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Architecture

Architecture topic

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23 views2 pages

Architecture

Architecture topic

Uploaded by

Soumili Chatterjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is MIPS (Million of Instructions Per Second)

It may be a strategy for measuring the raw speed of a computer’s processor. Since the
MIPS estimation doesn’t take into consideration other components such as the
computer’s I/O speed or processor engineering, it isn’t continuously a reasonable way
to degree the execution of a computer. For this case, a computer evaluated at 100 MIPS
may be able to compute certain capacities quicker than another computer evaluated at
120 MIPS. The MIPS estimation has been utilized by computer producers like IBM to
degree the “cost of computing.” The value of computers is decided in MIPS per dollar.
Interests, the esteem of computers in MIPS per dollar has consistently multiplied on a
yearly premise for a final couple of decades.
How to Calculate MIPS
Required inputs for calculating MIPS are the
• Number of instructions per second can be performed by a processor
• CPU processor speed (cycles per second), Ex (1 GHz, 2 GHz).
• CPI (average clock cycles per instruction).
• Execution time.

Method 1: If no. of instructions and Execution time is given.

Step 1: Perform the Divide operation between no. of instructions and Execution time
and store the value (Let X) in a variable.

Step 2: Perform the Divide operation between that variable (X) and 1 million for finding
millions of instructions per second.

Example:
if a computer completed 2 million instructions in 0.10 seconds .
X = 2 million/0.10 = 20 million.
No of MISP = X/1 million (as the name tells about it)
No of MISP=20 million/1 million =20.
Method 2: If the number of cycles per second (CPU) and the number of cycles per
instruction (CPI) are given.

Step 1: Perform the Divide operation between the number of cycles per second (CPU)
and the number of cycles per instruction (CPI) and store the value (X) in a variable.

Step 2: Perform a Divide operation between that variable and 1 million for finding
millions of instructions per second.

Example:
If a computer with a CPU of 400 megahertz had a CPI of 2.
X = 400/2=200
No of MISP=X/1 million
No of MISP = 0.0002

Advantages of MIPS:
• It is easy to understand and measure
• It helps in the calculation of CPU processor speed (cycles per second), CPI
(average clock cycles per instruction) and Execution time.
• It handles when the amount of work is large.

Disadvantages of MIPS:
• It may not reflect real execution, since simple instructions do way better.
• It is an older, obsolete measure of a computer’s speed and power.

Explain any four types of addressing mode in MIPS.

MIPS Register addressing


The simplest addressing mode is the register addressing. Instructions using
registers execute fast because they do not have the delay associated with
memory access. But, the number of registers is limited since only 5-bits are
reserved to select a register.
Register addressing is a form of direct addressing. The value in the
register is an operand instead of being a memory address to an operand.
MIPS Immediate addressing
MIPS immediate addressing means that one operand is a constant within
the instruction itself.
The advantage of using it is that there is no need to have extra memory
access to fetch the operand.
But keep in mind that the operand is limited to 16 bits in size.
MIPS Base addressing
In base register addressing we add a small constant to a pointer held in a
register.
The register may point to a structure or some other collection of data, and
we need to load a value at a constant offset from the beginning of the
structure.
Because each MIPS instruction fits in one word, the size of the constant is
limited to 16 bits.
MIPS PC-relative addressing
PC-relative addressing is used for conditional branches. The address is the
sum of the program counter and a constant in the instruction.

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