Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

DAR-E-ARQAM SCHOOLS
KARACHI REGION

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
UNIT 1: Physical Quantitiesand
Measurement
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

TOPIC WISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.1 INTORDUCTION TO PHYSICS :
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS BOOK PG #28
Q1.
Column A Action Column B Branch
Cooking Bar B.Q Thermodynamics
Turning the Bulb on Electricity
Riding a bicycle Mechanics
Looking for Giant Galaxies Astrophysics
Producing a loud sound Sound
Describing an atom Atomic Physics
Obtaining energy from Earth Geo Physics

EXTRA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define nature and science.
NATURE:

Nature is described as a pragmatic set of rules followed by all the things around us. It is
something which is much greater than the imagination of humans. It is observable, it is
surprising but it is somehow explainable, its architecture has been designed with very beautiful
patterns, strict rules but with simplicity. A science which explores the nature is Physics.

SCIENCE:

The word science refers to the study of a fact by collecting information through observation,
presenting it in a mathematical way, justifying the idea with experiment and finally making a
conclusion about the fact.
Q2. Define Physics.

PHYSICS:

Introduction: One of the most basic and ancient science is the Physics. Physics derived from
Ancient Greek ‘physicos’ meaning ‘knowledge of nature’.

Definition: Physics is the branch of science which deals with studies of matter its composition,
properties, and interaction with energy. OR It basically deals with the behavior and structure of
matter and the energy that derives the matter. OR Physics is the branch of natural science that
studies matter, its motion, its behavior through space and time and the related entities of
energy and force. OR Physics is the branch of science which observes the nature represents it
mathematically and conclude with the experiment.
Q.3: Why do we study physics?

Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand
how the universe behaves. It is a matter of fact that Physics can be considered as the mother of
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

all sciences.

The beauty of physics lies in its Laws that govern this whole universe from an atom to large
scale galaxies and in its experiments from home to large scale experiment labs.
Q.4: Describe the crucial role of Physics in Science, Technology and Society? OR What is the
importance of physics?

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Society’s reliance on technology represents the importance of physics in daily life. Many aspects
of modern society would not have been possible without the important scientific discoveries
made in the past. These discoveries became the foundation on which current technologies
were developed. Discoveries such as magnetism, electricity, conductors and others made
modern conveniences, such as television, computers, smart phones, medical instruments, other
business and home technologies possible. Moreover, modern means of transportation, such as
aircraft and telecommunications, have drawn people across the world closer together all rely on
concepts of physics.
POSITIVE ASPECTS

The physics is playing a vital role in framing our life style and influencing our way of thinking.

1. Electrical Appliances: Electricity is used not only to get light and heat but also mechanical
energy that drives fans and electric motors etc. We use several electrical appliances for
example electric fan, electric bulb, refrigerator, air conditioner, jucier, grinder etc, they all use
electricity.

2. Engines: Busses, cars, railway carriages, aeroplanes etc are run by engines. Engine of these
vehicles are manufactured on the principles of thermodynamics

3. Means of communication: The means of communication such as radio, T.V, telephone,

computer and mobile phone are the result of applications of physics

4. Laser Technology: Laser technology is widely used in defence system, metallurgy, medical
sciences and astronomy which has its roots in "atomic physics”.

5. Nuclear Physics: Production of nuclear energy in area of "nuclear physics."

NEGATIVE ASPECTS:

The scientific inventions have also caused harms and destruction of serious nature. One of which
is theenvironmental pollution and the other is the deadly weapons.
Q5. What are the branches of Physics?

The branches of Physics are classified on the basis of different areas of study with different
approaches. These branches show the spectrum and scope of Physics around us and help
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

scientist to describe ideas in a well-organized way.

MAIN BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:

1. MECHANICS:
It deals with the motion of objects with or without references of force. OR. Mechanics is
thestudy of motion and the physical effects which influence motion.
2. ELECTRICITY:
It is concerned with the phenomena and effects related to electric charges.
3. MEGNETISM:
Magnetism is the study of magnetic properties of materials.
4. ATOMIC PHYSICS:
It deals with the structure and properties of atoms.
5. NUCLEAR PHYSICS:
This branch is concerned with the structure, properties and reactions of the nuclei of atoms.
OR
Nuclear physics is the study of the properties of isolated nuclei of the atoms.
6. PLASMA PHYSICS:
The study of ionized state of matter and its properties is known as Plasma Physics.
7. THERMODYNAMICS:
Thermodynamics deals with heat and temperature and their relation to energy work.
8. OPTICS:
Optics studies physical aspects of light and properties with the help of optical instruments.

9. SOUND:
Sound is the study of production, properties and application of sound waves.
10. PARTICLE PHYSICS:
Particle physics studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the
interactions between them.
11. ASTROPHYSICS:
The study of celestial objects with the help of laws of physics is known as Astrophysics.
12. GEO PHYSICS:
The study of internal structure of earth is known as Geo Physics.
1.2 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS BOOK PG#15
Q1. What instrument will you choose to measure height of your friend?
A ns . To measure the height of our friend, we can use a meter rule or inch tape. When our
height ismeasured at the doctor's clinic, we usually stand next to a device called a stadiometer.

A stadiometer is a long ruler attached to the wall. It has a sliding horizontal headpiece that's
adjusted torest on top of our head. It's a quick way of accurately measuring our height.

Q2. Can you describe how man seconds are there in a year?
Ans. 1 year = 365 days 1 day = 24 hours 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 minutes = 60 sec

Therefore, One year = 365 times 24 times 60 times 60 seconds

 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

OR
1 year = 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 31, 536, 000 seconds
There are 31,536,000 seconds in a year

Q3. Which instrument will you choose to measure your mass?

Ans. The Electronic Balance or weighing machine.
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS BOOK PG#28
Q2.
Physical Quantity S.I Unit Type
Ampere A Base
2
Volume m Derived
Time Sec Base
Temperature ֩k Base
Force N Derived
2
Density Kg per m Derived
2 -2
Acceleration m/s or ms Derived
Q3. Convert the following values.
a- 230cm = 2.3 m
b- 250g = 0.25 kg
c- 0.5s = 500 ms
d- 0.8m= 800 mm
e- 350ms= 0.35 s
f- 1.2kg= 1200 g
Q4. An engineer measures the width of an aluminum sheet using Vernier caliper
a- What is the measurement of the width of aluminum sheet?
Ans. 3.91 cm
b- Which gives more precise measurement vernier caliper, Screw Gauge or
meter rule?
Ans. Screw Gauge.
Q5. As pendulum swings from X to Y and back to X again.
i- What would be the most accurate way of measuring time for one oscillation?
With the help of a Stop Watch.
a- Record time for 10 oscillations and multiply by 10.
b- Record time for 10 oscillation and divide by 10.
c- Record time for one oscillation.
d- Record time from X to Y and double it.
ii- Suggest an instrument for measuring time period accurately.
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

EXTRA QUESTIONS:

Q1. What are physical quantities? How you can classify it? OR Define physical quantities
and itstypes.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

DEFINITION: All measurable quantities are called physical quantities. OR A physical quantity is a
physical property of a phenomenon, body or substance that can be quantified by measurement.

EXPLANATION: A physical quantity can be expressed as the combination of a magnitude

expressed by areal number - and a unit.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITY: Physical quantities are classified into two categories.

1) Fundamental quantities.

2) Derived quantities.

BASE OR FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY:

Definition: The quantities on the basis of which other quantities are expressed are known as
base quantities, OR Physical quantities which can not be explained by other physical quantities
are called fundamental quantities.

Examples: length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, intensity of light and amount of
substance.

Fundamental quantities and their S.I units

Fundamental S.I units Symbols of unit

Quantities
Length Meter M
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second S
Electric Current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole Mol
Luminous intensity Candela Cd

DERIVED QUANTITIES:

Definition: Physical quantities which are explained on the basis of fundamental quantities are
called derived physical quantities.

Examples: Area, Volume, Speed, Work, force etc

 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

Derived Quantities and Their Units

Derived Quantities S.I units Symbol of unit

Volume Cubic meter .m3
Velocity Meter per second m/sec
Force Newton N
Density Kilogram per cubic Kg/m3
meter
Acceleration Meter per second m/s2
square

Q2. Define measurement and measuring instrument.

MEASUREMENT:

It is the determination of the size or magnitude of something. It is explained with the help of
describing the mathematical relations between various physical quantities.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

All physical quantities are either calculated mathematically or measured through an

instrument. Following are some measuring devices, which are used to measure length,
diameter, mass or a duration of an interval (time)

1. Meter Rule

2. Vernier Caliper

3. Micrometer Screw Gauge.

4. Physical Balance or Electronic Balance

5. Stop watch (Mechanical / Analogue Stopwatch and Digital Stop watch)

Q3. Define length and the standard of length or S.I unit of length? Also write down the multiples
andsub multiples of S.I unit of length?

LENGTH:

Introduction: If there is any measurement that has proven to be the most useful to humanity,
it islength. For examples units of length include the inch, foot, yard, mile, meter etc.

Definition: "The length is defined as the minimum distance between two points lying on same
plane."
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

THE STANDARD OF LENGTH OR S.I. UNIT OF LENGTH - METER:

The standard of length is meter. OR The meter (m) is the SI unit of length and is defined as:

The length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during the time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a
second.

INSTRUMENT USE TO MEASURE LENGTH: The basic measurement of length can be obtained
with thehelp of a measuring tape , or meter rule or meter rod or an inch tape.

MULTIPLE AND SUB MULTIPLES OF SI UNIT OF LENGTH: The multiples and sub-multiples units
of a meter are very easily obtained by multiplying and dividing it by 10 as follow:

(kilometer = km, meter = m, centimeter = cm, millimeter = mm, micrometer = µm,

nanometer = nm)1 inch = 2.53 cm 12 inch = 1 ft 1 yard = 3 ft

Q4. What is meter rule? Describe construction and working of meter rule? OR What is meter
rule?How can we use a meter rule to measure length?

METER RULE:
Definition: A meter rule is a device which is used to measure length of different objects.

Construction: A meter rule of length 1 m is equal to 100 centimeters (cm). On meter rule each
cm is divided further in to 10 divisions which are called millimeters (mm). So, a meter rule can
measure up to 1 mm as smallest reading. It is made up of a long rigid piece of wood or steel.

Working: The zero-end of the meter rule is first aligned with one end of the object and the
reading is taken where the other end of the object meets the meter rule.

Q5. What do you know about scientific are physical instruments?

Ans: All physical quantities are either calculated mathematically or measured through an
instrument. Scientist, Engineers, Doctors and others like blacksmith, carpenter, and goldsmith
even the workers and ordinary human's measure those physical quantities with the help of
instruments. For instance,

1. Doctor uses a thermometer to tell our body temperature.

2. A carpenter uses the inch tape to measure the length of woods required for furniture.

3. A puncture mender uses air gauges to check the air pressure in the tyre.

4. A chemical engineer uses hydrometer for describing the density of a liquid.

 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

Measuring the physical quantity correctly with instrument is not an easy task for scientist and
engineers. Scientist are seriously concerned with the accuracy of the instrument and its
synchronization. Moreover, the instrument they design mostly for their own sake of research
which readably goes on to commercial market. Many of the instruments we use today are
inventions of pioneers of science. Usually, the basic physical quantities that we use in our daily
life are measured with basic and simple instruments.

Q6. What is vernier calipers? What are its major parts? OR Write down the construction of
Verniercalipers? How can we take reading from vernier caliper or How can we read it? Give
example also?

VERNIER CALIPER:

Definition: The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal
andexternal distance extremely accurate.

Uses: Vernier caliper is used to measure the length, breadth, height, Area, volume and
capacity ofdifferent objects.
Construction: The Vernier Caliper is a meter stick graduated in millimeters used to measure a
distanceup to 1 mm. It has both an imperial (measure in inches) and metric (measure in
millimeter) scale.

Parts Of Vernier Caliper: Vernier Calipers consists of

1. Main Scale (MS): A vernier scale consists of a rectangular steel bar whose one side (smaller
lines) is graduated in millimeters and the longer lines on the main scale represent centimeter.
Each division on the main scale is 1 mm (0.1 cm). The main scale is fixed in place. Its left upper
part has a fixed jaw.

2. Vernier Scale (VS): Vernier scale is the name for the sliding scale that opens and closes
the jaws. It usually consisting of 10 division and slides over the main scale. The left upper
part of this scale has a moveable jaw.

3. Jaws: A Vernier caliper has two main jaws that are used for measuring external diameter,
as well as smaller jaws that are used for measuring the internal diameter of objects. These
jaws are also called calipers. Each jaws has two jaw "Fixed" and "Movable".

Fixed jaw lies on the rectangular bar while moveable jaw is slides over the main scale and is
provided with a vernier scale. When both jaws touch each other, the zero of the vernier scale
coincides with zero of the main scale. Its mean there is no zero error.

4. Thin Flat Rod OR Depth Gauge: A thin flat rod is attached to the sliding scale on its back
which canmeasure the internal depth of a hollow cylinder.
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

Vernier Constant OR least count of vernier caliper: The difference in length between a main
scale division and a vernier scale division is called vernier constant or least count of vernier
caliper. This is the smallest length measureable with vernier caliper.

Zero Error: Before the measurement, close the jaws of the vernier calipers completely and note
downwhether the zero line of the vernier scale coincides with the zero of the main scale.

 If they coincide, there is no zero error. (No zero error, No correction required)

 If zero mark on vernier scale is slightly to the right, zero error is positive. (The positive zero
error issubtracted from reading)

 If zero mark on vernier scale is slightly to the left, zero error is negative. (Negative zero
error isadded to the reading)

Q7. What is Micrometer Screw Gauge? What are its major parts? OR Write down the
construction ofMicrometer Screw Gauge? How can we take reading from Micrometer Screw
Gauge Or How can we read it? Give example also?

MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE:

Definition: Screw gauge in extensively used in engineering field for obtaining precision
measurements.

Micrometer screw gauge is used for measuring extremely small dimensions or very small
lengths such as the diameter of a wire or sphere so as to get readings accurate up to 3rd or 4th
place of decimal. It can measure accurately up to one hundredth part of a millimeter. OR
A screw gauge can even measure dimensions smaller than those measured by a Vernier
Caliper. It is an instrument that can measure small length or thickness correctly up to 1 / 1000
of millimetre or up to three place of decimals.

Construction: It consists of:

 U - shaped metallic  Movable stud

frame  Thimble (Circular) scale
 Fixed stud  Drum

 Ratchet

 Main scale with datum (reference) line
 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

U - shaped metallic frame having a fixed stud at one end, while a screw passes through the
other end and has a hallow cylinder. A millimetre scale is graduated on the fixed nut of the
hallow cylinder along a datum line which is parallel to its axis. This scale is known as Main scale.

The hallow cylinder act as a nut. The screw has a movable end. A cap called ratchet is provided
at the end of the screw and it can be rotated to move the screw forward or backward. The left
end of this cap has a Thimble scale which is usually divided into 100 or 50 equal divisions.

Reading A Micrometer Screw Gauge: Micrometer Screw gauge works on the simple principle
of converting small distances into larger ones by measuring the rotation of the screw. This
“screw" principle facilitates reading of smaller distances on a scale after amplifying them.

Zero Error of screw guage: If the zero of circular scale does not coincide with the reference line
of the main scale, then it is known as zero error. There are two types of zero error. Positive zero
error and negative zero error.

Positive Zero Error: If the zero of the circular scale is below the reference line of the main scale,
then this error is called positive zero error.
Negative Zero Error: If the zero of the circular scale is above there reference line of the main
scale, thanthis error is called negative zero error

Q8. Write down the difference between Micrometer screw guage and vernier calipers

Micrometer screw guage Vernier calipers

It has a screw for measurement, so it is called It was invented by perri vernier and has pair
screw guage ofcallipers. So, it is called Vernier Callipers.
It has circular scale. It has vernier scale.
It rotates to measure the objects It slides to measure the objects.
It measures the thickness and diameter of very It measures the thickness, depth, external
small object. and internal diameter of the object.
Its least count is 0.001cm. Its least count is 0.01cm.

Q9. How will you determine the thickness of a piece of wire?

Ans: The thickness of a piece of wire can be determined with the help of screw gauge.

Q10. Define standard of mass or S.I unit of mass? Also write down the multiples and sub multiples
of
S.I unit of mass?

THE STANDARD OF MASS OR S.I. UNIT OF MASS - KILOGRAM:

The kilogram is the SI unit of mass and is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the

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 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

kilogram, a platinum-iridium standard that is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures.

OR The mass of one cubic decimeter of water at the temperature of maximum density. It was
replaced after the International Metric Convention in 1875 by the International Prototype
Kilogram.

OR The kilogram is a cylinder of special metal about 39 millimeters wide by 39 millimeters tall
that serves as the world's mass standard.

National Prototype Meter and Kilogram:

Each country that subscribed to the International Metric Convention was assigned one or more
copies of the international standards; these are known as National Prototype Meter and
Kilogram.

INSTRUMENT USE TO MEASURE MASS: The Physical balance is an instrument used for
measurement of mass.

MULTIPLE AND SUB MULTIPLES OF SI UNIT OF MASS:

Few of its multiples and sub multiples are given below:

1g = 1000000 mg = 10 6mg

1g = 1000000000 ng = 109

ng1g = 0.002lb

Q11. Define standard of time or S.I unit of time? Also write down the multiples and sub multiples of
S.I unit of time?

THE STANDARD OF TIME

Before 1960, the standard of time (second) was defined in terms of 1 / 86,400th part of the
mean solar day for the year 1900. The rotation of the Earth is now known to vary slightly with
time, this motion is not a good one to use for defining a time standard.

Since 1967 till now, the second was redefined to take advantage of the high precision attainable
in a device known as an atomic clock, which uses the characteristic frequency of the cesium-133
atom as the “reference clock”. One such clock is at National Bureau of Standards, Washington,
U.S.A.

DEFINITION OF SECOND: A second is defined in terms of a time period of vibration of radiation

from the Cesium atom of mass number 133 (Cs-133). one second is 9,192,631,770 period of
vibration of Cs-133 This unit of time is ascertained through Cesium atomic clock.

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INSTRUMENT USE TO MEASURE TIME: A stopwatch is used to measure the time interval between
twoevents. For more accurate measurement of time intervals light gates can be used.
MULTIPLE AND SUB MULTIPLES OF SECOND: Its related Multiples and sub multiples are given
below:

1 hour = 60 min

1 hour = 3600 sec

1 min = 60 sec

1 sec = 1000 ms = 103 ms

1 sec = 1000000 μs = 106 μs

1 sec = 1000000000 ns = 109ns

1 sec = 1 / 60 hr.

1 sec = 1 / 60 min

1 sec = 1 / 3660 hr. (hour)

1 ms (millisecond) = 1 / 1000 s = 1000-3 s

1 µs (microsecond) = 1 / 1,000 000 s = 10-6 s

1 ns (nanosecond) = 1 / 1,000 000 000 s = 10-9s

(Note: hr. (Hour), min (Minute), sec or s (Second), ms (Millisecond), μs (Microsecond), ns

(nanosecond)

Q12. Define least count?

LEAST COUNT:

Definition: Use of every instrument is restricted by smallest measurement that it can perform
which iscalled least count.

Formula: It can be calculated as:

Least count (L.C) =

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In case of 100 divisions In case of 50 divisions

L.C =1mm/100=0.01mm L.C =
= =
= 0.01mm
L.C = 0.001cm

L.C = 0.001cm

Q13. Give the difference between fundamental unit and derived unit?

S.No Fundamental unit Derived Unit

1. The physical quantities discovered from The unit of those physical quantities which
first hand knowledge are called are derived from fundamental physical
fundamental units. quantities are called derived units.
2. Fundamental units cannot be further Derived units can be reduced to its
reduced to elementary level; in fact, elementary level, which are composed of
these are elementary units. fundamental units.
3. Fundamental units cannot be expressed Derived units can be expressed in terms
in of
terms of derived units. fundamental units.
4. Only seven fundamental units exist in There exist a large number of derived units in
MetricSystem or SI system. Metric System.
5. Examples of fundamental units are Examples of few derived units are Velocity
Length (Meter, m), Mass (Kilogram, kg), (m/s), Acceleration (m/s2), Momentum (kg
Time (Second, s), Temperature (Kelvin, m/s ), Force (N), Density (kg/m3), Energy (J),
K), Amount of substance (Mole, mole), Power (W), etc.
Electric current (Ampere, A), Luminous
intensity(Candela, cd)

Q14. What is physical balance? Write down its major parts and working? OR What is physical
balance?How does it work?

PHYSICAL BALANCE:

Definition: The Physical balance is an instrument used for measurement of mass. It is mostly
used in laboratory.

Working Principle: It works on the principle of moments.

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PARTS OF PHYSICAL BALANCE:

It consists of:
 A light and rigid beam of brass

 A metallic pillar

 A wooden base

 A metallic pointer

 An ivory scale

 Plumb line

 Levelling Screw

 Glass box
The plumb line indicates whether the balance is horizontal. In ideal condition the plumb line is
aligned with the end of the knob fixed with the pillar. The whole box has leveling screws at the
bottom to set it to horizontal. The device is enclosed in a glass box to avoid wind effects. When
the beam is horizontal the pointer remains on zero mark on the ivory scale.
Q15. Describe the working of electronic balance? Or What is an electronic

balance?

ELECTRONIC BALANCE:

Definition: The Electronic Balance or the digital mass meter is an electronic instrument
configured with integrated circuits and it works on the principal of balancing the forces.

Explanation: The device is turned on and set to zero then object is placed on the plate. The
reading on the screen gives the mass of object.The electronic balance is available in different
ranges of measurement such as micro gram, milligram and kilogram etc.
Q16.What is Measuring Cylinder? How can we measure the volume of liquid by measuring
cylinder?
MEASURING CYLINDER:
Definition: Measuring cylinder is a glass or plastic cylinder with a scale-graduated in cubic
centimeters or milliliters (ml)

Uses: It is used to find the volume of liquids.

Process To Measure Volume Of Liquid By Measuring Cylinder:

The volume of liquids can be measured with the help of Cylinders, and Beakers. A volume of
about a liter or so can be measured using a measuring cylinder. When a liquid is poured, it rises
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 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurement

to a certain height in the cylinder. Most measuring cylinders have scales marked in milliliters
(ml) or cubic centimeters (cm3). The level of liquid in the cylinder is noted and volume of the
liquid is obtained. In order to read the volume correctly we should keep the eye in level with
the bottom of the lower meniscus of the liquid surface. Angular observation may result a false
reading of the volume.
Q17. How can we find the volume of different substance

MEASURING THE VOLUME OF DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES:

For density to be measured or calculated we first need to find the volume of substances. Most
of solid geometrical shapes have formulae for their volume which is obtained through different
parameters such as radius, height, depth, width, base and length, but for irregular objects,
liquids and gases this approach is unusual.

1. Volume of liquid: The volume of liquids can be measured with the help of Cylinders, and
Beakers. A volume of about a liter or so can be measured using a measuring cylinder. When the
liquid is poured into the cylinder the level on scale gives the volume. Most measuring cylinders
have scales marked in milliliters (ml) or cubic centimeters (cm3). It should be noted that while
recording the value from cylinder the eyes should maintain the level with the value. Angular
observation may result a false reading of the volume.

2. Volume of regular solid: If an object has a regular shape its volume can be calculated by
using formula.. For instance:

i) Volume of a rectangular block = length x width x height

ii) Volume of a cylinder = π x radius2 x height

3. Volume of irregular solid: For an irregular solid its volume is calculated by lowering the
object in a partially filled measuring cylinder. The rise in the level on the volume scale gives the
volume of that object. Thus the volume of irregular solid is calculated by subtracting the original
volume of liquid from the raised volume of liquid. The total volume is found.

i.e. Total Volume Of Irregular Solid = Original volume of liquid - Raised volume of liquid.

Q18. Which device will you choose to measure the length of a small cylinder?

Ans: We use Meter rule to measure the length of a small cylinder

Q19. What is stop watch? describe its types

STOP WATCH:

Definition: A stopwatch is used to measure the time interval between two events.

Types Of Stop Watch: There are two types of stopwatch:

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1. Mechanical stopwatch and

2. Digital stopwatch

Mechanical / Analogue Stopwatch: A mechanical stop watch can measure a time interval up to
0.1 second. It has a knob that used to wind the spring that powers the watch. It can also be used
as a start stop and reset button. The watch starts when the knob is pressed once. When pressed
second time, thewatch stops. While the third press brings the needle back to zero.

Digital Stopwatch: A digital stop watch can measure a time interval up to 0.01 second. It starts
to indicate the time lapsed as the start/stop button is pressed. As soon as start/stop button is
pressed again, it stops and indicates the time interval recorded by it between start and stop of
an event. A reset button restores its initial zero setting. Now a days almost the mobile phones
have a stopwatch function.

Q20. Choose a proper instrument (meter rule, Vernier calipers, screw gauge, physical balance
stop watch, measuring cylinder) for the measurement of length, diameter, mass, time and
volume in daily life activities.

Device Physical Quantity

Meter rule Length

Vernier calipers or Screw gauge Diameter

Physical balance Mass

Stop watch Time

Measuring cylinder Volume

1.3 PREFIXES:
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS BOOK PG#16
Q4. Can you tell the size of nucleus is up to 10-15m what prefix shall we use to describe
the size?
Ans. femto (f) or femtometer (fm) 10-15

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS BOOK PG #29:

Q6. Write the correct prefix of notation.

a- 75000 = hm
b- 2/1000sec = 2ms
c- 1/1000000g = 1 mg
d- 1000000000m = 1 Gm
EXTRA QUESTIONS:

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Q1. What is prefixes? Why is it use?

Definition: The Physical quantities are described by the scientist in terms of magnitudes and
units. A unit prefix is a specifier. It indicates multiples or fractions of the units.

Use: Units play a vital role in expressing a quantity either base or derived. Prefixes are useful for
expressing units of physical quantities that are either very big or very small.

Representation Of Prefixes In Metric System: Unit of various sizes are commonly formed by such
prefixes. The prefixes of the metric system, such as kilo and milli , represent multiplication by
powers of ten.
1.4 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS BOOK PG#29

Q7. Write values in standard and scientific notation.

a- The radius of 1st orbit of Hydrogen atom is r=0.53 A֩ = 0.53x10-10
b- 1 light year is 2628000000000m = 2.628x1012
c- Vacuum pressure 2.7 x 10-4torr = 0.00027 torr

EXTRA QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is scientific notation? Give examples

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:

Definition: Scientific notation or the standard form is a simple method of writing very large
numbers or very small numbers. In this method numbers are written as powers of ten. Thus
calculation of very large or very small numbers becomes easy.
Parts Of Scientific Notation: Numbers in Scientific Notation are made up of three parts:

1. The coefficient: The coefficient must be equal to or (Not zero) greater than one.

2. The base: The base must be 10.

3. The exponent: The exponent can be negative or positive.

Formula: In scientific notation the numerical part of a measurement is expressed as the

product of anumber between 1 and 10 and whole number power of ten. M x 10n

Where, M = coefficient 10 = Base n =

Exponent

1.5 DENSITY AND VOLUME:

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS BOOK PG#21

Q.5: How can you identify which gas is denser among the gases?
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First Method: If the gas is denser, it has high density. So by calculating the density of different
gases at constant volume, we can identify less denser or more denser gases.

Second Method: Since all gases occupy the same volume on a per mole basis, the density of a
particular gas is dependent on its molar mass. A gas with a small molar mass will have a lower
density than a gas with a large molar mass.

Q.6: Can you tell how hot air balloon works?

Ans: In hot air balloon the gas inside the balloon is heated by using a burner. So the hot air
inside the balloon becomes less dense than the surrounding cooler air. The less dense hot air
has enough lifting power to cause the balloon to float and rise into the air.

In order to get back the hot air balloon down, the pilot opens the flap at the top of the balloon
to let the hot air go outside and the cooler air takes its place. Thus the density of the air inside
the balloon increases hence it slowly comes down.
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS BOOK PG # 30
Q8. A wooden piece is made in different shapes take a length (l) = radius(r) = 2m.
calculate its volume as a
a- Sphere b- cube c- Cylinder d- Pyramid e- Cylinder

a- DATA:
r = 2m
v=?
SOLUTION:
𝟒
Since volume of sphere= 𝟑πr3
𝟒
= (3.14)(2)3
𝟑
=(1.333) (3.14)(8)
=33.49m3Ans
b- DATA:
l=2m
v=?
SOLUTION:
Since volume of cube = l3
=(2m)3
=8m3Ans
c- DATA:
l=h=2m
r=2m
v=?
SOLUTION:
Since volume of cylinder = πr2h

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= (3.14)(2m)2(2m)
= 25.13m3
d- DATA:
L=b=h=2m
V=?
SOLUTION:
𝟏
Since volume of pyramid = 𝟑 Bh [h=height and B= Area of base =l x b = l x l = l2 ]
𝟏
= 𝟑 lxl2
𝟏
=𝟑 l3
= (0.333)(2m)3
= 2.667m3
Q9. Find the density of wood as sphere and cube if the mass of wood is 1kg. Is there
any change in density due to shape?
DATA:
Mass; m = 1kg
Volume of sphere; v1= 33.51m3
Volume of cube; v2= 8m3
Density of sphere; p1 =?
Density of cube; p2 = ?
SOUTION:
𝒎
P1= 𝒗𝟏
𝟏
=𝟑𝟑.𝟓𝟏kg/m3
= 0.02298 kg/m3
𝒎
P2= 𝒗𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟖 kg/m3
= 0.125kg/m3
Yes, there is a change in density due to shape, the density of sphere is smaller than
density of cube.

Q10. A measuring cylinder (fig 1.31) is filled with 500cc water. A stone of mass 20kg is
immersed into the cylinder such that, water level rises up to 800cc. which statement is
correct?
a- The difference between the readings gives the density of stone.
b- The difference between the readings gives volume of the stone.
c- The final reading gives the density of stone.
d- The final reading gives the volume of stone.

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EXTRA QUESTIONS:

Q.1: Define term density with S.I unit and also define relative density (specific

gravity)?

DENSITY:

Definition: The term density of a substance is defined as mass of substance (m) per unit volume (V).

Notation: It is denoted by Greek letter ρ (rho).

Formula: ρ = m / v

S.I Unit: The S.I unit for density is kg/m3 or kgm-3. Sometimes density of substances is given in gm/
cm3.

Example: The density of Aluminum is 2.70 gm/cm3 which is equal to 2700 Kg/m3.

RELATIVE DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Measuring the Density):

There are two ways of finding the density of a substance either mathematically or
experimentally by taking density of water at 4°C as a reference which is sometimes known as
relative density or 'Specific gravity'.

Unit Of Relative Density: It has no unit because its a ratio of two substances. It is a number
whose value is the same as that of the density in g/cm3.

Formula: Relative Density = Density of substance / Density of water at 4°C.

1.6 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS BOOK PG#23
Q7: Determine the number of significant figures in 00.6022009 and also write down it in
scientific notation

Ans: There are 7 significant figures IN 00.6022009

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS BOOK PG# 30:
Q11. Write significant numbers in the following values.
a- 980 has 2 significant numbers.
b- 91.60 has 4 significant numbers.
c- 10010.100 has 8 significant numbers.
d- 0.0086 has 2 significant numbers.
EXTRA QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define and describe Significant figures. Write down rules for determining significant

figures?

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Definition: “The number of reliably known digits in a value are known as significant figures.”

Explanation: Engineers and scientists around the world work with numbers either
representing a large or small magnitude of a physical quantity. The engineers are however
interested in the accuracy of a value as they mostly work an estimation but scientists especially
physicists are more concerned with the accuracy of these numbers. For instance, an engineer
records the speed of the wind and explains it as an average. on the other hand, for the physicist,
the speed of earth on its course. The speed of light in vacuum, the mass or charge on an
electron is just not a matter of numbers but accurate numbers.

Rules for determining significant figures:

Rule 1. All non-zeroes are significant. Example: 2.25 (3 significant figures)

Rule 2. Leading zeroes are NOT significant. Example: 0.00000034 (2 significant figures)

Rule 3. Trailing zeroes are significant ONLY if an explicit decimal point is present.

Example: 200 (1 significant figure) 200. (3 significant figures) 2.00 (3 significant

figures)

Rule 4. Trapped zeroes are significant. Example: 0.00509 (3 significant figures) 2045 (4 significant
figures)

SCIENTIFIC REASONS

1. Why large weight woods floating on the surface of water and iron needle sinks into the water?

Iron is “denser” than wood and have more density that is why iron needle sink into water and
large weight woods floating on the surface of water.

2. Why the humans in 'Dead Sea' situated in Jordan does not sink while swimming?

The humans in that sea while swimming does not sink! This is because the water of sea is much
more salty than normal, which raises the density of water.

3. Why ice floats while a coin sinks in the water?

Solid objects are denser and have more weight than liquids. Although ice is a solid but the
water is heavier than ice, it displaces the lighter ice, causing the ice to float to the top.

While the coin have more density than the water, and so the coin sink. So anything with more
density than water will sink in water, but other objects that have less density than water will
float.

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4. Which is more accurate Vernier Caliper or a Screw Gauge and why?

Ans: Screw Gauge is more accurate than Vernier Caliper. As compare to Vernier calipers, screw
gauge is more accurate and precise because a screw gauge can even measure dimensions
smaller (such as the diameter of a wire or sphere) than those measured by a Vernier Caliper.
The least count of Vernier calipers is 0.1 mm and for screw gauge it is 0.01 mm. So, a screw
gauge can measure accurately up to one hundredth part of a millimeter and more accurate than
a Vernier caliper.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (M.C.Qs) BOOK PG#26

1. The figures 1.26 shows part of a vernier scale, what is the reading on the
vernier scale.
a- 6.50 cm c- 7.00 cm
b- 6.55 cm d- 7.45 cm
2. Then identical steel balls each of mass 27g, are immersed in a measuring cylinder having
20cm3 of water. The reading of water level rises to 50cm3. What is the density of the steel?

a- 0.90 gm/cm3 c- 9.0 gm/cm3

b- 8.1 gm/cm3 d-
13.5 gm/cm3

3. An object of mass 100g is immersed in water as shown in figure 1.27, what is the density
of the material from which object is made?
a- 04 gcm-3 c- 1.1 gcm-3
-3 d-
b- 0.9 gcm 2.5 gcm-3

4. What is the reading of this micrometer in figure 1.28

a- 5.43mm c- 7.30mm
b- 6.63mm d- 8.13mm
5. A chips wrapper is 4.5 cm long and 5.9 cm wide. Its area upto significant figures will
be
a- 30 cm2 c- 26.55 cm2
2
b- 28 cm d- 32 cm2
6. A worldwide system of measurements in which the units base quantities were introduced is called.
a- Prefixes c- Hexadecimal system
b- International system of units. d- None of above
7. All accurately known digits and first doubtful digit in an expression are known as
a- Non-significant figures c- Estimated figures
b- Significant figures d- Crossed figures
8. If zero line of vernier scale coincides with zero of main scale, then zero error is
a. Positive c. Negative
b. Zero d. One
9. Zero error of the instrument is
a. Systematic error c. Random error
b. Human error d. Classified error
10. Length, mass, electric current, time, intensity of light and amount of substance are examples of

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a. Base quantities
b. Derived quantities
c. Prefixes
d. Quartile quantities

SOME EXTRA M.C.Qs

1. Physicists are categorized into
a- Two categories c- Four categories
b- Three categories d- Five categories
2. The branch of physics that mainly concerned with the laws of motion and gravitation is
called
a- Mechanics c- Astrophysics
b- Thermodynamics d- Geophysics
3. The branch of physics which deals with heat and temperature and their relation to energy
and work.
a- Mechanics c- Astrophysics
b- Thermodynamics d- Geophysics
4. It is the study of properties of charges in rest and motion.
a- Mechanics c- Magnetism
b- Atomic physics d- Electricity
5. It deals with the constituents, structure and behavior and interaction of atomic nuclei.
a- Atomic physics c- Nuclear physics
b- Particle physics d- None of above
6. Physical quantities which can not be explained by other physical quantities are known as
a- Fundamental physical c- Prefix physical quantity
quantities d- Quartile physical quantities
b- Derived physical quantities
7. Volume, velocity, force, density and acceleration are examples of
a- Derived quantities c- Prefixes
b- Base quantities d- Quartile quantities
8. Use of every instrument is restricted by smallest measurement that it can perform which is
called
a- Zero count c- Least count
b- Smallest count d- Minimum count
9. 1000m = _____
a- 10 km c- 1 cm
b- 10 cm d- 1 km
10. 10mm = ______
a- 1 km c- 1 m
b- 1 cm d- 1 ft
11. The smallest reading a meter rule can measure up to
a- 1 inch c- 1 cm
b- 1 mm d- 1 m
12. From the reading positive zero error is
a- Added b- Subtracted

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c- Multiplied d- Divides
13. On meter rule each cm is divided further in to 10 divisions which are called
a- Kilometer c- Millimeters
b- Meter d- Centimeters
14. 1000 mg = _______
a- 1 g c- 1 Lb
b- 1 kg d- 1 mg
15. Numbers in scientific notation are made up of:
a- Two parts c- Four parts
b- Three parts d- Five parts
16. Volume of a rectangular block = ________.
a- Length + breadth + height c- Length + breadth x height
b- Length x breadth x height d- Length x breadth + height
17. The numbers of reliably known digits in a value are known as
a- Significant figures c- Zero error
b- Least count d- Reliable numbers
18. 200 has ________
a- 1 significant figure c- 3 significant figures
b- 2 significant figures d- No significant figures
19. The unit of luminous intensity is _______.
a- Kelvin c- Mole
b- Candela d- Ampere
20. Mole is a unit of
a- Electric current c- Luminous intensity
b- Temperature d- Amount of substance

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