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PDE Pfaffian Differential Equations

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117 views7 pages

PDE Pfaffian Differential Equations

Uploaded by

michael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pfaffian Differential Equation Solutions

Mr. Mwendwa Michael Nyagha


[email protected]
December 5, 2023

1
Qn. Solve the following Pfaffian Differental Equations :
(a) yzdx + (x2 y − xz)dy + (x2 z − xy)dz = 0

Solution:

yzdx + (x2 y − xz)dy + (x2 z − xy)dz = 0 ............(1)

By regrouping method

yzdx + x2 ydy − xzdy + x2 zdz − xydz = 0 ............(2)

yzdx + x2 (ydy + zdx) − x(zdy + ydz) = 0


yz x
x2 dx + ydy + zdz − x2 d(yz) = 0 ............(3)

x yz
ydy + zdz − x2 d(yz) + x2 dx = 0 ............(4)

ydy + zdz − [ xd(yz)−yzdx


x2 ]=0

=⇒ ydy + zdz − d( yz
x ) = 0 ............(5)

on integrating eqn (5) :


y2 z2 yz
2 + 2 − x =c
2yz
y2 + z2 − x = a ............(6)

2
(b) (y2 + yz)dx + (z2 + xz)dy + (y2 − xy)dz = 0

Solution:

(y 2 + yz)dx + (z 2 + xz)dy + (y 2 − xy)dz = 0 ............(1)

the equation is homogeneous degree 2.

let y = ux =⇒ dy = udx + xdu and z = vx =⇒ dz = vdx + xdv ............(2)

substitute (2) in eqn (1)

(u2 x2 + uvx2 )dx + (v 2 x2 + vx2 )(udx + xdu) + (u2 x2 − ux2 )(vdx + xdv) = 0

(u2 + uv)dx + (v 2 + v)(udx + xdu) + (u2 − u)(vdx + xdv) = 0

(u2 + uv + uv 2 + uv + u2 v − uv)dx + x[(v 2 + v)du + (u2 − u)dv] = 0

note : u2 (1 + v) + uv(1 + v) = u(1 + v)(u + v)

u(u + v)(1 + v)dx + x[(v 2 + v)du + (u2 − u)dv] = 0

dx v(1+v) u(u−1)
x + u(u+v)(1+v) du + u(u+v)(1+v) dv = 0 ............(3)

dx v (u−1)
x + u(u+v) du + (u+v)(1+v) dv = 0 ............(4)

v A B
f or u(u+v) = u + u+v =⇒ A = 1, B = −1

u−1 C D
f or (u+v)(1+v) = u+v + 1+v =⇒ C = −1, D = 1

eqn (4) becomes :

dx
x + u1 du − 1
u+v du − 1
u+v dv + 1
1+v dv =0

dx
x + u1 du + 1
1+v dv − du+dv
u+v du = 0 ............(5)

on integration of eqn (5) we have :

ln(x) + ln(u) + ln(1 + v) − ln(u + v) = ln(c) ............(6)


xu(1+v)
(u+v) = c ............(7)
y z
but : u = x and v = x

eqn (7) becomes :

3
x xy (1 + xz ) = c( xy + xz )

=⇒ xy + yz = c(y + z)

=⇒ y(x + z) = c(y + z) ............(8)

4
(c) (y2 + yz + z2 )dx + (z2 + xz + x2 )dy + (x2 + xy + y2 )dz = 0

Solution:

(y 2 + yz + z 2 )dx + (z 2 + xz + x2 )dy + (x2 + xy + y 2 )dz = 0 ............(1)

the equation is homogeneous degree 2.

let y = ux =⇒ dy = udx + xdu and z = vx =⇒ dz = vdx + xdv ............(2)

substitute (2) in eqn (1)

(u2 x2 +uvx2 +v 2 x2 )dx+(v 2 x2 +vx2 +x2 )(udx+xdu)+(x2 +ux2 +u2 x2 )(vdx+


xdv) = 0

(u2 + uv + v 2 )dx + (v 2 + v + 1)(udx + xdu) + (1 + u + u2 )(vdx + xdv) = 0

(u2 +uv +v 2 +v 2 u+uv +u+u2 v +uv +v)dx+x[(v 2 +v +1)du+(1+u+u2 )dv] =


0 ............(3)

dx (v 2 +v+1)du+(1+u+u2 )dv
x + u2 +uv+v 2 +v 2 u+uv+u+u2 v+uv+v = 0 ............(4)

dx (v 2 +v+1)du+(1+u+u2 )dv
x + (u+v+uv)(u+v+1) = 0 ............(5)

let p = (u + v + uv)(u + v + 1)

by product rule

dp = (u + v + uv)(du + dv + 0) + (u + v + 1)(du + dv + udv + vdu)

dp = (u + v + uv)(du + dv) + (u + v + 1)(1 + v)du + (u + v + 1)(1 + u)dv

dp = (u+v +uv)(du+dv)+(u+v +1+uv +v 2 +v)du+(u+v +1+u2 +uv +u)dv

dp = (u + v + uv)(du + dv) + (v 2 + v + 1)du + (u + v + uv)du + (u2 + u + 1)dv +


(u + v + uv)dv

dp = 2(u + v + uv)(du + dv) + (v 2 + v + 1)du + (u2 + u + 1)dv ............(6)

=⇒ (v 2 + v + 1)du + (u2 + u + 1)dv = dp − 2(u + v + uv)(du + dv) ............(7)

dx dp−2(u+v+uv)(du+dv)
x + p =0

dx dp 2(u+v+uv)(du+dv)
x + p − p =0

5
dx dp 2(u+v+uv)(du+dv)
x + p − (u+v+uv)(u+v+1) =0

dx dp 2(du+dv)
=⇒ x + p − (u+v+1) = 0 ............(8)

on integration of eqn (8) we have :

ln(x) + ln(p) − 2ln(u + v + 1) = ln(c)

=⇒ xp = 2c(u + v + 1) ............(9)
y z
but u = x and v = x

x(u + v + uv) = cc(u + v + 1)

=⇒ x( xy + z
x + yz
x2 ) = 2c( xy + z
x + 1)

=⇒ x1 (xy + xz + yz) = 2c x1 (x + y + z)

=⇒ xy + xz + yz = 2c(x + y + z) ............(10)

=⇒ xy + xz + yz = a(x + y + z) ............(11)

6
(d) zydx + 3zxdy − 2xydz = 0

Solution:

zydx + 3zxdy − 2xydz = 0 ............(1)

the equation is homogeneous degree 2.

let y = ux =⇒ dy = udx + xdu and z = vx =⇒ dz = vdx + xdv ............(2)

substitute (2) in eqn (1)

uvx2 dx + 3vx2 (udx + xdu) − 2ux2 (vdx + xdv) = 0 ............(3)

uvdx + 3v(udx + xdu) − 2u(vdx + xdv) = 0

uvdx + 3uvdx + 3xvdu − 2uvdx − 2xudv = 0 ............(4)

2(uv)dx + 3xvdu − 2xudv = 0

2 dx du dv
x + 3 u − 2 v = 0 ............(5)

on intergrating eqn (5) we have :

2ln(x) + 3ln(u) − 2ln(v) = ln(c) ............(6)


3
x2 uv2 = c
y z
but u = x and v = x
3 2
x2 xy 3 = c xz 2

=⇒ xy 3 = cz 2 ............(7)

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