affected road section or if a
large area is affected, monitoring to the period of reconstruction.

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS
Activity 112 Penetration Patching Bituminous Pavements
Activity 113 Sealing Bituminous Pavements
Activity 114 Replacement of Bituminous Pavements

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 14
UNMAINTAINED ROAD SIGNAGES
C o d e 1 4 – U N M A I N TA I N E D ROA D
SIGNAGES
Broken, damaged, vandalized, leaning, and dirty traffic
signages, comprising of Regulatory Signs, Warning
Signs and Information Signs.
Vandalized Signage Leaning Signage

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 1 4 – U N M A I N TA I N E D ROA D
SIGNAGES

Missing Signage Not Facing Traffic Signage

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 1 4 – U N M A I N TA I N E D ROA D
SIGNAGES
Unit of Measurement : no.

Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment

Repair/replacement of broken /damaged or vandalized signages;
cleaning of dirty signages.

GROUP 300 – TRAFFIC SERVICES

Activity 301 Sign Maintenance
Activity 309 Other Traffic Services

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CODE 15
UNMAINTAINED BRIDGES
CCode
o d e 07
1 5 Low/Inverted
– U N M A I N T AShoulder
INED BRIDGE

Refers to any of the following commonly noted defects:

A. Clogged bridge deck water drain

B. Accumulated sand, gravel, dirt and grass/weed
on bridge deck
C. Damaged curbs, sidewalk, wing wall, railing
D. No/faded bridge paint and bridge name
E. Absence of regulatory sign / not in standard
regulatory sign (load limit)
F. Obstruction on bridge waterway
G. Scaling, spalling and cracking on bridge deck

NOTE
It takes a minimum combination of two from the listed defects in order to
classify a bridge as unmaintained.
SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 15 – DAMAGED RAILINGS

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 15 – DAMAGED CURB AND
SIDEWALK

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 15 – CRACK ON BRIDGE
DECK

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
C o d e 1 5 – FA D E D B R I D G E PA I N T
AND BRIDGE NAME

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 15 – OBSTRUCTED BRIDGE
WATERWAY

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
Code 15 – UNMAINTAINED BRIDGE
Unit of Measurement : no.
Recommended Corrective Measure / Treatment
Cleaning of bridge deck and water drain; Repair of damaged curbs,
sidewalk, wing wall, and railing; bridge painting/repainting; installation
of signages and bridge name; and clearing of bridge waterway.

Repair moderate to severe spalling, scaling, and cracking by full or

partial depth replacement (includes concrete decks with bituminous
wearing surface).
BRIDGES
Activity 151 Cleaning of Bridges
Activity 152 Patching of Concrete Deck
Activity 153 Repair of Concrete Bridges
Activity 154 Repair of Steel Bridges
Activity 157 Clearing of Bridge Waterways

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 SUMMARY of
CODED DEFECTS
and CORRESPONDING CORRECTIVE MEASURES
 SUMMARY of CODED DEFECTS
DEFECT / MAINTENANCE
CODE
DEFICIENCY ACTIVITY
01 Pothole 111, 112, 121
02 Alligator Cracks 111, 112, 114
03 Major Scaling 123
04 Shoving and Corrugation 111, 112, 114
05 Pumping and Depression 123
06 No/Faded Road Markings 302, 309
07 Low/Inverted Shoulder 131, 132, 133, 201
08 Lush Vegetation 201, 304

SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 SUMMARY of CODED DEFECTS
DEFECT / MAINTENANCE
CODE
DEFICIENCY ACTIVITY
09 Clogged Drains 141, 142, 143
10 Open Manhole 144
11 No/Inadequate Sealant in 113, 122
Joints
12 Cracks 113, 122
13 Raveling 112, 113, 114
14 Unmaintained Signages 301, 309
15 Unmaintained Bridges 151, 152, 153, 154,
157, 301
SEMINAR-WORKSHOP ON
LOCAL ROAD MAINTENANCE
 END OF
P R E S E N TAT I O N
Thank You