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Vector Space

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32 views27 pages

Vector Space

Uploaded by

mahnoor khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Vector Spaces & Subspaces

By Dr. Rabeeah Raza


Linear Algebra
Scalers and vectors
• Scaler Quantities • Vectors Quantities
➢A SCALAR QUANTITY IS A QUANTITY ➢A VECTOR QUANTITY IS A QUANTITY
THAT HAS ONLY MAGNITUDE. THAT HAS BOTH MAGNITUDE AND
➢IT IS ONE DIMENTIONAL. DIRECTION.
➢ANY CHANGE IN SCALAR QUANTITY IS ➢IT CAN BE 1-D,2-D OR 3-D.
THE REFLECTION OF CHANGE IN ➢ANY CHANGE IN VECTOR QUANTITY IS
MAGNITUDE. THE REFLECTION OF CHANGE IN
➢EXAMPLES:- MASS, LENGTH, AREA, EITHER MAGNITUDE OR DIRECTION
VOLUME, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, OR BOTH.
ENERGY, WORK, POWER,TIME,… ➢EXAMPLES:-
DISPACEMENT,ACCELARATION,
VELOCITY,MOMENTAM,FORCE,…
Vector Spaces & Subspaces
• Vector Spaces: Definition
• Vector Spaces:
• Examples 2 × 2 matrices
• Polynomials
• Subspaces: Definition
• Subspaces: Examples
• Spanning
• Determining Subspaces
Vector Space
1. 𝐮 + 𝐯 is in 𝐕.
2. u + v = v + u.
3. (𝐮 + 𝐯) + 𝐰 = 𝐮 + (𝐯 + 𝐰)
4. There is a vector (called the zero vector) 0 in V such that 𝐮 + 𝟎 =
𝐮.
5. For each 𝐮 in 𝐕, there is vector −𝐮 in 𝐕 satisfying 𝐮 + (−𝐮) = 0.
6. c𝐮 is in 𝐕.
7. c(𝐮 + 𝐯) = c𝐮 + c𝐯.
8. 1𝐮 = 𝐮.
9. (c + d)𝐮 = c𝐮 + d𝐮.
10. (cd)𝐮 = c(d𝐮).
Examples
𝑎 𝑏
Let 𝑀2×2 = : 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are real
𝑐 𝑑
0 0
In this context, note that the 0 vector is .
0 0

ℝ2 ∶ The standard - plane is the set of all 2-dimensional real vectors.


𝑥
It is a vector space because it contains all possible vectors 𝑦 including the
0
zero vector 0 = .
0
• Suppose we have ℝ2 but without the zero vector.
• Do we still have a space?
• NO! We have to be able to multiply any vector in ℝ2 by any scalar,
including 0.
0
• If is missing we cannot multiply by the scalar 0.
0
𝑥 −𝑥
• Also we need to be able to add vector 𝑦 to its negative −𝑦 If the
origin is missing we can not perform this addition.
• So every vector space must at least contain the zero vector.
What are some examples which are vector spaces?
• Suppose we take just the first quadrant in ℝ2 we then have all
𝑥
vectors 𝑦 such that 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0.
• Does 𝑄1 form a vector space?
• We can add vectors and we stay in 𝑄1.
• What about multiplication by scalars?
𝑥
• Here there is a problem. Suppose we want to form (−1) 𝑦 .
−𝑥
• We get −𝑦 but this vector does not lie in 𝑄1.
• So we can not perform scalar multiplication.
• 𝑄1 is not a vector space - it is not closed under scalar multiplication.
Vector Spaces: Polynomials
• Axiom 1
The polynomial 𝐩 + 𝐪 is defined as follows

𝐩 + 𝐪 t = 𝐩 t + 𝐪 t = 𝒂𝟎 + 𝒃𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒕 + ⋯ 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒏 𝒕𝒏 .

Which is also a polynomial of degree atmost 𝑛. So 𝐩 + 𝐪 is in 𝐏 𝐧 .


• Axiom 4
• Axiom 6

𝑐𝐩 t = c𝐩 t = 𝑐𝒂𝟎 + 𝑐𝒂𝟏 𝒕 + ⋯ 𝑐𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒏 .

Which is in 𝐏 𝐧 .

The other 7 axioms also hold, so 𝐏𝐧 is a vector space.


Subspaces:
Solution:
Verify properties a, b and c of the definition of a subspace.
a. The zero vector of 𝑅3 is in 𝑯 (let 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0).
b. Adding two vectors in 𝑯 always produces another vector whose second entry is
0 and therefore the sum of two vectors in 𝑯 is also in 𝑯. (𝑯 is closed under
addition)
c. Multiplying a vector in 𝑯 by a scalar produces another vector in 𝑯 (𝑯 is closed
under scalar multiplication).
Since properties a, b, and c hold, 𝑯 is a subspace of 𝑅3 .
Solution:
For 𝑯 to be a subspace of 𝑹𝟐 , all three properties must hold
Property a is not true because 𝟎 vector is not in 𝑯.
Therefore 𝑯 is not subspace of 𝑹𝟐 .
• Another way to show that 𝑯 is not subspace of 𝑹𝟐 :
0 1 𝟏
Let 𝒖 = and 𝒗 = , then 𝒖 + 𝒗 = , which is not 𝑯.
1 2 𝟑
So property (b) fails and so 𝑯 is not subspace of 𝑹𝟐 .
Spanning (Linear combinations)
Theorem:
If 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 are vectors in a vector space 𝑽, then:
a) The set 𝑊 of all linear combinations of 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 is a subspace of 𝑽.
b) 𝑊 is the smallest subspace of 𝑽 that contains 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 in the sense that every other
subspace of 𝑽 that contains 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 must contain 𝑊.

Theorem:
If 𝑆 = 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 is a set of vectors in a vector space 𝑉, then the subspace 𝑊 of 𝑽
consisting of all linear combinations of vectors in 𝑆 is called space spanned by 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 ,
and we say that the vectors 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑊. To indicate that 𝑊 is the space spanned by
the vectors in the set 𝑺 = 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩 , we write
𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆 or 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯𝟏 , 𝐯𝟐 , … , 𝐯𝐩
Proof:
In order to verify this, check properties a, b and c of definition of subspace.
a. 𝟎 is in S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p since 𝟎 = 0𝐯1 +0𝐯2 + ⋯ , 0𝐯p .
b. To show that S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p closed under vector addition, we choose two
arbitrary vectors in S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p :
𝐮 = a1 𝐯𝟏 + a2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + ap 𝐯𝐩
and
𝐯 = b1 𝐯𝟏 + b2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + bp 𝐯𝐩
Then
𝐮 + 𝐯 = a1 𝐯𝟏 + a2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + ap 𝐯𝐩 + b1 𝐯𝟏 + b2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + bp 𝐯𝐩
= a1 +b1 𝐯𝟏 + a2 +b2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + ap +bp 𝐯𝐩 .
So 𝐮 + 𝐯 is in S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p
c. To show that S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p closed under scalar multiplication, choose an
arbitrary number c and an arbitrary vector in S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p
𝐯 = b1 𝐯𝟏 + b2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + bp 𝐯𝐩
Then
c𝐯 = c b1 𝐯𝟏 + b2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + bp 𝐯𝐩 = 𝑐b1 𝐯𝟏 + 𝑐b2 𝐯𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑐bp 𝐯𝐩
So c𝐯 is in S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p .
Since properties a, b and c hold, S𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐯1 , … , 𝐯p is a subspace of 𝐕
Examples

Solution:
Write vectors in V in column form:
𝑎 + 2𝑏 𝑎 2𝑏 1 2
= + =𝑎 +𝑏 ,
2𝑎 − 3𝑏 2𝑎 −3𝑏 2 −3
So 𝑉 = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 {𝐯1 , 𝐯2 } and therefore V is a subspace of 𝑅2 by Theorem 1.
Solution:
0 is not in 𝐻 since 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0 or any other combination of
values for 𝑎 and 𝑏 does not produce the zero vector. So
property (a) fails to hold and therefore 𝐻 is not a subspace of
𝑅3 .
Solution:
Since
2𝑎 𝑏 2𝑎 0 0 𝑏 2 0 0 1
= + =𝑎 +𝑏 ,
3𝑎 + 𝑏3𝑏 3𝑎 0 𝑏 3𝑏 3 0 1 3
2 0 0 1
So 𝐻 = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 , and so H is a subspace of 𝑀2×2 .
3 0 1 3
Practice Questions
• Exercise 4.2

• Exercise 4.3
• Exercise 4.4

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