AUTOCA

1. Introduction

AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project

managers, engineers, graphic designers and many other professionals.

The term CAD (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN) applies to wide range of

programs that allows the users to created drawings, plans, and designs
electronically. AutoCAD is very comprehensive in its ability to create 2D
and 3D drawings and it is very popular. seventy presents of the CAD
users in the world use AUTOCAD.

Autodesk has also developed a few vertical program

AutoCAD
Architecture
AutoCAD civil
AutoCAD electrical
AutoCAD CIVIL 3D
AutoCAD map 3D
AutoCAD
mechanical
AutoCAD structural detailing
AutoCAD MEP
AutoCAD Utility design

AutoCAD P&ID
AutoCAD Plan 3D
2. Autocad window
3.Commands

Draw command tools

Modify commands
4.Dimension toolbar

5. Text command
* A MULTILINE TEXT -For longer notes and labels with internal formating
use multiline text

*A SINGLE-LINE TEXT -For short ,simple notes and labels ,use single-line
text .
6.Layer
Layers are the primary methods for organising the objects in a drawing by
function or purpose . Layers can be reduce the visual complexity of a drawing
and improve display performance by hiding information that you don’t need to
see at the moment .You gain this level of control by organizing the objects in
your drawing on layers that are associated with a specific function or a
purpose . It might be helpful to think of layers as clear plastic sheets.

With layers , you can

 Associate objects by their functions or location.
 Display or hide all related objects in a single operations.
 Enforce linetype, color & other property standards for each layers.
7. Block
In AutoCAD, a block is a collection of objects that are combined into a
single named objects .

 Insert a block

 Create a block definition

8. Advantages of using CAD over manual drawing
Computer-Aided Design or CAD Drafting has been a real success by becoming
the primary source of communication purpose in the AEC (Architects, Engineers
and, Contractors) industry.
Before CAD’s arrival, the only source for the draftsman was drawing and paper
for sketches.
The traditional method of manual Drafting is repeated and takes time.
 Data storage and easily accessible cad drafting
One of the benefits of CAD drafting is that it does not need to be filed to
store in a folder like manual Drafting.
CAD can be easily saved on a drafting computer server and can be
accessed from anywhere with an internet connection. The chance of losing
the documents is more in a manual draft.
Without the use of paper, CAD Drawings saved electronically, and it is also
an environment-friendly method.

 Data storage and easily accessible cad drafting

3D drawings are the best way to represent the structure.
Although one can make a 3D model manually, it does not look like a 3D
model created by in the AutoCAD. AutoCAD breathes life into a 3D model
and helps the visualization process.
Automatically creating a 3D view is a challenging, time consuming, and
tiring job, which makes it easier with software like AutoCAD
 Do actions with revisions
When you draw on paper or software, there is a possibility of some
research or changes.
In a manual draft, you need to erase and re-extract it to make any changes
to your drawing. CAD simplifies the research process with its various
editing tools.
With a few clicks of a mouse, you can undo,
redo or delete your actions. You do not need to draw an object again at
any time because you can modify existing objects by mirroring, hauling,
rotating, scaling, etc.

 Accelerate drawing speed and save drafting time

The discovery of technology has been made to simplify our work, save our
time and work faster.
AutoCAD is significantly faster than the traditional method of manual
Drafting.
It accelerates the task of preparing a bill, reports, scaling, etc. of content
— tedious work of drawing each line on paper done in a few mouse clicks.
As CAD software removes repeated iterations, large amounts of time are
saved.
In AutoCAD, data describing a component is associative, and hence
revisions are automatically maooode to all places the data is used.
9. Advantages of autocad
 Accurate and Reduces Errors
The principle on which AutoCAD works is a dynamic engineering model.
This model blends design and production drafting together, which
allows the changes to be made to any part of the design at any point in
time in the entire project. This results in error reduction and fewer
chances of mistakes. Furthermore, the designs which are made digitally
always have room for enhancements and improvement.

 Save Time & Money

With a specific and user-friendly interface and workflow, AutoCAD works
speedily, which saves the time of the designer. AutoCAD supports
documentation tools that increase productivity and help the designers
and architects streamline the designs and documentation workflows. It
also provides solutions to implement modifications in the projects, thus
reducing the time taken. It is an efficient program that undertakes the
designer’s work process and helps in saving time and money and
reducing errors.

 Easier Data Transfer

Using AutoCAD in Architect Designing has made it easier to share files
with multiple people simultaneously. It is not easy to work on heavy files
and then share them without any data loss. But, this software has made
it easy to upload the designed data on the internet and sharing it with
numerous other designers.
 Controllable in nature
This advantage of AutoCAD supports the scanning feature for the data.
This technique helps in measuring the quantity of the materials used. It
also helps in calculating the exact cost of the products. Eventually, it
helps in managing production and post-production processes.

 Database for manufacturing

AutoCAD allows in creating manufacturing data such as materials required
for components, dimensions, and shape of the models, product, and
component drawings. This helps in creating and managing a wide database
which is an important part of the production process.

 Easier Import/ Export of files

AutoCAD Inventor supports file import and export features. AutoCAD
allows the users to import models from Inventor, and it also manages to
do it quite easily and speedily. AutoCAD also supports various other tools
and features that boost the productivity of the program. Some of them
being; PDF support, compatible with Autodesk 360, social media sharing,
AutoCAD WS, DWG Convert, and many more. AutoCAD also supports
PRESSPULL operations, allowing the users to create surfaces, solids, and
offset curves with much ease. These meshes are dynamic in nature and
can easily be manipulated. The designers can easily develop physical 3D
Frameworks of their designs with the 3D printing capabilities of AutoCAD.
 Apply Point Clouds
Point Cloud is a large collection of points resulted from 3D laser scanners
to create a 3D presentation of default structures. The users can join
these point clouds to use as a starting point for their designs.

 Layering feature
This feature allows the user to hide or show specific details of a
complicated, complex group of drawings for clear understanding.

 Calculation
The user can calculate Mass, Area, volume, Center of Gravity in no time.
This program has an Auto- Dimensioning feature that helps in designing
easy and accurate sketches. The users can also generate 2D drawings
from 3D models.
 Commands
like Fill, Hatch, Section lines, chamfer, and fillet makes AutoCAD one-
stop solutions to many designers as these operations are impossible in
manual drafting.

 Image tracing feature

This helps in a digital tracing of conventional diagrams and drawing.

 PDF import enhancements

It also has an SHF text recognition tool that converts the geometries
imported from PDF text to Text objects which can be edited more
conveniently.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
PROJECT MODEL
 10. Vastu shastra

 Introduction
Vastu Shastra is the sacred holistic science of architecture and
construction. The principles of Vastu have been derived from one of the
ancient sacred books of Hinduism the Sthapathya Veda which is a part of
Atharvana Veda one of the four main Vedas. Vastu refers to mansion or
abode and Shastra refers to Science or knowledge. Vastu Shastra is found
in manuals on all aspects of architecture namely spatial geometry, design,
measurements, layout, ground preparation etc. They incorporate
traditional Hindu beliefs by integrating architecture with nature and
utilizing symmetry, geometric patterns (yantras) and directional
alignments. A few of the manuals also include information on astrology
and rituals. This mystic science balances all the elements of nature with
man and his materials to create a holistic structure radiating positive
energies and subduing negative influences.
 Importance Of Vaastu Shastra
Vaastu Shastra is the ancient science of architecture and construction,
whose provenance dates back to the Atharvaveda. As a discipline, Vaastu
Shastra is a collection of building concepts that constitutes design, layout,
dimension, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry,
which are then applied in the construction of buildings. In fact, one can
find the principles of Vaastu in the buildings and monuments of ancient
times, which gives an idea of how seriously our ancestors believed in this
discipline.
In the present times, Vaastu Shastra is popular across the world. The
reason behind this is the universal need for peace and harmony, which the
application of Vaastu Shastra in home construction and design is supposed
to bring along with promises of good health, wealth and happiness in life.

Though initially created for temples, with time, people started applying
Vaastu principles in constructing their homes and after realising its
efficient result, began using it in designing offices, hospitals, industries,
schools and colleges. Today, this unique yet basic wisdom of directions
and elements is being applied in building vehicles, gardens, agricultural
farms and surprisingly even in designing business cards.
 Why people believe in vastu?
Vastu Shastra has deeply embedded roots in our Indian culture which is
basically related to architectural guidance. The logic of Vastu- architecture
guidance, lies in the basic science of building homes in earlier times when
there was no professional architect to tell you where the room, roof,
bathroom etc should be.
To build a comfortable home with all aspects in mind, you have to keep in
mind the logistics so that you do not end up living in a tunnel. So your
physical and mental health is affected if not done right. So there was a rule
book made that explained dimensions, locations explained along with
direction. For the plains, Vastu is different and for the hills there are
different dynamics. You also have to keep in mind the vegetation and the
weather for a good and comfortable abode. There is where vastu steps in.
Today, logically speaking, many different rules have been added out of
fear.
However, when it comes to beliefs, many people feel that adhering to the
vastu rules, life gets easier. There have been cases or incidents where
people have admitted that earlier there were many fights in the house but
once the vastu of the home or office was corrected, it all became mellow.
There is no right or wrong in these beliefs. If it is bringing you positive fruit
and is it all legal, not hurting the morals, rights of humans or the law, you
can believe and practice anything under the sun.
 Importance of vastu shastra in construction
 Existence of roads on the northern or eastern side of the house improves
the health and progress of the members of the house. If a house has road
on the 3 sides, its inhabitants suffer tension and tension related problems.
 When the digging is happening to lay the foundation, make sure that
you start from the east, go to the north, then to the west, and lastly,
southwest.
 The plot at the end of a road is also not good for its inhabitants.
 It is good to have main door on east, northern and north eastern corner
of the house. A house having main door at the southwest end provides
less peace and perpetually tense atmosphere.
 A house having massive main door gives a lot of unsavory events
and members residing suffer health problems.
 There should be no doors in the southwest corners or the southwest
portion of the house. It is best if the doors face north or east. Doors
should also open inside and not outside. When the door opens inside, it
stands for inviting popular powers and positive energy. However, the door
opening outside would be bad for the positive energy- it would actually
drive the good energy away.

 Wall of house should have soothing and soft colors on walls as this gives a
tension free atmosphere. Deep yellow, red or orange colored walls give
irritation to the occupants.
 All water related appliances or resources of the house should be placed
on north east area. This provides prosperity.
 A well or a tube well should never be provided on the southeast end of
the house. A well or tube well at center of the house brings good luck to
its head.
 Presence of plants of Tulsi, Banana, Champa, Ashoka, Aawla outside
the house keeps inhabitants healthy, happy and peaceful.
11. Types of planning
1. Residential Planning
2. Commercial Planning
3. Architect Planning
4. Industrial Planning
 Residential Planning
Residential Planning and Design involves a lot of thought into the needs
and necessities of the clients and their preferences, which our
professionals give utmost importance to. We believe in involving the
client in planning and designing his dream home and make the process
enjoyable too!
 Commercial Planning
Commercial construction involves building projects that can be leased or
sold in the private sector. These spaces can be anything from offices and
manufacturing plants to medical centers and retail shopping centers. Each
commercial construction project varies in size and effort and is unique in
its own way. The designs and layouts of a structure are decided entirely by
the client. Each client is unique so projects will be different. In commercial
construction, a project can be separated into 3 sizes: small-scale, medium-
scale, and large-scale.
 Architect Planning
Architectural Plans means 100% fully coordinated and complete,
Permittable and accurate architectural working drawings and
specifications for the Leasehold Improvements prepared by the Architect
including all architectural dimensioned plans showing wall layouts, wall
and door locations, power and telephone locations and reflected ceiling
plans and further including elevations, details, specifications and schedules
according to accepted AIA standards.
 Industrial Planning
The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the
manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.
12. Types of Residential Buildings
 Individual houses or private dwellings

 Lodging or rooming houses

 Dormitories
 Apartments

 Hotel
13. What is site planning?
The full-scale drawing indicating the architectural features of a location is
known as a site plan. It represents various aspects of a development project and
is different from a location plan.
 Purpose of site Planning
Site planning is the process of thinking and placing the site design
elements in order to integrate land use, landscape design (vegetation,
landforms, and water), site context aspects and other considerations for
enhance efficiency of site activities, environmental sustainability and
mitigate any threats as identified in the site analysis.
The main objective of site planning is to achieve balance, reducing risk,
facilitating proper building function, and aesthetics.
The site design must consider the existing physical, programmatic and
fiscal constraints.
 SKETCHUP

1. Introduction
Sketchup Architecture is 3D modeling software which deals with a wide
range of drawing applications such as interior design, architectural
drawing, and modeling, designing of landscape architecture elements,
mechanical and civil engineering drawings, designing of video games as
well as film 3d models and so on. It is web bases application and free for
use but there is paid version also which has some additional functionality
which you can find with named SketchUp Pro. It has several features and
tools of 3D modeling that provide it advance level of working ability as
well as efficiency in its work. So let us have a good discussion on this
software.
2. Toolbars
 Title bar
The title bar contains the standard window controls (close, minimize, and
maximize) and the name of the currently open file. When you start
SketchUp, the name of the currently open file is Untitled, indicating that
you have not yet saved your work.

 Menu bar
The majority of SketchUp tools, commands, and settings are available
within the menus on the menu bar. The menus are: SketchUp (Mac only),
File, Edit, View, Camera, Draw, Tools, Window, and Help.

 Getting Started toolbar

When you begin using SketchUp, the Getting Started toolbar is the one
you see by default. It contains the basic tools you need to begin creating
3D models.
To display additional toolbars, select View > Toolbars. In the Toolbars
dialog box that opens, select the toolbars you want to see and click Close.
In macOS, you can display tool palettes by selecting View > Tool Palettes.
(Learn more about the toolbars and how to customize them in the
Customizing SketchUp section of the Help Center
 Drawing area
The drawing area is where you create your model. The 3D space of the
drawing area is identified visually by the drawing axes, which provide a
sense of direction in 3D space while you work.
The drawing area might also contain a simple model of a person to
give you a sense of 3D space.

 Status bar
When you’re getting started with SketchUp, the two important elements
on the status bar are the tips in the middle and the Measurements box on
the right:

Tips for using the tools: In the middle area of the status bar, click the
question mark icon to display the instructor window, which offers basic
information about using whatever tool you select in the toolbar. The
middle area also displays a brief sentence about using the selected tool.
This area is helpful when you’re not sure how a tool works.

Measurements box: This box is a critical tool for creating accurate

models. The box displays dimensions as you draw. You can also use this
box to manipulate currently selected entities (such as creating a line that’s

a specific length) or to create evenly spaced copies of entities (such as

columns, fencing, or housing blocks in a post-industrial dystopia).
3. Advantages of Sketchup
This software has its good impact on the different sectors of 3D modeling
because it has a number of effective features and tools in it bag but there
are some disadvantages of it too. So let us have a discussion of its
advantage and disadvantages.
When you start working with it you will notice that there is a number of
good things about it that are as follows:

 You can find an online library of free model assemblies such as windows,
door and automobiles and so on. Not only model assemblies you will also
have 3D warehouse to which any user may contribute models that means
the warehouse is like a box in which you can drop(upload) your models or
pick(download) models of others.
 It is multi-lingual software so available in many different languages for
making it accessible by almost every region’s user and these languages
are English, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Korean, Japanese, Chinese
(both simplified and traditional), Portuguese and Brazilian. This is pretty
good number of languages that are supported by this software which
makes it popular among variety of users.
 It has its compatibility with the number of operating systems such as
Windows 7 and its later versions, OS X 10.9 and its later versions.
 It has well organized User interface and have sections for each and every
important tools, as well as features of it such as there, are Menu bar,
Toolbar, Drawing area, Measurements box, Status bar and Default panels.
These sections provide you smooth working environment during working
on it.
 4. V-RAY

V- Ray is a commercial plug-in for third-party 3D computer graphics software

applications and is used for visualizations and computer graphics in industries
such as media, entertainment, film and video game production, industrial
design, product design and architecture.
 V-Ray Materials
V-Ray Materials are the main workhorses for creating shaders in V-Ray.
80% of the time it is all you need to create realistic results that also render
quite fast. It is optimized to work with all other aspects of V-Ray (lights, GI,
sampling, etc.), so it should always be used instead of 3ds Max native
materials.

 V-Ray Lightings
The VRay Light is a V-Ray specific light source object that can be used to
create physically accurate area lights of different shapes. Shapes are
selected through options when creating the light via 3ds Max's Create
panel (or Create menu), or, after the light is created, through the 3ds Max
Modify panel.
 V-Ray Rendering
V-Ray renderer uses adaptive ray tracing technology and proprietary scene
intelligence to create imagery that is indistinguishable from a photograph

5. 3D Modelling
3D modelling is the process of creating three-dimensional representations
of an object or a surface. 3D models are made within computer-based 3D
modelling software, which we'll explore a little later. During the 3D
modelling process, you can determine an object's size, shape, and texture.
 Types of 3D Modelling
1. Primitive Modeling
This type of 3D modeling mostly uses spheres, cubes, and other
variations of these two shapes to put together the desired shapes. It is
called primitive because it is a very rudimentary form of 3D modeling,
mainly created through the combination of different pre-existing
shapes.
This kind of modeling generally utilizes basic Boolean processors to get
the right shapes and outlines. Boolean operators are some of the most
common ways of generating three-dimensional surfaces and shapes.
Designers can combine two different shapes or subtract one shape from
another to create a new object

2. Polygonal Modeling
This type of 3D modeling is done by working with X, Y, and Z
coordinates to define different shapes and surfaces and then combining
the different surfaces into one giant shape or model.
When designers use the polygonal modeling technique, they typically
begin by creating a wire mesh in the desired shape – this requires a
good working knowledge of the polygonal mesh theory, which means
that this type of modeling might be too complex for beginners.
The most common use of this type of 3D modeling is in scanline
rendering, which looks at each row of the model to generate an overall
shape.
3. Rational B-Spline Modeling
Rational B-Spline Modeling is the most common type of 3D modeling
and also bases its technology on the combining and adjusting of
geometric forms. Users begin by creating the dimensions of each shape,
and these polygons can then be twisted and curved to get to achieve
the desired 3D design.
One of the main reasons for this method’s popularity is that is easy to
learn and master. This means that it has found resonance among
beginners and professionals alike, and it enables people with various
backgrounds to create compelling and unique forms.

4. Non-Uniform Rational Basis Spline (NURBS)

The final type of 3D modeling we are going to explore is Non-Uniform
Rational Basis Spline or NURBS for short. This is a very popular method
of 3D modeling due to its elegance, as it functions via a mathematical
model that can be applied in a variety of scenarios to create realistic
curves and surfaces.
The beauty of NURBS is that it can operate independently as an efficient
program – meaning designers can rely on the technology itself to create
realistic models – but it also welcomes human intervention and
customization to add finishing touches to the 3D models
5. CAD Software

While talking about 3D modeling and its types, it is impossible to not

discuss the role of CAD Software (computer-aided design). CAD
software is an important invention with regards to 3D modeling. It helps
in the visualization of the desired objects, designs, and models in virtual
reality. Some of the important tasks that can be accomplished with the
use of CAD software are 3D printing, 3D sculpting, 3D rendering, and of
course, 3D modeling. The calculations involved in the making of 3D
objects are undertaken by CAD software. The job of the designer is to
define the shape and size of the 3D objects he/she wishes to create.

There are three major types of 3D modeling that fall under the rubric of
CAD software: solid modeling, wireframe modeling, and surface
modeling. These three types are further divided into subtypes based on
specific features.
14. Types of planning
5. Residential Planning
6. Commercial Planning
7. Architect Planning
8. Industrial Planning
 Residential Planning
Residential Planning and Design involves a lot of thought into the needs
and necessities of the clients and their preferences, which our
professionals give utmost importance to. We believe in involving the
client in planning and designing his dream home and make the process
enjoyable too!
 Commercial Planning
Commercial construction involves building projects that can be leased or
sold in the private sector. These spaces can be anything from offices and
manufacturing plants to medical centers and retail shopping centers. Each
commercial construction project varies in size and effort and is unique in
its own way. The designs and layouts of a structure are decided entirely by
the client. Each client is unique so projects will be different. In commercial
construction, a project can be separated into 3 sizes: small-scale, medium-
scale, and large-scale.
 Architect Planning
Architectural Plans means 100% fully coordinated and complete,
Permittable and accurate architectural working drawings and
specifications for the Leasehold Improvements prepared by the Architect
including all architectural dimensioned plans showing wall layouts, wall
and door locations, power and telephone locations and reflected ceiling
plans and further including elevations, details, specifications and schedules
according to accepted AIA standards.
 Industrial Planning
The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the
manufacturing, producing and processing of goods or merchandise.
15. Types of Residential Buildings
 Individual houses or private dwellings

 Lodging or rooming houses

 Dormitories
 Apartments

 Hotel
16. What is site planning?
The full-scale drawing indicating the architectural features of a location is
known as a site plan. It represents various aspects of a development project and
is different from a location plan.
 Purpose of site Planning
Site planning is the process of thinking and placing the site design
elements in order to integrate land use, landscape design (vegetation,
landforms, and water), site context aspects and other considerations for
enhance efficiency of site activities, environmental sustainability and
mitigate any threats as identified in the site analysis.
The main objective of site planning is to achieve balance, reducing risk,
facilitating proper building function, and aesthetics.
The site design must consider the existing physical, programmatic and
fiscal constraints.
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INTERIOR RENDERING

INTERIOR RENDERING
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