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Fuzzy Reasoning

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12 views24 pages

Fuzzy Reasoning

Uploaded by

dharshanbv4dgm
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fuzzy reasoning

Fuzzy reasoning (Lotfi Zadeh)


In real world,there exists much fuzzy knowledge; Knowledge that is vague, imprecise,
uncertain, ambiguous, inexact, or probabilistic in nature.

Human thinking and reasoning frequently involve fuzzy information, originating from
inherently inexact human concepts. Humans, can give satisfactory answers, which are
probably true. However, our systems are unable to answer many questions.

The reason is, most systems are designed based upon classical set theory and two-valued
logic which is unable to cope with unreliable and incomplete information and give expert
opinions. We want, our systems should also be able to cope with unreliable and
incomplete information and give expert opinions.

Fuzzy sets have been able provide solutions to many real world problems. Fuzzy Set
theory is an extension of classical set theory where elements have degrees of
membership.
Classical Set Theory
A Set is any well defined collection of objects. An object in a set is called
an element or member of that set.Sets are defined by a simple statement
describing whether a particular element having a certain property belongs
to that particular set.
● Sets are defined by a simple statement describing whether a
particular element having a certain property belongs to that
particular set.
● Classical set theory enumerates all its elements using
A={a1 , a2 , a3 , ....... , an}
Fuzzy Set
The word "fuzzy" means "vagueness". Fuzziness occurs when
the boundary of a piece of information is not clear-cut. Classical set
theory allows the membership of the elements in the set in binary
terms, a bivalent condition - an element either belongs or does not
belong to the set.Fuzzy set theory permits the gradual assessment
of the membership of elements in a set, described with the aid of a
membership function valued in the real unit interval [0, 1].
Why Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes.
● It can control machines and consumer products.
● It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable
reasoning.
● Fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty in
engineering.
Fuzzy Logic Systems Architecture
It has four main parts as shown −
Fuzzification Module − It transforms the system inputs, which are crisp
numbers, into fuzzy sets. It splits the input signal into five steps such as −
LP x is Large Positive
MP x is Medium Positive
S x is Small
MN x is Medium Negative
LN x is Large Negative
● Knowledge Base − It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts.
● Inference Engine − It simulates the human reasoning process by making
fuzzy inference on the inputs and IF-THEN rules.
● Defuzzification Module − It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by the
inference engine into a crisp value.
The membership functions work on fuzzy sets of variables.
Membership Function
Membership functions allow you to quantify linguistic term and represent a fuzzy set
graphically. A membership function for a fuzzy set A on the universe of discourse X is
defined as µA:X → [0,1].
Here, each element of X is mapped to a value between 0 and 1. It is called membership
value or degree of membership. It quantifies the degree of membership of the
element in X to the fuzzy set A.
● x axis represents the universe of discourse.
● y axis represents the degrees of membership in the [0, 1] interval.

There can be multiple membership functions applicable to fuzzify a numerical value.


Simple membership functions are used as use of complex functions does not add more
precision in the output.
All membership functions for LP, MP, S, MN, and LN are shown as below −
The triangular membership function shapes are most common among various
other membership function shapes such as trapezoidal, singleton, and
Gaussian.Here, the input to 5-level fuzzifier varies from -10 volts to +10 volts.
Hence the corresponding output also changes.

Example of a Fuzzy Logic System

Let us consider an air conditioning system with 5-level fuzzy logic system. This
system adjusts the temperature of air conditioner by comparing the room
temperature and the target temperature value.
Algorithm
BUILD A FUZZY CONTROLLER
5 Steps

1. Pick the linguistic variable


Example: Let temperature (X) be input and motor speed (Y) be output
2. Pick the fuzzy sets
Define fuzzy subsets of the X and Y
3. Pick the fuzzy rules
Associate output to the input
4.Obtain Fuzzy value
5.Perform Defuzzification
Goal: Design a motor speed controller for air conditioner
Step 1: assign input and output variables

Let X be the temperature in Fahrenheit

Let Y be the motor speed of the air conditioner

Step 2: Pick fuzzy sets

Define linguistic terms of the linguistic variables temperature (X) and motor speed (Y) and
associate them with fuzzy sets

For example, 5 linguistic terms / fuzzy sets on X

Cold, Cool, Just Right, Warm, and Hot


Say 5 linguistic terms / fuzzy sets on Y

Stop, Slow, Medium, Fast, and Blast


Step 3: Assign a motor speed set to each temperature set
If temperature is cold then motor speed is stop
If temperature is cool then motor speed is slow
If temperature is just right then motor speed is medium
If temperature is warm then motor speed is fast
If temperature is hot then motor speed is blast
Step 4: Obtain fuzzy value

Fuzzy set operations perform evaluation of rules. The operations used for OR and
AND are Max and Min respectively. Combine all results of evaluation to form a
final result. This result is a fuzzy value.

Step 5: Perform defuzzification

Defuzzification is then performed according to membership function for output


variable.
Certainty factors
Definition
The Certainty Factor (CF) is a numeric value which tells us about how likely an
event or a statement is supposed to be true. It is somewhat similar to what we
define in probability, but the difference in it is that an agent after finding the
probability of any event to occur cannot decide what to do. Based on the
probability and other knowledge that the agent has, this certainty factor is
decided through which the agent can decide whether to declare the statement true
or false.
The value of the Certainty factor lies between -1.0 to +1.0, where the negative
1.0 value suggests that the statement can never be true in any situation, and the
positive 1.0 value defines that the statement can never be false. The value of the
Certainty factor after analyzing any situation will either be a positive or a negative
value lying between this range. The value 0 suggests that the agent has no
information about the event or the situation.
References
http://aimaterials.blogspot.com/p/fuzzy-reasoning.html?m=1

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