Biology chp#3 and 4 Notes
Biology chp#3 and 4 Notes
Biology chp#3 and 4 Notes
Table of contents
S.no Chapters Pg nos
1. Chapter#3:
Biodiversity
(Mcqs,Short and 3-17
Detailed Questions,
Distinguish,
Definitions,Extra
questions)
2. Chapter#4:
Cells and tissues
(Mcqs,Short and 18-42
Detailed Questions,
Distinguish, Definitions,
Extra questions)
3. Model papers 43-48
BIODIVERSITY
MULTIPLE CHOICEQUESTIONS(Pg#48,49)
(a) Monera
(b) Protista
(c) Plantae
(d) None of these
8. Biological name of cat
(a) Felis catus
(b) Azadirachta indica
(c) Alium cepa
(d) Canis lupis
9. Members of which kingdom have cell wall and are all heterotrophic
(a) Monera
(b) Protista
(c) Plantae
(d) Fungi
10. Biodiversity is effected with
(I)Pollution (II)Deforestation (III)Over hunting
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II
(d) I, II and III
EXTRA M.C.Qs
11. Biodiversity describes
(a) Variety among the species exist on the earth
(b) Variety within the species exist on the earth
(c) Variety within or among the species exist on the earth
(d) None of these
12. Biodiversity is the source of
(a) Food, fiber and paper
(b) Rubber, oil and timber
(c) Medicinal resources
(d) All of these
13. The smallest and basic unit of classification is
(a) Kingdom
(b) Phylum
(c) Species
(d) Class
Ans: The advantage of scientific name is that they are accepted by speakers of all languages,
that each name applies only to one species, and that each specie has only one name.
Q2) How living organisms are classified into two Kingdom classification?
Ans: Two kingdom classification: Previously the organisms were classified into two groups, all
the organisms possess cell wall were placed in plant kingdom and all the organisms do not
possess cell wall were placed in animal kingdom.
Plants Animals
response to
contractile system
Pteridophytes, Gymno,
Ans: virus is a microscopic organism that is known to be the connecting link between living
and non-living. These were not placed in any kingdom since they are neither living nor dead.
Ans: Three kingdom classification: Ernst Hackle in 1866, introduced a new kingdom
named as Protista to accommodate the organisms exhibiting characters either common to both plants
and animals.
Protozoa,Bacteria
Ans: The amoeba is considered as animal like protist because it moves and consumes its
food, but it is not classified as an animal because it consists of a single cell; it is unicellular.
Ans: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria but they are placed under kingdom Monera
because they are unicellular, they show prokaryotic features like lack of a well defined nucleus.
(i)Kingdom Monera:
It includes all the prokaryotes i-e Bacteria and Cyanobacteria.
(ii)Kingdom Protista:
It is the place for all the eukaryotic unicellular organisms, except yeast which some
of them have the features of both plant and animal like.
Most protists are aquatic .
It includes protozoa and unicellular algae.
(iii)Kingdom Fungi:
It includes all the multicellular eukaryotic fungi.
They are Achloophyllous, absorptive hetertrophs.
They have cell wall made up of mainly chitin.
They have a body called Mycelium which is made up of a thread like structure called
hyphae.
(iv)Kingdom plantae:
It includes all the multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms.
They have cell wall mainly made up of cellulose.
It includes multicellular Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and
angiosperms.
(v)Kingdom Animalia:
All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic which are ingestive heterotrophs without cell
wall.
It includes all vertebrates and invertebrates except protozoa.
All organisms are classified into five kingdoms, so the kingdom is the highest taxon of
classification. On the basis of similarities, each kingdom is further divided into smaller taxa.
UNITS OF CLASSIFICATION:
1.Species: Species is a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring.
2.Genus: Group of closely related species is called genus.
3.Family: Group of closely related genera is called family.
4.Order: Group of closely related families is called order.
5.Class: Group of closely related order is called class.
6.Phylum: Group of closely related classes is called phylum.
7.Kingdom: Group of closely related phyla is placed together in kingdom.
AIMS OF CLASSIFICATION:
Ans: The cutting down of trees for the conversion of forest into non forest land is known as
Deforestaion.
DEFINITIONS (Pg#49)
1.Analogous structure: Analogous structures are features of different species that
are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common
ancestral feature.-
5.Metazoa: Multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and
usually a digestive cavity and nervous system.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
Q1) Define and explain classification.
Ans: Classification is the process of arranging organisms, both living and extinct, into groups
based on similar characteristics. Biologists mapped the whole diversity of organisms exist on
earth, into simple group. To understand about the characteristics of specific organisms
individually, is simply called classification.
Ans: Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms from different sources Including
terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems. It describes the richness and variety of life on earth.
It is comprised of different organisms such as bacteria, protozoans, algae, fungi, animals and
plants.
Ans: A scientific name given to each species comprising two words is known as binomial
nomenclature. Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame
Principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform
system for naming them.
Extinct Species: A species which is no longer present in its original range or as a distinct
species any longer is called extinct species.
1.
Scientific name of any organisms should be italicized when printed, such as Homo
sapiens and when handwritten these are underlined.
The first word of the name is generic always started with capital letter, while second
term is species which is never capitalized.
When the scientific name is written first time, it is written full but when it is repeated
several times, it is abbreviated. For example; The scientific name of red rose is Rosa
indica, it is abbreviated as R.indica.
Sometimes the author name appears after species name which means the species
was described by Him. For example; (mango plant) Mangifera indica L. It means
Mangifera indica was first described by Linnaeus.
Q7) What are the causes of loss of biodiversity in Pakistan? Also explain what are the
factors which affect biodiversity in Pakistan.
Ans: Pakistan today faces severe threats to its animal and plant species. The main causes of
this loss are;
Ans: Biodiversity provides many beneficial products which includes fiber, oil, dyes,
rubber,water,timber,paper and food. It also stabilizes the ecosystem by recycling the nutrients,
reduces the amount of pollution by means of forest. Biodiversity also plays an important role
in drug discovery and medicinal resources
EXTRA M.C.Qs
11.Cells were first described by a British scientist:
(a) Robert Hooke
(b) Leeuwenhoek
(c) Schleiden
(d) Schwann
12.Who proposed that all living cells arise from pre-existing cells?
(a) Robert Brown
(b) Rudolf Virchow
(c) Loius Pasteur
(d) Leeuwenhoek
13.The resolution of electron microscope is:
(a) 0.2nm
(b) 0.3nm
(c) 0.4nm
(d) 0.5nm
(c) Plastids
(d) Chloroplast
22. Human body is made up of ……… types of cells:
(a) 300
(b) 200
(c) 250
(d) 350
23. The color of red blood cells is red due to the presence of
(a) Xylem
(b) DNA
(c) Haemoglobin
(d) Neurons
24. The type of cells involved to kill foreign agents and defense:
(a) Skin cells
(b) Red blood cells
(c) White blood cells
(d) Nerve cells
25. The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to the area of lower
concentration is called:
(a) Effusion
(b) Diffusion
(c) Facilitated diffusion
(d) Osmosis
26. Facilitated diffusion is:
(a) Active transport
(b) Passive transport
(c) Osmosis
(d) All of these
27. The shrinking of cytoplasm is called:
(a) Osmosis
(b) Phagocytosis
(c) Reverse osmosis
(d) Plasmolysis
28. The movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to the area of higher
concentration called…..
(a) Passive transport
(b) Active transport
(c) Osmosis
(d) Cellular transport
c) ATP formation
d) Protein synthesis
45. The types of plastid that are colorless are called………
a) Chromoplast
b) Leucoplast
c) Chloroplast
d) Both (a) and (b)
46. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in ………
a) Lipid metabolism
b) Transfer of materials
c) Detoxification of the harmful chemicals
d) All of the above
47. The solution that has relatively more solute is called…..
a) Hypotonic solution
b) Isotonic solution
c) Hypertonic solution
d) None of the above
48. The solution that has relatively less solute is called…..
a) Hypertonic solution
b) Hypotonic solution
c) Isotonic solution
d) Aqueous solution
49. The process in which a cell takes in liquid in the form of droplets called……
a) Phagocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Cellular eating
d) All of the above
50. Cardiac muscles are present in the walls of:
a) Kidney
b) Heart
c) Liver
d) Mouth
51. Smooth muscles are present in the walls of:
a) Alimentary canal
b) Urinary bladder
c) Blood vessels
d) All of these
52. Epidermal tissue contain:
a) Stomata
b) Root hairs
c) Ability to divide
d) Both (a) and (b)
53. What are the most abundant cells in plants?
a) Collenchyma cells
b) Parenchyma cells
c) Sclerenchyma cells
d) Xylem
54. The tissues are located at the tips of roots and shoots:
a) Apical meristem
b) Lateral meristem
c) Cork cambium
d) Cortex
55. The tissues are composed of cells, which have the ability to divide called:
a) Simple tissue
b) Compound tissue
c) Meristem tissue
d) Permanent tissue
56. Nervous tissue found in:
a) Brain
b) Spinal cord
c) Nerves
d) All of these
Q6) Why cell is considered as the structural and functional unit of living things?
Ans: Nucleus: The nucleus is the Largest organelle in the cell and contains the entire
cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA.
The nuclear membrane: This is an aspect of the nucleus that differentiates eukaryotic
cells from prokaryotic cells. It is a structure of double layers. Moreover, it contains
phospholipids.This forms the lipid bilayer nucleus envelope. Also, it contains nuclear pores.
Nuclear pores are made up of proteins and through them, substances enter and exit the cell.
Chromosomes: They are large , elongated and thread like structures. They are composed
of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and protein. The number of chromosomes in the cells of all
individuals of the same species always remains the same.
Nucleus Functions:
Q3) Describe fluid mosaic model of cell membrane also draw the diagram.
Ans: Fluid Mosaic Model: S.J Singer and G.LNicolson proposed the Fluid Mosaic
Model of the cell membrane in 1972. This model describes that phospholipids acting like
matrix and conjugated glycoproteins may float freely in this matrix.
The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane describes how the membrane is fluid, flexible
and made of many different components or macromolecules.This structure allows for the
membrane to move with the cell and perform various functions, such as osmosis, diffusion,
transport of nutrients into the cell, processes of ingestion and secretion.
Mitochondria Chloroplast
1. Mitochondria is bean- Chloroplast is Disc-shaped.
shaped.
2. It is known as the power Larger and much more complex
house of the cell, it is than a mitochondrion, it is the site
responsible for energy where photosynthesis takes place.
metabolism and cellular
respiration.
3. It is a colorless organelle. It is green in color.
4. Mitochondria consumes Chloroplast releases oxygen.
oxygen.
Lysosome Ribosomes
1. Membrane-enclosed Macromolecules, not enclosed by
organelle. a membrane.
2. Found only in eukaryotic cells. Found in eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells.
3. Composed of rRNA and Composed of membrane proteins
ribosomal proteins. and digestive enzymes.
4. Plays a key role in intracellular Plays a key role in synthesis of
digestion and destruction of proteins and translation of
dead cells mRNAs.
DEFINITIONS (Pg#91)
1. Exocytosis: Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste and other
large molecules from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior.
10.Cisternae: Cisternae are long flattened and sac like structures that are arranged
parallelly in bundles inside the endoplasmic reticulum that consists of numerous
macromolecules and small granules.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
Q1) What is microscopy? And who discoverd the first microscope?
Ans: The use of microscope is known as microscopy. The first compound microscope was
developed by Zacharias Janssen, in Holland in 1595. It was simply a tube with lenses at each
end and its magnification ranges from 3X to 9X
Q2) What is meant by resolving power of a microscope? Also define transmiddion
electron microscope.
Ans: Resolution or resolving power is the minimum distance at which two objects can be seen
as separate objects.
Ans: CELL: All living organisms are composed of cells. It is the basic structural and
functional unit of life. It is a set of organelles made up of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleic acids.
Q4) Who discovered the cell and how?
Ans: Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665. He observed a piece of cork under a compound
microscope and noticed minute structures reminiscent of small rooms. Consequently, he
named his discovery “cells.”
Ans: Cell organelles: These are the small structures with in cells that perform
dedicated functions. There are about a dozen of organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
Q7) Name the types of animal tissues.
Ans: ANIMAL TISSUES: Humans and other large multicellular animals are made up of
four basic type of tissues.
(i) Epithelial tissues
(ii) Connective tissue
(iii) Muscular tissue
(iv) Nervous tissue
Q8) Describe the composition and function of cytoplasm.
Ans: Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that fills the cell. It consists of
up to 90% water. It also contains dissolved nutrients and waste products.
Function: Its main function is to hold together the organelles which make up the
cytoplasm. It also nourishes the cell by supplying it with salts and sugars and provides a
medium for metabolic reactions to occur.
Q9) Write principles of cell theory OR write salient features of cell theory.
Resolution Magnification
1. Resolution is the capacity to Magnification is the means of
separate adjacent objects. increasing size of the object.
2. Resolution is maintained upto By increasing magnification
certain magnification. resolution is disturbed.
3. Resolution improves with the Magnification improves with the
wave length of light. focal length of light.
Ans: Plastids: Plastids are large cytoplasmic and major organelles found in the cells of
plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical
compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the
types of pigments present can change or determine the cells colour. There are three different
types of plastids:
(II) Chromoplasts: They have coloured pigments other than green such as red,orange
or yellow. These are present in the petals of the flower, in the ripened fruit pigments or
autumn leaves.
(III) Leucoplast: They are colourless, triangular and tabular or of any other shape
plastids. They are found in the cells of underground parts of plants
Active transport: Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of lower
concentration to the area of higher concentration. This movement against the concentration
gradient requires energy in the form of ATP.
Q15) Describe different types of Animal Tissues.
Location: Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs’ and cavities.
Structure: The cells in this type of tissue are very closely packed together.
Types: This tissue has many types on the basis of the shape of cells as well as the number
of cell layers:
Location: These are found in lungs, heart and blood vessels etc. Stratified
Function: They allow the squamous epithelium movement of materials across it.
Location: These are found in kidney tubes Columnar epithelium in animals and small
glands.
Location: These are found in the lining of esophagus, mouth and also the skin.
(2) Connective Tissues: As the name shows, connective tissues serves a “connecting”
function.
Function: It supports and binds other tissues. Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissue has
cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.
(i) Cartilage: (found around the ends of bones, in external ear, nose, trachea etc.),
(iii) The adipose tissue: It is found around kidneys, under skin, in abdomen etc. It
provides energy and support to the organs.
Structure: Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers.
Function: They are responsible for the movements of bones. They are voluntary in action
i,e. Their contraction is under the control of our will.
Structure: They contain non-striated cells, each contains a single nucleus. They are
involuntary in action i.e their contraction is not under the control of our will.
Location: They are found in the walls of alimentary canal, urinary bladder and blood
vessels.
Structure: Their cells are also striated. There is a single nucleus in each cell.
Structure: This tissue is mainly composed of nerve cells or neurons which are specialized
to conduct messages in the form of nerve impulses.
1) Simple Tissues:
Definition: The tissues which are made of single type of cells are called simple tissues.
1.Meristematic Tissues: These tissues are composed of cells which have ability to
divide.
Characteristics:
Location: They are located on the lateral sides of roots and shoots.
Function: By dividing they are responsible for increase in growth of plant part, such a
growth is called secondary growth.
(a) Epidermal tissues: Epidermal tissues are composed of a single layer of cells and
they cover plant body.
Functions: They act as a barrier between the internal plant tissues and the environment.
They are also responsible for the absorption of water and minerals in roots. On stem and
leaves they secrete cutin which prevents evaporation.
Epidermal tissues also have some specialized cells that perform specific functions; for
example root hairs and stomata.
(b) Ground Tissues:They are simple tissues made up of parenchyma cells.They are
spherical.
Functions:
They have thin primary cell walls and have large vacuoles for storage of food.
In the leaves, they have sites of photosynthesis and in Epidermal tissue.
In other parts, they are the sites for respiration and protein synthesis.
(c) Supporting Tissues:These tissues provide strength and flexibility to the plants.
They are of two types:
They are found just beneath the epidermis in the cortex of young
herbaceous stems and in the midribs of leaves and in petals of flowers.
Structure: They are made of elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls.
They are flexible.
Function: Their function is to support the organs in which they are found.
(b) Compound (Complex) Tissues: A plant tissues composed of more than one type of
cells performing a common function is called compound or complex tissues e.g xylem and
phloem tissues.
Functions:
Xylem tissue is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved substances from
roots to aerial parts.
They provide support to plant body because of presence of lignin in its secondary cell
walls.
Lignin makes these walls thick and rigid.
Two main types of cells are found in xylem tissues i.e. vessel and tracheids.
(i) Vessels:
Vessel elements have thick secondary cell walls.
They lack end walls and join together to form long tubes.
(ii) Tracheids: These are slender cells with overlapping ends.
(ii)Phloem Tissue:
Functions:
They are responsible for the conduction of dissolved organic matter (food) between
(i) Sieve tube cells: These are long cells and their end walls have small pores
called sieve plates. Many sieve tube cells join to form long sieve tubes.
(ii) Companion Cells: Companion cells make proteins for sieve tube cells.
MODEL PAPER
BIOLOGY THEORY PAPER-I
CLASS PRE-IX (SCIENCE GROUP)
Time: 45 Minutes (Marks 20)
SECTION “A”
1. Choose the correct Answer for each from the given question
Note: Answer any four (04) questions from this section. Each question
carries 02 marks.
SECTION “C”
(DESCRIPTIVE ANSWERS & QUESTIONS) (08 Marks)
Q12) How living organisms are classified into three kingdoms, explain with the help of flow
MODEL PAPER
BIOLOGY THEORY PAPER-I
CLASS PRE-IX (SCIENCE GROUP)
Time: 45 Minutes (Marks 20)
SECTION “A”
2. Choose the correct Answer for each from the given question
3.
i. Cells were first described by a British scientist:
(a) Robert Hooke
(b) Leeuwenhoek
(c) Schleiden
(d) Schwann
ii. Who proposed that all living cells arise from pre-existing cells?
(a) Robert Brown
(b) Rudolf Virchow
(c) Loius Pasteur
(d) Leeuwenhoek
iii. All are postulates of cell theory except
(a) New cell is derived from pre-existing cells
(b) Cell does not contain the hereditary material
(c) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
(d) Cell is the fundamental unit of life
iv. Secondary wall is made up of
(a) Pectin and cellulose
(b) Cellulose and protein
(c) Cellulose and lignin
(d) Lignin and pectin
v. A group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function called
(a) Community
Note: Answer any four (04) questions from this section. Each question
carries 02 marks.
Q4) Why cell is considered as structural and functional unit of living things?
SECTION “C”
(DESCRIPTIVE ANSWERS & QUESTIONS) (08 Marks)