Draft Report

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
JAVA FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements For the Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
2021-2024
By
DIVYASHREE K
VI SEMESTER BCA
REG NO.
U03HW21S0078
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Vidyashree
DEPARTMENT OF BCA
RNS FIRST GRADE COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Bangalore University and NACC accredited with ‘A’ Grade)
Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Channasandra, R.R. Nagar
Ph:080-2861110, Website: www.rnsfgc.edu.in
Bangalore-98
April 2024
STUDENT DECLARATION
I, DIVYASHREE K of VI Semester BCA, hereby declare that the report is

Uniquely prepared by me after the completion of One month internship On JAVA
FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT domain and an internship report Has never
been presented before. I also confirm that the report is prepared only for my
academic requirement, not for any other purpose. No part of this report shall
therefore be duplicated without my prior consent and that of the Company.
DIVYASHREE K
REG NO. U03HW21S0078
VI SEMSTER BCA
SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

GUIDE DECLARATION
This is to certify that the internship report entitled on the field of JAVA FULL STACK
DEVELOPMENT Submitted by DIVYASHREE K (UO3HW21S0078) is prepared
under my guidance and supervision.
This internship is done in partial fulfilment for the award of ‘Bachelor of Computer
Applications’. This has not formed a basis for the award of any other degree, or
diploma under Bangalore University or any other university.
Date: Vidyashree
Place: Bangalore Assistant Prof.
(BCA) RNSFGC
(RNSFGC)
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take the opportunity to thank and express my deep sense of gratitude to
my guide Vidyashree for providing his valuable guidance at all stages of the study, her
advice, constructive suggestions, positive and supportive attitude and continuous
encouragement, without which it could not have been possible to complete this
internship.
I would like to express gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr. Sudheer Pai K.L for
creating a wonder academic ambience in the college and providing all facilities enabling
satisfactory completion of this internship work.
I express my gratitude to our Vice-principal Prof. Shilpa Sarnad for her continuous
support and assistance during the course of my internship.
I sincerely thank Dr. Mohan S H, HOD, Department of BCA, RNS First Grade College,
encouraging me to undertake this internship work. Finally, I would like to express my
sincere thanks to my parents, teachers of the department, the librarian and my friends
for the moral support.
DIVYASHREE K (U03HW21S0078)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter PAGE
No. NO
TITLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-5
2 HTML, CSS & JavaScript 6

2.1 Introduction to HTML & CSS 7
2.2 Introduction to JAVASCRIPT 8
2.3 Introduction to BOOTSTRAP 8
2.4 Introduction to MYSQL 9
3 FRONTEND 10
3.1 Styling in Frontend 11
3.2 Forms 12
3.3 Simple Selectors 13
3.4 Positions 14-16
3.5 Navigation 16-18
3.6 Display Properties 19
3.7 Child Properties 20-21
3.8 Hover Properties 22
3.9 CSS Styling 23-24
3.10 Box Model in CSS 25-27
4 BACKEND 28
4.1 MY SQL 29
4.2 Spring Framework 30
4.3 JDK 31
4.4 Unit Testing & Integration Testing 32-33
4.5 DB management & Optimization 34-36
5 MIDDLEWARE 37
5.1 Data Integration 38-39
5.2 API Gateway 40
5.3 Workflow Management 41
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.4 Middleware Security 42-43

6 PROJECT 44
6.1 Introduction 45-46
6.2 Objectives 47-49
6.3 Coding 50-57
6.4 Screen Shots 58-59
6.5 Module Used In Project 60
CONCLUSION 61
REFERENCES 62
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER - 01
INTRODUCTION
Dept. of Computer Applications, RNSFGC 1

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Company
JSPIDERS
Largest Software Training Organisation
JSpiders is the world’s ace Software course Training Organisation With an aim
to bridge the gap between the demands of the industry and the curriculum of
education institutions.
With centers across the Globe, the institute is a platform where young minds are
given the opportunity to build successful careers.
“JSpiders is a place where business find talent and dreams take flight.”
Their aim of providing quality training to all those aspiring for a successful
career in the IT industry.

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Internship
JAVA FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT
A Java Full Stack Development Internship Provides a hands-on-experience in building both

the Frontend part and Backend part components of web applications using Java-Based
technologies.
On the Frontend side, we will work with technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and
frameworks such as Angular, React, or Vue.js to create interactive user interfaces that
consume the API’s developed on the Backend.
In this Internship, we will likely to learn and work with frameworks and tools such as spring
Boot, Hibernate, Maven, and Junit for the backend development. This involves creating
API’s, handling database interactions, and implementing business logics.
Throughout this internship, we will learn both Frontend and Backend aspects of web
development. Mastering essential skills and Frameworks that are in hight demand in today’s
tech industry. From Designing database schemas to crafting intuitive user interface by CSS
and HTML, we will learn how to architect and implement full-fledged web application from
end to end.
Under the Guidance of experienced mentors and industry professional in this company we
worked on a real world Projects, taking challenges and honing problem solving capabilities.
By the end of this internship, I emerged with a versatile skill set, ready to tackle complex
development tasks and contribute effectively to any full stack projects.

INTRODUCTION
WORKFLOW OF THE INTERNSHIP
1. Introduction to company:
- Introduction to the company's culture, policies, and development environment.
- Setup of development tools and environments, including IDEs (Integrated
Development Environments), version control systems (such as Git), and project
management tools.
- Familiarization with coding standards, best practices, and documentation
guidelines.
2. Training and Learning:

- Initial training sessions covering Java programming language fundamentals,
object-oriented programming concepts, and basic data structures and algorithms.
- Introduction to web development concepts, including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
- Learning about server-side programming with Java, including servlets, and
frameworks like Spring Boot.
- Exploring database fundamentals, SQL (Structured Query Language), and
frameworks like Hibernate for ORM (Object-Relational Mapping).
3. Project Assignments:
- Started with small, guided projects to apply the concepts learned during training.
- Progress to more complex projects that involve building websites from scratch.
- Collaborate with mentors and team members to understand project requirements,
design specifications, and development tasks.
4. Development Tasks:
- Participate in the full software development lifecycle, including requirements
analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment.
- Implement front-end interfaces using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript frameworks,
ensuring responsiveness and accessibility.

INTRODUCTION
- Develop server-side components and business logic using Java and relevant
frameworks like Spring Boot.
- Integrate front-end and back-end components, handling data exchange and
communication between client and server.
5. Code Reviews and Feedback:

- Code reviews to receive feedback on coding style, design decisions, and
implementation details.
- Provide constructive feedback to peers during code reviews, focusing on code
quality, readability, and maintainability.
- Use code analysis tools and debugging techniques to identify and fix issues in the
codebase.
6. Final Project and Presentation:

- Worked on a final project that showcases the skills and knowledge acquired during
the internship.
- Presented the final project to mentors, supervisors, highlighting key features,
challenges faced, and lessons learned.
- Receive feedback and recommendations for future improvement and career
development.

HTML & CSS, JAVASCRIPT
CHAPTER 2

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO HTML & CSS

HTML:
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design web pages using a
markup language. HTML is a combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext
defines the link between web pages. A markup language is used to define the text document
within the tag which defines the structure of web pages. This language is used to annotate
(make notes for the computer) text so that a machine can understand it and manipulate text
accordingly. Most markup languages (e.g. HTML) are human-readable.
Some of its features are:

• It’s easy to use and learn.
• It is Platform Independent.
• Images, Videos & Audio can be added to web pages.
• Hypertext can be added to the text.
• It provides flexible way to design web pages along with the text.
• HTML elements can be defined by using opening and closing tags.
• HTML allows us to add stylistic elements to a webpage.
CSS:
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a style sheet language used for describing the
presentation of a document written in HTML or XML. CSS is used to style web pages and
make them look more visually appealing. It allows you to add colours, fonts, and other design
elements to your web pages. CSS is used to separate the content of a web page from its
presentation, making it easier to maintain and update the site. CSS is also used to create
responsive designs that can adapt to different screen sizes and devices.
Some features of CSS are:

• It allows you to create a consistent look and feel across multiple pages on a
website.
• It provides a way to create reusable styles that can be applied to multiple elements
on a page.
• It allows you to create complex layouts using grids and flexboxes.

• It provides a way to create animations and transitions that can make your website
more engaging.
• It allows you to create responsive designs that can adapt to different screen sizes
and devices.
• It provides a way to optimize your website for search engines by using semantic
markup.
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript (JS) is a light-weight object-oriented programming language which is
used by several websites for scripting the webpages. It is an interpreted, full-fledged
programming language that enables dynamic interactivity on websites when applied
to an HTML document. It was introduced in the year 1995 for adding programs to
the webpages in the Netscape Navigator browser. Since then, it has been adopted by
all other graphical web browsers. With JavaScript, users can build modern web
applications to interact directly without reloading the page every time. The
traditional website uses js to provide several forms of interactivity and simplicity.
2.3 INTRODUCTION TO BOOTSTRAP

Bootstrap is a popular HTML, CSS, and JS library used to build responsive,
mobile-first websites. It is a free front-end framework for faster and easier web
development. Bootstrap includes HTML and CSS based design templates for typography,
forms, buttons, tables, navigation, modals, image carousels and many other, as well as
optional JavaScript plugins.
Features of bootstrap:
• Bootstrap is a free front-end framework for faster and easier web development
• Bootstrap includes HTML and CSS based design templates for typography,
forms, buttons, tables, navigation, modals, image carousels and many other,
as well as optional JavaScript plugins.
• Bootstrap also gives you the ability to easily create responsive designs

SQL
2.4 INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL
• MySQL is a popular open-source database management system.

• It is used for storing and organizing data.
• It is known for its fast performance, reliability, and ease of use.
• MySQL is based on the Structured Query Language (SQL).
• It can be used to create and modify databases, tables, and other database objects.
• It can be used to insert, query, and update data.
• MySQL can be used to manage users and privileges.
• It is flexible and can be used on a variety of platforms and with a range of programming
languages.
• MySQL offers optional add-ons and tools for backup, recovery, performance tuning, and
security.
• MySQL is a database system used for developing web-based software applications.
• MySQL is used for both small and large applications.
• MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS).
• MySQL is presently developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation.
• MySQL is written in the C programming language.
Main Features Of MySQL:

• MySQL server design is multi-layered with independent modules.
• MySQL is fully multithreaded by using kernel threads. It can handle multiple CPUs if
they are available.
• MySQL provides transactional and non-transactional storage engines.
• MySQL has a high-speed thread-based memory allocation system.
• MySQL supports in-memory heap table.
• MySQL can handle large databases.
• MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.
• MySQL Works on many different platforms

FRONTEND
CHAPTER 3
FRONTEND

FRONTEND
3.1 STYLING IN FRONTEND
Styling in front-end development is crucial for creating visually appealing and user-friendly
interfaces. It goes beyond just making things look pretty; it's about creating a cohesive design
language that enhances the overall user experience.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is the primary language used for styling web pages. It allows
developers to control layout, typography, colours, spacing, and other visual aspects of a
website or application. With CSS, you can create responsive designs that adapt to different
screen sizes and devices, ensuring a consistent experience across platforms.
In modern front-end development, there are various tools and methodologies available to
streamline the styling process. CSS preprocessors like Sass and LESS enable developers to
write cleaner and more maintainable code by offering features like variables, mixins, and
nesting. Additionally, CSS frameworks like Bootstrap and Tailwind CSS provide pre-
designed components and utilities to speed up development and ensure consistency.
Beyond basic styling, front-end developers also need to consider accessibility and
performance. Accessibility involves making sure that the interface is usable by people with
disabilities, such as by providing adequate contrast ratios, semantic HTML, and keyboard
navigation support. Performance optimization techniques like CSS minification, lazy loading,
and using efficient CSS selectors help ensure fast page load times and smooth user
interactions.
Overall, styling in front-end development is a multifaceted aspect that requires creativity,

attention to detail, and a solid understanding of design principles, user experience, and
modern web technologies.

FRONTEND
3.2 FORMS
HTML forms are the cornerstone of user interaction on web pages, offering a structured
approach to collect user input. Constructed within the <form> element, these forms
encompass diverse input elements such as text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown
menus, and text areas.
Each input element is equipped with attributes defining its behaviour and appearance,
including essential properties like type, name, and placeholder, as well as validation
parameters like required, min, max, and pattern.
The <form> element itself specifies the destination of the form data via the action attribute,
directing it to a server-side script for processing, while the method attribute determines
whether the data is sent via GET or POST request.
Form submission is typically triggered by a submit button, initiating the transmission of user
input to the designated server-side endpoint. While HTML offers built-in validation
capabilities, developers can extend functionality through JavaScript to implement custom
validation logic and enhance user interactivity.
Moreover, adherence to semantic HTML practices ensures accessibility for users with
disabilities, fostering inclusivity in the user experience. In essence, HTML forms provide a
versatile framework for capturing user input, enabling the creation of interactive and
accessible web interfaces.
HTML forms represent a foundational component of web development, providing a

structured framework for collecting user input and facilitating data transmission.
With an array of input elements and attributes, developers can tailor forms to suit diverse data
requirements while ensuring user guidance and data integrity through built-in validation
mechanisms.
By leveraging JavaScript, forms can be imbued with dynamic behaviours that enhance
usability and interactivity, enriching the overall user experience.
Furthermore, adherence to semantic HTML practices underscores the importance of

accessibility, ensuring that forms are inclusive and navigable to all users, regardless of ability.
Ultimately, HTML forms empower developers to create engaging and accessible web
interfaces that facilitate efficient data exchange and meaningful interaction between users and
applications

FRONTEND
.3.3 SIMPLE SELECTORS
Simple selectors in HTML refer to the basic methods used to target and style elements within
a web page. These selectors allow developers to apply styles selectively to specific elements
based on their HTML structure, attributes, or relationships with other elements. Here's a brief
overview of some common simple selectors:
1.Element Selector: Targets elements based on their HTML tag name. For example, p selects
all <p> paragraphs on the page.
2.ID Selector: Targets elements with a specific ID attribute value. It is denoted by a hash (#)
followed by the ID name. For example, #header selects the element with id="header".
3.Class Selector: Targets elements with a specific class attribute value. It is denoted by a dot
(.) followed by the class name. For example, .btn selects all elements with class="btn".
4.Attribute Selector: Targets elements based on their attributes. It allows selecting elements
with specific attribute names, values, or containing certain values. For example, [type="text"]
selects all elements with type="text".
5.Universal Selector: Targets all elements on the page. It is denoted by an asterisk (*). For
example, * selects all elements.
6.Descendant Selector: Targets an element that is a descendant of another element. It is

denoted by whitespace between two selectors. For example, ul li targets all <li> elements
that are descendants of <ul> elements.
7.Child Selector: Targets an element that is a direct child of another element. It is denoted by
the greater than symbol (>). For example, ul > li selects all <li> elements that are direct
children of <ul> elements.
8.Adjacent Sibling Selector: Targets an element that is immediately preceded by another

specific element. It is denoted by the plus symbol (+). For example, h2 + p selects the <p>
element that directly follows an <h2> element.

FRONTEND
These simple selectors can be combined and nested to create more complex and precise
selectors, enabling developers to style elements according to various criteria.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is commonly used to apply styles to HTML elements using
these selectors, enhancing the visual presentation and layout of web pages.
3.4 POSITIONS
In HTML, positions refer to the layout behaviour of elements within a web page. The
position property in CSS allows developers to control the positioning of elements relative to
their normal position in the document flow. There are several values for the position property,
each with its own behaviour:
1. Static: This is the default position value. Elements are positioned according to the normal
flow of the document. Any top, right, bottom, or left values applied to a statically positioned
element will be ignored.
Example:
.element {
position: static;
}
2. Relative: Elements with position: relative are positioned relative to their normal position
in the document flow. They can be moved using the top, right, bottom, and left properties,
without affecting the position of other elements.
Example:
.element {
position: relative;
top: 10px;
left: 20px;
}
3. Absolute: Elements with position: absolute are removed from the normal document flow
and positioned relative to their nearest positioned ancestor. If no ancestor has a position other
than static, they are positioned relative to the initial containing block (usually the viewport).

FRONTEND
Example:
.element {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
left: 100px;
}
4. Fixed: Elements with position: fixed are removed from the normal document flow and
positioned relative to the viewport, meaning they will remain in the same position even when
the page is scrolled.
Example:
.element {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
right: 0;
}
5. Sticky: Elements with position: sticky are positioned based on the user's scroll position.
They behave like relatively positioned elements until they reach a specified threshold (e.g.,
top, bottom, left, or right value), at which point they become fixed.
Example:
.element {
position: sticky;
top: 0;
}
6. Float: While not technically a position property, floating elements is a common technique
used for layout in CSS. Elements with float: left or float: right are removed from the normal
document flow and positioned to the left or right of their containing block, allowing other
content to flow around them. This is commonly used for creating multi-column layouts and
positioning elements side by side.
Example:
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">Left Content</div>

FRONTEND
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">Right Content</div>
7. Z-index: The z-index property determines the stacking order of positioned elements along
the z-axis (depth). Elements with a higher z-index value appear "on top" of elements with
lower values. This is particularly useful when dealing with overlapping elements or creating
layered effects.
Example:
<div style="position: absolute; z-index: 1;">Box 1</div>
8. Positioning Context: Understanding how the position property of an element affects its
containing block and the positioning of its children is crucial. For example, setting position:
relative on a parent element can establish a new positioning context for its children.
Example:
3.5 NAVIGATION
Navigation in HTML typically refers to the creation of links that allow users to move
between different pages or sections within a website. This is commonly done using the <a>
(anchor) element, which defines a hyperlink. The href attribute within the anchor element
specifies the destination of the link, which can be either a URL or a relative path to another
page on the same website. Navigation menus are often organized using lists <ul> (unordered
lists) or <ol> (ordered lists), with each list item <li> representing a link. Additionally,
navigation bars can be styled using CSS to enhance the visual presentation and improve user
experience.
Navigation in HTML serves as a vital component for users to browse through different
sections or pages of a website seamlessly. Here's a more detailed breakdown:
1. Hyperlinks (<a> element): The primary mechanism for navigation in HTML is the <a>
element, also known as the anchor element. It creates a hyperlink to another web page, a file,
or a specific location within the same page. The href attribute specifies the URL or
destination of the link.
Example:
<a href="https://example.com">Visit Example<a>

FRONTEND
2. Navigation Menus: Navigation menus are often structured using lists (<ul> for unordered
lists or <ol> for ordered lists) along with list items <li>. This structure provides flexibility
and accessibility for organizing links.
Example:
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">Home<a><li>
<li><a href="about.html">About Us<a><li>
<ul>
3. Relative Paths: When linking to pages within the same website, relative paths are
commonly used instead of absolute URLs. Relative paths specify the location of the target
page relative to the current page.
Example:
<a href="about.html">About Us<a>
4. Navigation Bars: Navigation bars are often styled and structured using HTML and CSS to
create visually appealing menus. CSS is used to control the layout, colours, and effects.
Example:
<nav>
<ul>
<ul>
<nav>
5. Dropdown Menus: More complex navigation structures may include dropdown menus,
which provide additional levels of navigation hierarchy.
Example:
<ul>
<li>
<a href="products.html">Products<a>

FRONTEND
<li>
<li><a href="contact.html">Contact<a><li>
<ul>
6. Accessible Navigation:
It's important to ensure that navigation is accessible to all users, including those using
assistive technologies such as screen readers. This involves using semantic HTML elements,
proper labeling, and providing alternative text for images.
Example:
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="about.html">About</a></li>
<li><a href="services.html">Services</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.html">Contact</a></li>
7. Sticky Navigation:
Sticky navigation remains fixed at the top (or sometimes bottom) of the viewport as the user
scrolls down the page. This ensures that the navigation menu is always accessible, even when
the user has scrolled past the initial content.
Example:
<style>nav.sticky { position: fixed; top: 0; }</style>
<script>
window.onscroll = () => document.querySelector('nav').classList.toggle('sticky',
window.scrollY > 0);
</script>

FRONTEND
3.6 DISPLAY PROPERTIES
In HTML, the DISPLAY PROPERTY is a fundamental CSS property that determines how
an element is rendered in the layout. It specifies the type of box generated by an element.
Here are some of the common values for the display property:
1. Block: This value makes the element generate a block-level box. Block-level elements
start on a new line and take up the full width available.
2. Inline: This value makes the element generate an inline-level box. Inline elements do not
start on a new line and only take up as much width as necessary.
3. Inline-block: This is a combination of block and inline. It allows the element to behave
like a block element while still flowing with surrounding inline elements.
4. None: This value removes the element from the normal document flow, essentially hiding
it from view. The element and its content will not be rendered.
5. Flex: This value enables a flex container for the element, allowing flexible layouts to align
and distribute space among its children.
6. Grid: This value enables a grid container for the element, allowing complex layouts to be
created with rows and columns.
7. Table: This value makes the element behave like a table element. It can have table-related
properties like `table-row`, `table-cell`, etc., which can be useful for creating table-like
layouts.
8. Inline-table: Similar to `table`, but the element behaves like an inline-level table instead of
a block-level one.
9. List-item: This value makes the element generate a list-item box. It's commonly used with
`<li>` elements in lists, indicating that they should be displayed as list items.

FRONTEND
8. Inline-table: Similar to `table`, but the element behaves like an inline-level table instead of
a block-level one.
9. List-item: This value makes the element generate a list-item box. It's commonly used with
`<li>` elements in lists, indicating that they should be displayed as list items.
10. Inline-flex: This value combines the inline behavior with flexbox capabilities, allowing
the element to be inline-level while also enabling flexible layouts using flexbox properties.
These values offer flexibility in how elements are displayed and positioned within the
document layout, allowing developers to create a wide range of designs and structures using
HTML and CSS.
3.7 CHILD PROPERTIES
CSS offers various properties to style child elements within a parent element. Here are some
key ones:
1. Child Selector (`>`): This selector targets only the immediate children of a parent element.
For example, `parent > child` would style only the direct child elements of the parent.
2. Descendant Selector (whitespace): This selector targets all descendants of a parent

element, not just immediate children. For example, `parent descendant` would style all
elements inside the parent, regardless of their depth.
3. :nth-child() Selector: This pseudo-class targets elements based on their position within a
parent element. For instance, `:nth-child(odd)` would select every odd-numbered child of the
paren
4. :first-child and :last-child: These pseudo-classes target the first and last child elements of
a parent, respectively.
5. :only-child: This pseudo-class selects elements that are the only child of their parent.

FRONTEND
6. Child Element Properties: These are CSS properties that directly affect the styling or
behaviour of child elements within a parent. For example, `margin`, `padding`, `colour`,
`font-size`, etc., can be set for child elements to control their appearance within the parent
container.
7. Child Combinators (`+` and `~`): These combinators allow you to select sibling elements
that come immediately after (`+`) or any sibling elements that come after (`~`) a specified
element.
8. :nth-of-type() Selector: Similar to `:nth-child()`, this pseudo-class selects elements based

on their position within their parent, but only considering elements of the same type.
9. Child-specific Styles: CSS allows you to apply styles to child elements based on their
context within the parent. For example, you can define styles for a `div` element with a
specific class only when it's a child of another element with a certain class.
10. Transforms and Transitions: CSS transforms (`transform`) and transitions (`transition`)
can be applied to child elements to create effects like scaling, rotating, or transitioning
between states.
By leveraging these CSS properties and techniques, we can create intricate and dynamic
layouts, styles, and effects for child elements within HTML structures, enhancing the overall
user experience of your web pages.

FRONTEND
3.8 HOVER PROPERTIES
"HOVER PROPERTIES" typically refers to the CSS properties that dictate how an
element should appear or behave when a user hovers their cursor over it. These properties
allow web developers to enhance user experience by providing visual feedback or interactive
elements.
1. Colour: This property changes the text colour of an element when it's hovered over. For
example, you could make the text change to a different colour to provide visual feedback that
the element is interactive.
2. Background-colour: Similar to the `colour` property, `background-colour` changes the

background colour of an element when hovered over. This is commonly used to highlight
elements like buttons or links when the user hovers over them.
3. Border: With the `border` property, you can add or modify the border around an element
when it's hovered over. This can be used to create effects like adding a border around an
image when the user hovers over it.
4. Opacity: Opacity controls the transparency of an element. When an element's opacity is set
to less than 1, it becomes partially transparent. This property can be used to create subtle
effects like fading an element in or out when hovered over.
5. Cursor: The `cursor` property specifies the type of cursor to be displayed when the mouse
pointer is over an element. For interactive
elements like links or buttons, you might change the cursor to a pointer to indicate to the user
that the element is clickable.
6. Transform: The `transform` property allows you to apply various transformations to an

element, such as scaling, rotating, skewing, or translating (moving) it. When combined with
the `:hover` pseudo-class, you can create interactive effects like scaling an element up or
rotating it when the user hovers over it.
7. Box-shadow: With the `box-shadow` property, you can add a shadow effect to an element.
By changing the parameters of the box shadow when hovered over, you can create effects like
making the shadow more pronounced or changing its colour, giving the element a sense of
depth and interaction.

FRONTEND
8. Text-decoration: This property controls the decoration added to text, such as underlining,
overlining, or striking through. It's commonly used to remove underlines from links by
default and then add them back when the user hovers over the link, providing visual feedback
that the text is clickable.
These properties and techniques, when used creatively, can significantly enhance the
interactivity and visual appeal of a website, making the user experience more engaging and
enjoyable.
3.9 CSS STYLING
1. Inline CSS: Inline CSS refers to styling applied directly within HTML elements using the
`style` attribute.
Example:
<html>
<p style="color: red; font-size: 18px;">This is a paragraph with inline styling.</p>
</html>
In this example, the CSS styles (color and font-size) are applied directly to the `<p>` element.
While inline CSS is convenient for quick styling changes, it's generally considered bad
practice for larger projects as it mixes content with presentation, making the code less
maintainable and harder to manage.
2. Internal CSS: Internal CSS, also known as embedded CSS, involves placing CSS styles
within a `<style>` element in the `<head>` section of an HTML document.
Example:
<html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Internal CSS Example</title>

FRONTEND
<style>
p{
color: blue;
font-size: 16px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph with internal styling.</p>
</body>
</html>
In this example, the CSS styles for `<p>` elements are defined within the `<style>` element in
the `<head>` section of the HTML document. Internal CSS allows you to separate styling
from content, making the code more maintainable than inline CSS. However, it still couples
the styling with the HTML structure.
3. External CSS: External CSS involves storing CSS styles in a separate .css file and linking
it to an HTML document using the `<link>` element.
Example:
<html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>External CSS Example</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph with external styling.</p>
</body>
</html>

FRONTEND
The CSS styles for the HTML document are stored in a file named `styles.css`. This approach
keeps the HTML structure clean and separates content from presentation entirely. External
CSS is the recommended method for larger projects as it promotes code reusability,
maintainability, and scalability.
3.10 BOX MODEL IN CSS
The box model is a fundamental concept in CSS that describes how elements are rendered on
web pages. This section explains the components of the box model, including content,
padding, border, and margin. Understanding the box model is essential for controlling the
layout and spacing of elements.
Components:
1. Content: The content area is where the actual content of the element is displayed. It is
defined by the width and height properties.
Here's an example of setting the width and height of a `<div>` element:
CSS
.div {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
}
HTML
<div class="div">This is the content area</div>
In this example, the `<div>` element has a content area with a width of 200 pixels and a
height of 100 pixels.
2. Padding: Padding is the space between the content area and the element's border. It
provides internal spacing within the element.
Here's how you can set padding:

FRONTEND
CSS
.div {
padding: 20px;
}
This sets 20 pixels of padding on all sides of the `<div>` element.
3. Border: The border surrounds the content and padding of an element, defining its outer
edge. It can have a specified width, style, and color.
Here's an example of setting a border:
CSS
.div {
border: 2px solid #000;
}
This sets a solid black border with a width of 2 pixels around the `<div>` element.
4. Margin: Margin is the space outside the border of an element, creating distance between
adjacent elements. It provides external spacing around the element.
Here's how you can set margins:
CSS
.div {
margin: 20px;
}
This sets 20 pixels of margin on all sides of the `<div>` element.

Putting it all together, here's how the box model components affect the overall layout of the
`<div>` element:
HTML
<style>

FRONTEND
.div {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
padding: 20px;
border: 2px solid #000;
margin: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="div">This is the content area</div>

In this example, the total width of the `<div>` element, including content, padding, border,
and margin, will be:
Similarly, the total height will include the content:

height, top padding, top border, top margin, bottom margin, bottom border, and bottom
padding.

BACKEND
CHAPTER 4
BACKEND

BACKEND
4.1 MY SQL
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that allows

users to store, organize, and manage their data. It uses structured query language (SQL) for
accessing and manipulating the data stored in its databases. MySQL is widely used for web
applications due to its reliability, scalability, and ease of use. It supports various operating
systems and is compatible with many programming languages, making it a popular choice for
developers and businesses alike.
MySQL supports the SQL (Structured Query Language) standard, which is a powerful
language used for querying and managing databases. SQL allows users to perform various
operations such as retrieving data with SELECT statements, modifying data with INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE statements, and managing the database structure with CREATE,
ALTER, and DROP statements.
Some key features of MySQL include:
1. Scalability: MySQL can handle large amounts of data and is designed to scale efficiently
as your data grows.
2. High Performance: It's optimized for speed and can handle complex queries quickly,
making it suitable for high-traffic websites and applications.
3. Cross-Platform Compatibility: MySQL is available for various operating systems

including Windows, Linux, macOS, and others, making it flexible and easy to deploy in
different environments.
4. Security: MySQL offers robust security features such as user authentication, encryption,
and access control to protect your data from unauthorized access and ensure data integrity.
5. Community Support: Being open-source, MySQL has a large and active community of
developers and users who contribute to its development, provide support, and share resources
and knowledge.
Overall, MySQL is a powerful and reliable choice for storing and managing data in a wide
range of applications, from small personal projects to large-scale enterprise systems.

BACKEND
2.2 SPRING FRAMEWORK

The Spring Framework is a popular open-source framework for building Java applications.
It provides comprehensive infrastructure support and various modules to facilitate
development across different layers of an application, including web applications, enterprise
applications, and microservices.
Key features of the Spring FrameWork :
1. Inversion of Control (IoC) / Dependency Injection (DI): Spring implements IoC,

allowing objects to be configured and wired together through configuration files or
annotations rather than being responsible for their own creation and management. This
promotes loose coupling and makes components easier to test and maintain.
2. Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP): Spring AOP enables the modularization of cross-

cutting concerns such as logging, security, and transactions. It allows developers to separate
these concerns from the business logic, promoting cleaner and more maintainable code.
3. Spring MVC: Spring MVC is a web framework built on top of the core Spring
Framework, providing a model-view-controller architecture for building web applications. It
offers features such as request mapping, data binding, validation, and view resolution,
making it a powerful choice for developing web applications.
4. Spring Data: Spring Data provides a consistent and easy-to-use programming model for
data access in Java applications. It offers support for various data stores including relational
databases, NoSQL databases, and distributed data stores, allowing developers to work with
data using a unified API.
5. Spring Security: Spring Security is a powerful authentication and authorization

framework for securing Java applications. It provides comprehensive security features such
as authentication, authorization, session management, and protection against common
security threats.
6. Spring Boot: Spring Boot is a project within the Spring ecosystem that aims to simplify
the process of building and deploying Spring-based applications. It provides auto-
configuration, embedded servers, and production-ready features out of the box, allowing
developers to quickly bootstrap their applications with minimal configuration.

BACKEND
Overall, the Spring Framework offers a robust and flexible platform for building Java
applications, promoting best practices such as modularity, testability, and maintainability. Its
extensive ecosystem of modules and libraries makes it a popular choice for developers
worldwide.
4.3 JDK (JAVA DEVELOPMENT KIT)

"JDK" stands for Java Development Kit. It's a set of software tools and libraries that
developers use to develop Java applications. The JDK includes a compiler, debugger,
documentation generator, and other tools needed for Java development.
1. Components: The JDK consists of various components, including:

* Java Compiler (Java c): Converts Java source code into bytecode, which is executable
on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
*Java Runtime Environment (JRE): Provides the libraries, Java Virtual Machine, and
other components necessary for running Java applications
*Java Development Tools: Tools like Javadoc (for generating API documentation), JDB
(Java debugger), and jar (for packaging Java applications).
*Java API Libraries: A vast collection of class libraries providing functions for various
tasks such as networking, database connectivity, GUI development, and more.
2. Versions: The JDK is regularly updated with new features, performance enhancements,
and bug fixes. Each version introduces improvements and sometimes changes to the language
syntax and APIs. Developers can choose the JDK version that best suits their project
requirements and compatibility needs.
3. Platform Independence: One of Java's key features is its platform independence. The
JDK enables developers to write code once and run it on any device or platform that supports
Java, without needing to recompile the code for each platform.
4. Installation: The JDK can be downloaded and installed from the official Oracle website or
from other sources. It's available for various operating systems such as Windows, macOS,
and Linux.
5. OpenJDK: In addition to the JDK provided by Oracle, there's also OpenJDK, an open-
source implementation of the Java Platform. OpenJDK is maintained by the Java community
and often used as the basis for other JDK distributions, including Oracle JDK.

BACKEND
The JDK is an essential tool for Java developers, providing everything they need to create,
compile, debug, and run Java applications efficiently.
4.4 Unit Testing & Integration Testing
Unit testing and integration testing are both crucial components of the software testing
process, but they serve different purposes and focus on different aspects of testing.
Unit Testing:
1. Scope: Unit testing focuses on testing individual units or components of a software
application in isolation. A unit can be a single function, method, class, or module.
2. Purpose: The primary goal of unit testing is to validate that each unit of the software
performs as expected. It verifies that the code functions correctly according to its design and
requirements.
3. Isolation: Unit tests are typically designed to be independent of external dependencies

such as databases, networks, or other components. Mock objects or stubs may be used to
simulate the behavior of these dependencies during testing.
4. Automation: Unit tests are often automated, allowing them to be executed quickly and
frequently during the development process. Continuous integration (CI) systems can
automatically run unit tests whenever code changes are made, providing rapid feedback to
developers.
5. Tools: There are many unit testing frameworks and tools available for various
programming languages, such as JUnit for Java, PVtest for Python, NUnit for .NET, and
others.
Integration Testing:
1. Scope: Integration testing focuses on testing the interactions and interfaces between
different units or components of a software application. ensures that these units work together
as intended when integrated into the larger system.

BACKEND
2. Purpose: The primary goal of integration testing is to uncover defects in the interactions
between components, such as incorrect data exchange, communication errors, or
compatibility issues.
3. Dependencies: Unlike unit testing, integration tests often involve real external
dependencies, such as databases, web services, or third-party APIs. These tests validate the
behaviour of the system as a whole, including its interactions with external systems.
4. Complexity: Integration testing can be more complex and time-consuming than unit
testing due to the need to set up and manage the environment for testing multiple components
together.
5. Types: Integration testing can be further divided into various types, such as:
*Top-down integration testing: Testing begins with the highest-level modules and
gradually integrates lower-level modules.
*Bottom-up integration testing: Testing begins with the lowest-level modules and
gradually integrates higher-level modules.
*Big bang integration testing: All components are integrated simultaneously.
Both unit testing and integration testing are essential for ensuring the quality and
reliability of software applications. Unit tests catch issues at the lowest level of granularity,
while integration tests verify the interactions between components in the broader context of
the system. Combined, these testing approaches provide comprehensive coverage and help
developers identify and address defects throughout the software development lifecycle.

BACKEND
4.5 DATABASE MANAGEMENT & OPTIMIZATION
Database management and optimization are critical aspects of maintaining a well-

functioning and efficient database system. Here's an overview of key considerations and
strategies:
1. Database Design:
*Normalization: Organize data into logical structures to minimize redundancy and improve
data integrity.
*Indexing: Create indexes on columns frequently used in queries to speed up data retrieval.
*Partitioning: Divide large tables into smaller, more manageable partitions for better
performance and easier maintenance.
*Data Types: Choose appropriate data types and sizes to minimize storage space and improve
query performance.
2. Query Optimization:
*Use of Indexes: Ensure that queries utilize indexes effectively to minimize table scans and
improve performance.
*Query Tuning: Analyse and optimize SQL queries by examining execution plans,
identifying bottlenecks, and rewriting queries for better performance.
*Avoiding Cursors: Use set-based operations instead of row-by-row processing to improve
query performance.
*Normalization and Denormalization: Strike a balance between normalized and
denormalized data structures based on query patterns and performance requirements.
3. Performance Monitoring and Tuning:

*Monitoring Tools: Utilize database monitoring tools to track performance metrics such as
CPU usage, memory usage, disk I/O, and query execution times.
*Performance Baselines: Establish performance baselines and regularly compare them to
identify deviations and performance bottlenecks.
*Query Profiling: Profile slow-running queries to identify areas for optimization and
improvement.

BACKEND
*Resource Allocation: Optimize resource allocation (CPU, memory, disk) based on workload
patterns and performance requirements.
4. Indexing Strategies:
*Covering Indexes: Create covering indexes that include all columns needed for a query to
avoid accessing the table's data pages.
*Composite Indexes: Create composite indexes on multiple columns frequently used
together in queries to improve index efficiency.
*Index Maintenance: Regularly monitor and maintain indexes by rebuilding or reorganizing
them to ensure optimal performance.
5. Data Maintenance:
*Data Purging: Regularly purge obsolete or unnecessary data to free up storage space and
improve query performance.
*Data Archiving: Archive historical data that is rarely accessed to reduce the size of active
databases and improve performance.
*Vacuuming and Reindexing: Perform routine maintenance tasks like vacuuming and
reindexing to reclaim space and optimize index performance.
6. Scalability and High Availability:

*Horizontal and Vertical Scaling: Scale database resources horizontally (adding more
servers) or vertically (upgrading server resources) to accommodate increasing workloads.
7. Replication and Clustering:

Implement database replication and clustering for high availability and fault tolerance.
*Sharding: Partition data across multiple database instances to distribute workload and
improve scalability.
By focusing on database design, query optimization, performance monitoring, indexing

strategies, data maintenance, and scalability, organizations can ensure that their database
systems are optimized for performance, reliability, and efficiency. Regular monitoring,
analysis, and adjustment are essential to maintaining optimal database performance over
time.

BACKEND
OVERALL, Backend development is a crucial aspect of web development responsible for

the server-side logic, database management, and overall functionality of a web application. It
involves writing code that runs on the server and communicates with the client-side
(frontend) to deliver dynamic content, handle user requests, and process data. Common
technologies used in backend development include programming languages like JavaScript
(Node.js), Python, Ruby, Java, and PHP, as well as frameworks and tools such as Express.js,
Django, Ruby on Rails, Spring Boot, and Laravel. Backend developers focus on ensuring the
security, scalability, performance, and reliability of web applications, often working closely
with frontend developers, database administrators, and other stakeholders to deliver robust
and efficient solutions.
Backend development is a multifaceted discipline that requires expertise in

programming, data management, security, scalability, and collaboration. Backend developers
play a crucial role in building robust, secure, and scalable web applications that meet the
needs of users and businesses alike.
___________________________________________________________________________

MIDDLEWARE
CHAPTER 5
MIDDLEWARE

MIDDLEWARE
Middleware serves as a bridge between different software systems, enabling them to

communicate and cooperate effectively. It acts as a mediator, facilitating the integration of
various components, services, and applications within a larger software ecosystem.
Middleware sits between different layers or components of a software architecture, such as

between the operating system and applications, between application components, or between
distributed systems. It abstracts away the complexities of underlying systems and provides a
standardized interface for interaction.
Middleware enables communication between disparate systems. It supports various

communication protocols, such as HTTP, TCP/IP, and messaging protocols like MQTT or
AMQP, allowing systems developed using different technologies to exchange data and
messages seamlessly.
5.1 DATA INTEGRATION

Data integration within middleware refers to the process of connecting and consolidating
data from disparate sources across an organization's infrastructure. Middleware serves as a
vital component in this process by providing the necessary tools and mechanisms to facilitate
seamless data exchange, transformation, and synchronization. Here's how data integration is
achieved within middleware:
FEATURES OF DATA INTEGRATION
1. Connectivity: Middleware provides connectors and adapters that enable connectivity with
various data sources, including databases, file systems, web services, message queues, and
enterprise applications. These connectors abstract away the underlying communication
protocols and data formats, allowing middleware to interact with diverse systems uniformly.
2. Data Transformation: Middleware often includes capabilities for data transformation,

which allow data to be converted from one format to another as it flows between different
systems. This transformation may involve mapping data fields, applying business rules,
aggregating data from multiple sources, or normalizing data to ensure consistency and
compatibility across the integrated systems.

MIDDLEWARE
3. Message Brokering: Middleware may incorporate message brokering features, such as

message queues, topics, and publish-subscribe mechanisms, to facilitate asynchronous
communication and decouple data producers from consumers. Message brokers ensure
reliable message delivery, support message filtering and routing, and enable message
persistence for fault tolerance and scalability.
4. Data Quality and Governance: Middleware can include functionalities for data quality
management and governance, such as data validation, cleansing, deduplication, and
enrichment. These features help ensure that the integrated data is accurate, consistent, and
compliant with regulatory requirements, thereby maintaining the integrity and reliability of
the organization's data assets.
5. Real-time Integration: Some middleware solutions support real-time data integration,

allowing organizations to process and analyse data streams in near real-time. Real-time
integration enables timely decision-making, event-driven automation, and responsive
customer experiences by continuously ingesting and processing data as it becomes available
from various sources.
6. Batch Processing: In addition to real-time integration, middleware may also support batch
processing for handling large volumes of data in scheduled or batch mode. Batch processing
workflows can be orchestrated within middleware environments to perform data extraction,
transformation, and loading (ETL) tasks efficiently and reliably, leveraging parallel
processing and fault tolerance mechanisms.
7. Monitoring and Management: Middleware typically includes monitoring and

management tools that provide visibility into data integration processes, monitor performance
metrics, track data lineage, and diagnose issues. These tools enable administrators to monitor
the health and performance of data integration workflows, troubleshoot problems, and
optimize resource utilization.
By leveraging Middleware for data integration, organizations can streamline the flow of
data across their IT infrastructure, break down data silos, and enable seamless collaboration
and insights-driven decision-making across departments and systems.

MIDDLEWARE
5.2 API GATEWAY

An API gateway is a crucial component in modern software architecture, especially in
microservices-based systems. Essentially, it's an entry point for all the client requests to the
backend services.
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1. Request Routing: An API gateway routes client requests to the appropriate backend
service based on the endpoint and the HTTP method. It acts as a reverse proxy, hiding the
internal structure of the system from the clients.
2. Load Balancing: It distributes incoming requests across multiple instances of a service to

ensure optimal performance and scalability. This helps in handling varying loads and prevents
any single service instance from being overwhelmed.
3. Authentication and Authorization: API gateways often handle authentication and

authorization tasks. They authenticate incoming requests, verify user identities, and enforce
access control policies to ensure that only authorized users can access the services
4. Logging and Monitoring: API gateways can log requests and responses for auditing
purposes and monitoring system performance. They provide insights into traffic patterns,
error rates, and other metrics that help in troubleshooting and optimizing the system.
5. Rate Limiting: To prevent abuse or overuse of the backend services, API gateways can
enforce rate limiting policies. They limit the number of requests a client can make within a
certain time period, ensuring fair usage of resources.
6. Transformation and Aggregation: API gateways can transform request and response
payloads to adapt them to the specific requirements of different clients. They can also
aggregate data from multiple services into a single response, reducing the number of requests
required by clients.
Overall, API gateways play a crucial role in building scalable, secure, and efficient
distributed systems by providing a unified entry point for client applications to interact with
backend services.

MIDDLEWARE
5.3 WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT

Workflow management in middleware typically involves orchestrating and coordinating
various tasks, processes, or services within an application or system. Middleware sits
between the application layer and the underlying infrastructure, facilitating communication
and interaction between different components.
1. Orchestration: Middleware often provides tools or frameworks for orchestrating

workflows. Orchestration involves defining the sequence of steps or tasks that need to be
executed to accomplish a particular business process or workflow. Middleware tools can
manage the execution of these steps, ensuring that they are executed in the correct order and
handling any dependencies or conditions that may arise
2. Integration: Middleware is commonly used for integrating disparate systems,

applications, or services. Workflow management in middleware involves defining how data
and control flow between these systems as part of a larger workflow. Middleware may
provide connectors, adapters, or APIs to facilitate integration with various systems and handle
data transformation, routing, and validation as needed.
3. Event Handling: Many workflows involve responding to events or triggers from external
sources. Middleware often includes capabilities for event handling, allowing workflows to be
triggered based on predefined conditions or events. Middleware can listen for events from
external systems, such as message queues, databases, or sensors, and initiate workflow
execution in response.
4. Transaction Management: In distributed systems, ensuring consistency and reliability of

transactions is essential. Middleware often provides transaction management capabilities to
coordinate and manage distributed transactions across multiple services or components
involved in a workflow. This ensures that transactions are executed atomically and
consistently, even in the presence of failures or errors.
5. Monitoring and Management: Workflow management in middleware typically includes

tools for monitoring and managing the execution of workflows. Middleware may provide
dashboards, logging, and analytics capabilities to track the progress of workflows, monitor
performance metrics, and diagnose issues or bottlenecks. This enables operators to ensure
that workflows are running smoothly and efficiently.

MIDDLEWARE
Workflow management in middleware involves providing tools and capabilities for

orchestrating, integrating, and managing workflows within an application or system. By
leveraging middleware for workflow Management,organizations can streamline business
processes, improve efficiency, and enable greater agility in responding to changing
business requirements.
5.4 MIDDLEWARE SECURITY
Middleware security is a crucial aspect of safeguarding distributed systems, ensuring the

confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and services. Positioned between
applications and underlying infrastructure, middleware serves as a potential target for
attackers aiming to exploit vulnerabilities or gain unauthorized access. To counter such
threats, robust authentication mechanisms are essential. Middleware should enforce strong
authentication protocols, verifying the identities of users, services, and components accessing
the system. This includes supporting diverse methods like username/password, tokens,
certificates, or multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance security layers.
Authorization mechanisms are equally vital to regulate access within middleware

systems. Fine-grained access control policies should be enforced, ensuring that users and
services possess appropriate permissions for resource access and actions. Techniques such as
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), or policy-
based access control can be leveraged to enforce authorization rules effectively. Data
encryption plays a pivotal role in securing sensitive information. Middleware should support
encryption for data both in transit and at rest, employing robust encryption algorithms and
secure communication protocols like TLS/SSL to protect data from eavesdropping and
unauthorized access.
Ensuring the integrity of data and messages exchanged between components is paramount.
Middleware should implement integrity checking mechanisms such as digital signatures or
message authentication codes (macs) to verify message authenticity and prevent tampering
during transit. Comprehensive auditing and logging capabilities are indispensable for
monitoring security events and activities. Middleware should log authentication attempts,
access control decisions, configuration changes, and other security-relevant events
to detect and respond to security incidents promptly.

MIDDLEWARE
Regular security patching and updates are essential to address known vulnerabilities and
mitigate the risk of exploitation. Organizations should establish processes for monitoring
security advisories and applying patches promptly. Secure configuration of middleware
components is fundamental. Following best practices and security guidelines provided by
vendors or industry standards organizations ensures that middleware is configured securely,
with unnecessary features disabled and security features enabled.
Moreover, conducting regular security testing and assessment, including vulnerability

scanning, penetration testing, and code reviews, is crucial to identifying and remediating
security weaknesses. By implementing these security measures, organizations can fortify
middleware-based systems against security breaches, enhancing overall resilience and
safeguarding critical data and services.

PROJECT
CHAPTER 6
PROJECT

E-COMMERCE SITE
6.1 Introduction to E-commerce Website Project
In today's digital age, e-commerce has become an indispensable aspect of modern business
operations. With the convenience of online shopping, businesses can reach a global audience
and customers can access a wide array of products and services from the comfort of their
homes. To tap into this lucrative market, we propose the development of a comprehensive e-
commerce website.
Our e-commerce website will serve as a platform where users can browse, select, and
purchase products effortlessly. It will feature intuitive navigation, secure payment gateways,
and robust functionality to enhance the overall shopping experience. With a user-friendly
interface and seamless integration of key features, our website aims to cater to the diverse
needs of both customers and administrators.
Key features of our e-commerce website include:
1. User Authentication: The website will support user authentication, allowing individuals to
create accounts, log in, and manage their profiles securely. This feature ensures personalized
experiences and facilitates order tracking and communication.
2. Product Catalog: A well-organized product catalog will showcase a wide range of items
available for purchase. Users can browse through categories, view detailed product
descriptions, and access high-quality images to make informed buying decisions.
3. Shopping Cart: The website will include a shopping cart functionality that enables users
to add desired products, review their selections, and proceed to checkout seamlessly. The cart
will dynamically update with each addition or removal of items, providing a transparent and
convenient shopping process.
4. Secure Checkout Process: We prioritize the security of our users' sensitive information.
Therefore, our website will integrate reliable payment gateways and encryption protocols to
ensure safe transactions during the checkout process. Multiple payment options will be
available to accommodate diverse preferences.

E-COMMERCE SITE
5. Admin Dashboard: Administrators will have access to a robust dashboard that facilitates
the management of products, orders, and user accounts. From the dashboard, admins can add
new products, update inventory, monitor sales metrics, and address customer inquiries
efficiently.
6. Responsive Design: In today's mobile-centric world, responsiveness is paramount. Our

website will feature a responsive design that adapts seamlessly to various devices and screen
sizes, ensuring optimal performance and accessibility across desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones.
By leveraging cutting-edge technologies and adhering to industry best practices, our e-

commerce website aims to revolutionize online shopping experiences for both consumers and
businesses. With a focus on user satisfaction, security, and scalability, we are committed to
delivering a robust platform that fosters growth and success in the digital marketplace.

E-COMMERCE SITE
6.2 OBJECTIVES
1. Enhanced User Experience: Intuitive and user-friendly interface that enables seamless
navigation, product discovery, and purchasing processes to enhance overall user satisfaction.
2. User Authentication and Profile Management: Implement secure user authentication

functionality to enable users to create accounts, log in securely, and manage their profiles
efficiently, including order tracking and communication preferences.
3. Comprehensive Product Catalog: Build a comprehensive product catalog with detailed

descriptions, high-quality images, and categorization to provide users with a diverse range of
options and facilitate informed purchasing decisions.
4. Efficient Shopping Cart Functionality: A robust shopping cart system that allows users
to add, remove, and modify items easily from the cart, with real-time updates and the ability
to seamlessly proceed to checkout.
5. Secure Payment Processing: Reliable payment gateways and encryption protocols to

ensure secure transactions during the checkout process, offering multiple payment options to
accommodate user preferences and increase trust.
6. Admin Dashboard for Management: A comprehensive admin dashboard that enables

administrators to manage products, orders, and user accounts efficiently, with features such as
inventory management, sales tracking, and customer support tools.
7. Responsive Design and Cross-Device Compatibility: Website with a responsive layout to

ensure compatibility and optimal performance across various devices and screen sizes,
including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
8. Scalability and Performance Optimization: Website with scalability in mind to

accommodate future growth and increasing user traffic, while optimizing performance to
ensure fast loading times and smooth operation even during peak periods.

E-COMMERCE SITE
9. Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Implemented SEO best practices to improve the
website's visibility and ranking on search engine results pages, increasing organic traffic and
attracting potential customers.
10. Feedback and Iterative Improvement: Gather user feedback through surveys, analytics,
and customer support interactions to identify areas for improvement and implement iterative
updates and enhancements to continually enhance the website's functionality and user
experience.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING MODEL USED:
WATERFALL MODEL
Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software development. It is
also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to understand and use.
In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin and there
is no overlapping in the phases.
Following is a diagrammatic representation of different phases of waterfall model.
Fig: 6.1

E-COMMERCE SITE
In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of software development is divided into
separate phases. In Waterfall model, typically, the outcome of one phase acts as the input for
the next phase sequentially. The sequential phases in Waterfall model are:
• Requirement Gathering and analysis: All possible requirements of the system to be

developed are captured in this phase and documented in a requirement specification doc
• System Design: The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase
and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system
requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture.
• Implementation: With inputs from system design, the system is first developed in small
programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and
tested for its functionality which is referred to as Unit Testing.
• Integration and Testing: All the units developed in the implementation phase are
integrated into a system after testing of each unit. Post integration the entire system is tested
for any faults and failures.
• Deployment of system: Once the functional and non-functional testing is done, the product
is deployed in the customer environment or released into the market.
• Maintenance: There are some issues which come up in the client environment. To fix
those issues patches are released. Also to enhance the product some better versions are
released. Maintenance is done to deliver these changes in the customer environment.
All these phases are cascaded to each other in which progress is seen as flowing steadily
downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases. The next phase is started only after the
defined set of goals are achieved for previous phase and it is signed off, so the name
"Waterfall Model". In this model phases do not overlap.

E-COMMERCE SITE
6.3 CODING
package com.s13sh.myshop;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
@SpringBootApplication
public class MyShopApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MyShopApplication.class, args);
}
_______________________________________________________________
//ADD PRODUCTS CODE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<th:block th:insert="~{fragments/header}"></th:block>
<title>Add Product - MyShop</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/addproduct.css">
</head>
<body>
<th:block th:insert="~{fragments/navbar}"></th:block>
<th:block th:insert="~{fragments/message}"></th:block>
<div class="container mt-4">
<h2>Add Product</h2>
<form action="/admin/add-product" method="post" th:object="${product}"
enctype="multipart/form-data">

E-COMMERCE SITE
<div class="form-group">
<label for="productName">Product Name:</label>

<input th:field="*{name}" type="text" class="form-control" id="productName"
name="name" required>
<span class="error-message" th:if="${#fields.hasErrors('name')}"
th:errors="*{name}"></span>
</div>
<label for="productPrice">Product Price:</label>
<input type="number" th:field="*{price}" class="form-control" id="productPrice"
name="price" required>
<span class="error-message" th:if="${#fields.hasErrors('price')}"
th:errors="*{price}"></span>
</div>
<label for="productCategory">Product Category:</label>
<input type="text" th:field="*{category}" class="form-control"
id="productCategory" name="category" required>
<span class="error-message" th:if="${#fields.hasErrors('category')}"
th:errors="*{category}"></span>
</div>
<label for="productStock">Product Stock:</label>
<input type="number" th:field="*{stock}" class="form-control" id="productStock"
name="stock" required>
<span class="error-message" th:if="${#fields.hasErrors('stock')}"
th:errors="*{stock}"></span>
</div>

E-COMMERCE SITE
<label for="productDescription">Product Description:</label>
<textarea class="form-control" th:field="*{description}" id="productDescription"

name="description" rows="3"
required></textarea>
<span class="error-message" th:if="${#fields.hasErrors('description')}"
th:errors="*{description}"></span>
</div>
<label for="productPicture">Product Picture:</label>
<input type="file" class="form-control-file" id="productPicture" name="picture"
required>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success">Add Product</button>
</form>
</div>
<th:block th:insert="~{fragments/footer}"></th:block>
</body>
</html>
_______________________________________________________________
//LOGIN CODE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>MyShop - Login</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/login.css">

E-COMMERCE SITE
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h2>Login</h2>
<form action="/login" method="post">
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="email"
name="email" placeholder="Enter your email"
required>
</div>
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" class="form-control" id="password"
name="password"
placeholder="Enter your password" required>
</div>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between align-items center">
<a href="/" class="btn btn-secondary">Back</a>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-
success">Login</button>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

E-COMMERCE SITE
// PAYMENT CODE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Payment Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Final Order Details</h1>
<table border="1">
<tr th:each="item:${myOrder.items}">
<th th:text="${item.name}"></th>
<th th:text="${item.quantity}"></th>
<th>X</th>
<th th:text="${item.price/item.quantity}"></th>
<th>=</th>
<th th:text="${item.price}"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Total Price: </th>
<th colspan="5" th:text="${myOrder.totalPrice}"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Date TIme: </th>
<th colspan="5" th:text="${myOrder.dateTime}"></th>

E-COMMERCE SITE
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Name: </th>
<th colspan="5" th:text="${customer.name}"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Mobile: </th>
<th colspan="5" th:text="${customer.mobile}"></th>
</tr>
</table>
<button id="rzp-button1">Pay with Razorpay</button>
<script src="https://checkout.razorpay.com/v1/checkout.js"></script>
<script th:inline="javascript">
var options = {
"key": /[[${key}]]/,
"amount": /[[${myOrder.totalPrice*100}]]/,
"currency": "INR",
"name": "s13sh-Shop",
"description": "Ecommerce Purchase",
"image":
"https://static.vecteezy.com/system/resources/previews/015/131/880/original/flat-woman-
holding-shopping-bags-cartoon-wallpaper-modern-design-for-shopping-online-website-
design-png.png",
"order_id": /[[${myOrder.orderId}]]/,
"callback_url": "http://localhost/confirm-order/[[${myOrder.id}]]",
"prefill": {
"name": /[[${customer.name}]]/,
"email": /[[${customer.email}]]/,

E-COMMERCE SITE
"contact": /[['+91'+${customer.mobile}]]/
},
"notes": {
"address": "Razorpay Corporate Office"
},
"theme": {
"color": "green"
}
};
var rzp1 = new Razorpay(options);
document.getElementById('rzp-button1').onclick = function (e) {
rzp1.open();
e.preventDefault();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
_______________________________________________________________
// VIEW CART CODE
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>View Cart</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/dispproducts.css">
</head>

E-COMMERCE SITE
<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>View Cart</h1>
<div th:each="product:${items}">
<div class="col-md-4 product-card">
<div class="card">
<img class="card-img-top"
th:src="${product.imagePath}" alt="Product Image">
<div class="card-body">
<h5 class="card-title"
th:text="${product.name}"></h5>
<p class="card-text"
th:text="${product.description}"></p>
<p>Quantity: <th:block
th:text="${product.quantity}"></th:block>
<p>Total Price: <th:block
th:text="${product.price}"></th:block>&#8377</p>
</p>
<a th:href="'/remove-
cart/'+${product.id}"><button>Remove from Cart</button></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="/payment"><button>Proceed to Pay</button></a>
</div>
<th:block th:insert="~{fragments/footer}"></th:block>
</body>
</html>

E-COMMERCE SITE
6.4 SCREENSHOTS
ADMIN LOGIN
Fig: 6.2
MANAGE MENU
Fig: 6.3
ADD PRODUCTS
Fig: 6.4

E-COMMERCE SITE
ADDING TO CART
Fig: 6.5
ORDER DETAILS
Fig: 6.6

E-COMMERCE SITE
6.5 MODULES USED IN THIS PROJECT
1. Admin
• Log In: Admin can login to the application by providing the valid credentials i.e E-Mail ID
and Password to access the application.
• Manage Categories: Admin will be managing the categories of Products.
• Add Food Items to the Cart: Admin can add food items to the cart.
• Manage Orders: Admin can manage the orders by seeing the order details.
• View Orders: Admin can view orders.
• Log Out: Admin can log out from the website.
2. User/Customer
• Log In: Users can login to the application by providing valid Email and password.
• View Items in the Cart: Users can view items in cart.
• Ordering the Food: Users can order the food item.
• View History: Users can view the order history.
• Log Out: Users can log out from the website.

CONCLUSION
Conclusion
The e-commerce website project successfully demonstrates the implementation
of a fully functional platform where users can browse and purchase products
while administrators have the capability to manage inventory through a secure
login system. Throughout the development process, emphasis was placed on
creating an intuitive user interface, efficient database management, and robust
security measures to ensure a seamless shopping experience for customers and
effective product management for administrators.
This project, undertaken as part of my internship in Java full-stack

development, provided invaluable practical experience in various aspects of
software development. It allowed me to apply theoretical knowledge gained
from coursework to real-world scenarios, enhancing my skills in Java
programming, web development, database management, and system design.
Working in a collaborative environment, I learned the importance of effective
communication, problem-solving, and adaptability in meeting project deadlines
and requirements.
Moreover, the internship experience as a whole was instrumental in my

professional growth. It provided exposure to industry-standard tools and
practices, fostering a deeper understanding of software development
methodologies and best practices. Additionally, interacting with experienced
developers and receiving constructive feedback enabled me to refine my
technical abilities and gain insights into the nuances of working in a
professional software development environment.
Overall, the e-commerce website project and the internship experience have
significantly contributed to my development as a Java full-stack developer,
equipping me with the necessary skills and confidence to tackle complex
software projects in the future.

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
LINKS:
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
• https://www.w3schools.com/html/
BOOKS:
1.Software engineering, Skyward Publications.
2.Web Programming, Skyward Publications.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

JAVA FULL STACK DEVELOPMENT

RNS FIRST GRADE COLLEGE

I, DIVYASHREE K of VI Semester BCA, hereby declare that the report is

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT

2 HTML, CSS & JavaScript 6

5.4 Middleware Security 42-43

Dept. of Computer Applications, RNSFGC 1

Dept. of Computer Applications, RNSFGC 2

A Java Full Stack Development Internship Provides a hands-on-experience in building both

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WORKFLOW OF THE INTERNSHIP

2. Training and Learning:

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5. Code Reviews and Feedback:

6. Final Project and Presentation:

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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO HTML & CSS

Some of its features are:

Some features of CSS are:

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2.2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVASCRIPT

2.3 INTRODUCTION TO BOOTSTRAP

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2.4 INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL

• MySQL is a popular open-source database management system.

Main Features Of MySQL:

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3.1 STYLING IN FRONTEND

Overall, styling in front-end development is a multifaceted aspect that requires creativity,

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HTML forms represent a foundational component of web development, providing a

Furthermore, adherence to semantic HTML practices underscores the importance of

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.3.3 SIMPLE SELECTORS

6.Descendant Selector: Targets an element that is a descendant of another element. It is

8.Adjacent Sibling Selector: Targets an element that is immediately preceded by another

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<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">Right Content</div>

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3.6 DISPLAY PROPERTIES

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3.7 CHILD PROPERTIES

2. Descendant Selector (whitespace): This selector targets all descendants of a parent

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8. :nth-of-type() Selector: Similar to `:nth-child()`, this pseudo-class selects elements based

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3.8 HOVER PROPERTIES

2. Background-colour: Similar to the `colour` property, `background-colour` changes the

6. Transform: The `transform` property allows you to apply various transformations to an

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3.9 CSS STYLING

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