Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS):

Simple: What is a Database Management System (DBMS), and what is its primary purpose in computing?
Intermediate: How does a DBMS differ from traditional file-based systems in terms of data
management?
Advanced: Discuss the evolution of DBMS and its role in modern data-centric applications.

Objective of Database Management System:

Simple: State the main objective of a Database Management System.
Intermediate: How does a DBMS ensure data integrity and consistency in a database?
Advanced: Discuss the role of a DBMS in supporting concurrent access and transactions.

Importance of DBMS:
Simple: Why is a DBMS important in the context of data storage and retrieval?
Intermediate: Discuss the significance of data security and privacy in a DBMS.
Advanced: Explain how a DBMS contributes to data independence and reduces data redundancy.

Merits and Demerits of DBMS:

Simple: List two advantages of using a Database Management System.
Intermediate: Discuss a potential disadvantage or challenge associated with the use of a DBMS.
Advanced: How can the scalability of a DBMS be both an advantage and a potential challenge?

Application of DBMS:
Simple: Provide an example of an application where a DBMS is commonly used.
Intermediate: How does a DBMS support decision-making processes in businesses?
Advanced: Discuss the role of a DBMS in data warehousing and business intelligence.

Overview of Database Designing Process and Views of Data:

Simple: What is the importance of proper database design in a DBMS?
Intermediate: Explain the concept of data modeling in the context of database design.
Advanced: Discuss different types of database views and their significance in database design.

Structure of Database Management System:

Simple: Define the term "Database Management System."
Intermediate: Explain the three-level architecture of a Database Management System.
Advanced: Discuss the concept of data independence and its relevance in the structure of a DBMS.

Database Languages:
Simple: What are Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML)?
Intermediate: Explain the role of Query by Example (QBE) in database languages.
Advanced: Discuss the features and applications of Data Query Language (DQL) in a DBMS.

Database Models:
Simple: Differentiate between the hierarchical and network database models.
Intermediate: Discuss the key characteristics of the Relational Database Model.
Advanced: Explore the concepts and principles of the Object-Based Data Model.

Entity-Relationship Diagram and Database Design Concepts:

Simple: What is an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), and how is it used in database design?
Intermediate: Explain the concepts of weak and strong entity sets in an ERD.
Advanced: Discuss the concepts of aggregation and generalization in an ERD.

Converting ER Diagrams to Tables in Relational Database Model:

Simple: Why is it important to convert ER diagrams to tables in the Relational Database Model?
Intermediate: Discuss the process of converting a one-to-many relationship in an ERD to tables.
Advanced: How are associative entities represented when converting ER diagrams to tables?

Structure of RDBMS and Keys:

Simple: Define Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
Intermediate: Discuss the significance of super keys in a relational database.
Advanced: Explain the concept of a candidate key and its role in database normalization.

Concepts of Database Language and Generalization:

Simple: Define Database Query Language (DQL) and its purpose.
Intermediate: Discuss the concept of generalization in the context of a database.
Advanced: How does generalization contribute to creating a robust and flexible database schema?

Network Database Model and Object-Based Data Model:

Simple: Explain the structure and characteristics of the network database model.
Intermediate: Discuss the key principles and features of the Object-Based Data Model.
Advanced: Compare and contrast the network database model with the Object-Based Data Model.

Concepts of Relationships and Aggregation:

Simple: What is the significance of relationships in a database?
Intermediate: Explain the concept of aggregation in the context of database design.
Advanced: How does the type of relationship impact the structure of tables in a relational database?

Entity Relationship Diagram and Weak/Strong Entity Set:

Simple: Why is the Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) considered a powerful tool in database design?
Intermediate: Discuss the characteristics and use cases of a weak entity set.
Advanced: Explore scenarios where the distinction between weak and strong entity sets is crucial in
database design.

Database Design Process Overview and Data Views:

Simple: Outline the key steps in the database design process.
Intermediate: Discuss the importance of maintaining different views of data for different users in a
database.
Advanced: How can normalization contribute to improving the efficiency and integrity of a database
design?

Structure of Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) and Terminology:

Simple: What is the structure of a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)?
Intermediate: Define the term "database schema" and its role in an RDBMS.
Advanced: Explain the significance of schema diagrams in understanding and designing databases.

Keys in RDBMS: Super, Candidates, Primary, Foreign, Composite, etc.:

Simple: What is a primary key in a relational database, and why is it important?
Intermediate: Differentiate between super keys and candidate keys in the context of an RDBMS.
Advanced: Discuss the role of composite keys and foreign keys in maintaining referential integrity.

Relationships in RDBMS: Introduction to Relational Algebra:

Simple: Explain the concept of relationships in a relational database.
Intermediate: What is Relational Algebra, and how does it relate to the structure of an RDBMS?
Advanced: Discuss the importance of relational algebra operations, such as Select, Project, and Cartesian
Product.

Relational Algebra Operations: Select, Project, Cartesian Product, Union, Set Difference, Natural Join,
Outer Join:
Simple: Define the purpose of the "Select" operation in relational algebra.
Intermediate: Explain how the "Cartesian Product" operation works and its potential applications.
Advanced: Discuss the differences between "Natural Join" and "Outer Join" in relational algebra.

Database Normalization: Definition and Importance:

Simple: What is database normalization, and why is it crucial in database design?
Intermediate: Define functional dependencies and their role in the normalization process.
Advanced: Discuss the importance of normalization in reducing data redundancy and improving data
integrity.

Normalization Levels: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, and 4NF:

Simple: Define the concept of First Normal Form (1NF) in database normalization.
Intermediate: Explain the conditions that must be satisfied for a table to be in Second Normal Form
(2NF).
Advanced: Discuss the characteristics and applications of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) in database
design.

Creating and Altering Databases and Tables (SQL):

Simple: What is SQL, and how does it relate to relational databases?
Intermediate: Explain the process of creating a database using SQL with different types of arguments.
Advanced: Discuss the steps involved in altering a database, including adding and dropping tables.
Creating Normal Tables and Complex Tables with Different Types of Constraints (Key, Check, Default):
Simple: What are the characteristics of a normal table in a relational database?
Intermediate: Explain the role of constraints, such as keys, checks, and defaults, in table creation.
Advanced: Discuss the challenges and considerations when creating complex tables with multiple
constraints.

Altering Tables: Adding and Dropping Attributes and Other Constraints:

Simple: How can attributes be added to an existing table in SQL?
Intermediate: Discuss the process of dropping attributes and other constraints from a table.
Advanced: Explain the potential impacts of altering tables on existing data and applications.

Drop, Truncate, and Renaming Tables:

Simple: Explain the difference between dropping and truncating a table in SQL.
Intermediate: How can a table be renamed using SQL, and what precautions should be taken?
Advanced: Discuss scenarios where dropping or renaming tables might be necessary in database
management.

Adding and Retrieving Data:

Simple: What is the purpose of the INSERT statement in SQL, and how is data added to a table using it?
Intermediate: Explain the use of the SELECT statement and the FROM clause in retrieving data from a
database.
Advanced: How is data filtered using the WHERE clause in a SELECT statement, and what is its
significance?

Ordering and Grouping Data:

Simple: What is the role of the ORDER BY clause in SQL, and how is data ordered using it?
Intermediate: Explain the use of the GROUP BY clause in SQL for summarizing data.
Advanced: Discuss the significance of summarizing data using aggregate functions in a SELECT
statement.

Retrieving Data from Different Tables:

Simple: Differentiate between INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN in the context of retrieving data from
multiple tables.
Intermediate: Explain the concept of a CROSS JOIN, and provide a use case for its application.
Advanced: How can nested queries be used to retrieve data from different tables?

Manipulating Data:
Simple: What is the purpose of the UPDATE statement in SQL, and how is data manipulated using it?
Intermediate: Explain the process of removing rows from a table using the DELETE statement.
Advanced: Discuss the considerations and precautions when updating or deleting data in a database.

Creating and Altering Views:

Simple: What is a database view, and how is it created using SQL?
Intermediate: Discuss scenarios where altering views might be necessary, and how it can be achieved.
Advanced: Explain the benefits of using views in database management.

Managing Stored Procedures:

Simple: What is a stored procedure, and how does it contribute to efficient database management?
Intermediate: Explain the steps involved in creating, altering, and dropping stored procedures.
Advanced: Discuss the encryption of stored procedures and its significance in database security.

Passing Data to Stored Procedures:

Simple: How is data passed to stored procedures, and what are parameter defaults?
Intermediate: Explain the concept of output parameters in stored procedures.
Advanced: How can the RETURN statement be used to return data from a stored procedure?

Transaction Flow and Triggers:

Simple: Define the transaction flow in the context of database management.
Intermediate: What are triggers, and what is their role in database operations?
Advanced: Discuss the limitations of triggers and how they can be disabled.

Developing Multi-Row Enabled Triggers:

Simple: What is a multi-row enabled trigger, and when is it useful?
Intermediate: Discuss the basic concepts of indexing in the context of database optimization.
Advanced: Explain the creation and dropping of indices in a relational database.

Overview of Query Processing:

Simple: Provide an overview of the query processing in a database management system.
Intermediate: How is the cost of a query measured, and what factors contribute to it?
Advanced: Explain the process of evaluating expressions in query processing.

Database Administrator and Security Issues:

Simple: What are the roles and responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA)?
Intermediate: Discuss the types of security issues in database management.
Advanced: Explain the concepts of discretionary and mandatory access control in database security.

User Accounts, Audits, and Encryption:

Simple: How are user accounts managed in a database system, and why is it important?
Intermediate: Discuss the importance of database audits in ensuring security.
Advanced: What are the concepts of data encryption and decryption in database security?

Simple Transaction Model:

Simple: Define a transaction in the context of database management.
Intermediate: What are the essential properties of a simple transaction model?
Advanced: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a simple transaction model.

Atomicity and Durability:

Simple: Explain the concept of atomicity in a database transaction.
Intermediate: How is durability ensured in the context of database transactions?
Advanced: Discuss scenarios where the failure of atomicity or durability can pose challenges.

Transaction Isolation:
Simple: Define transaction isolation and its significance in a multi-user database environment.
Intermediate: Explain the challenges and benefits of maintaining high isolation levels in transactions.
Advanced: Discuss strategies for achieving strong isolation while balancing system performance.

Serializability:
Simple: What is serializability in the context of database transactions?
Intermediate: Discuss the importance of serializability for maintaining data consistency.
Advanced: How can non-serializable schedules lead to data anomalies, and how are they addressed?

Transaction Isolation Levels:

Simple: Provide an overview of different transaction isolation levels.
Intermediate: Explain the differences between READ UNCOMMITTED and READ COMMITTED isolation
levels.
Advanced: Discuss the challenges and benefits of using SERIALIZABLE isolation.

Introduction to Lock-Based Protocol:

Simple: What is a lock-based protocol in the context of transaction management?
Intermediate: Explain the purpose of locks and how they are used to control access to data.
Advanced: Discuss scenarios where lock-based protocols may lead to performance issues.

Deadlock Handling:
Simple: Define a deadlock in the context of database transactions.
Intermediate: How are deadlocks detected in a lock-based protocol?
Advanced: Discuss strategies for handling and preventing deadlocks in a database system.

Multiple Granularity:
Simple: Explain the concept of multiple granularity in the context of locks.
Intermediate: How does multiple granularity help in managing locks more efficiently?
Advanced: Discuss potential challenges and benefits of implementing multiple granularity.

Time-Based Protocol:
Simple: What is a time-based protocol in the context of transaction management?
Intermediate: How does a timeout-based approach contribute to deadlock prevention?
Advanced: Discuss scenarios where a time-based protocol may be more effective than other deadlock
prevention strategies.

Sql Query Question

Simple Queries:
Write a SQL query to retrieve all columns from a table named "Customers."
How can you filter the results of a SELECT query to only include records where the "status" is 'Active'?
Write a query to find the total number of records in the "Orders" table.

Intermediate Queries:
Create a SQL query to display the unique values in the "category" column of a table named "Products."
Write a query to calculate the average price of products in the "Electronics" category.
Retrieve the top 5 highest-priced products from the "Products" table.

Advanced Queries:
Develop a query to find customers who have placed orders with a total amount greater than $1000.
Write a SQL query to identify products that are frequently purchased together based on order details.
Create a query to update the "quantity" column in the "Inventory" table after a product is sold.

Complex Joins and Subqueries:

Combine data from the "Customers" and "Orders" tables to display customer names along with their
corresponding order details.
Write a query to find the second-highest salary from an "Employees" table.
Create a subquery to retrieve employees who have salaries above the average salary in their
department.

Aggregation and Grouping:

Develop a query to find the total revenue generated by each product category.
Write a SQL query to identify the month with the highest number of orders.
Create a query to calculate the percentage of total sales contributed by each customer.

Data Manipulation:
Write a query to insert a new product into the "Products" table.
Develop a query to update the prices of all products in the "Electronics" category by 10%.
Create a query to delete orders that were placed more than one year ago.

Performance Optimization:
How can you optimize a query that takes a long time to execute on a large dataset?
Write a query that efficiently retrieves the latest transaction for each customer from a "Transactions"
table.

Advanced Joins and Window Functions:

Develop a query using a window function to calculate the running total of sales for each product.
Write a SQL query to find customers who made their first purchase in each quarter.

Security and Permissions:

How can you grant SELECT permission on a specific table to a new user in a database?
Write a query to identify users with access to sensitive columns in a database.