Science of Thinking and Ethics

(SGDN1043)
WHAT IS ISLAM?
 Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that
originated in the 7th century CE in the Arabian
Peninsula. It was founded by Prophet Muhammad,
who is considered the last and final prophet in Islam.
 Muslims, the followers of Islam, believe that
Muhammad received revelations from God (Allah),
which were compiled into the holy book of Islam
known as the Quran.
WHAT IS ISLAM?
 Islam is centered around the belief in one God, known as Allah,
and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as recorded in the
Quran and the Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet).
 Muslims adhere to the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the basic
acts of worship and obedience to God.
 These pillars include the declaration of faith (Shahada),
performing regular prayers (Salat), giving alms to the poor and
needy (Zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm),
and making a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (Hajj) at least
once in a lifetime if financially and physically able.
WHAT IS ISLAM?
 Islam encompasses a comprehensive system of beliefs,
moral values, and guidelines for personal conduct and
societal organization.
 It promotes the principles of justice, compassion,
mercy, and social responsibility. Muslims strive to lead
a life in accordance with the teachings of Islam,
seeking spiritual growth and ultimately attaining
closeness to God (Allah).
WHAT IS ISLAM?
 Islam has a rich cultural and intellectual tradition, and
its followers are found in diverse regions around the
world. The faith has had a significant impact on
various fields such as art, architecture, literature,
science, and philosophy.

 Itis important to note that Islam is a diverse religion

with different sects and interpretations, but all Muslims
share a common belief in the central tenets of Islam.
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS SOURCES
 The Islamic religious sources are the primary sources of guidance and
authority in Islam.
 They are considered sacred and form the foundation of Islamic beliefs,
practices, and teachings. The two main sources of Islam are:
 The Quran: The Quran is the holy book of Islam and is believed to be the
word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. It is considered the
literal and direct speech of God, preserved in its original form.
 The Quran is written in Arabic and consists of 114 chapters, or Surahs,
which are further divided into verses, or Ayat. It covers various aspects of
life, including theology, morality, guidance for personal conduct, and societal
matters. Muslims regard the Quran as the ultimate source of divine guidance
and consider it the final and complete revelation
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS SOURCES
 The Hadith: The Hadith refers to the sayings, actions, and
approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. It provides detailed
explanations, clarifications, and practical applications of the
teachings found in the Quran.
 The Hadith collections are vast and were compiled by scholars
over centuries. They contain reports of the Prophet's words and
deeds, as well as descriptions of his character and interactions
with others.
 Hadiths are categorized according to their authenticity and
reliability, and scholars have developed sciences of Hadith study
to ensure the accuracy and validity of the narrations.
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS SOURCES
 These two sources, the Quran and the Hadith, work together to
provide comprehensive guidance for Muslims in matters of faith,
worship, ethics, personal conduct, family life, governance, and more.
 They form the basis of Islamic law (Sharia), theology, and the
understanding of the religion. Alongside the Quran and Hadith,
Muslims also draw on scholarly consensus (Ijma) and analogical
reasoning (Qiyas) as secondary sources of guidance.
 It's important to note that within the Islamic tradition, there are
different interpretations and schools of thought regarding the
understanding and application of these sources, resulting in some
variations in practices and beliefs among Muslims.
IJTIHAD
 In Islam, Ijtihad refers to the process of independent reasoning
and interpretation of Islamic law (Sharia) by qualified scholars.
 It involves the use of intellectual effort and critical thinking to
derive legal rulings and make judgments on matters not
explicitly addressed in the primary sources of Islamic law,
namely the Quran and the Hadith (sayings and actions of the
Prophet Muhammad).
 Ijtihad allows for flexibility and adaptability within the Islamic
legal framework, enabling scholars to address contemporary
issues and challenges. It is considered an important concept for
the ongoing development and evolution of Islamic
jurisprudence.
IMAN
 Iman, in Islam, refers to the belief and faith in the core
principles and articles of faith of Islam.
 Itis the acceptance and conviction in the teachings of
Allah (God) as revealed in the Quran and the
guidance of the Prophet Muhammad.
 The definition of Iman includes the following 6 pillars:
IMAN
1) Belief in Allah: This is the fundamental belief in the
oneness of Allah, recognizing Him as the only deity
worthy of worship and acknowledging His attributes and
power.
2) Belief in the Prophets: This entails the acceptance of
the Prophets and Messengers sent by Allah throughout
history, including Prophet Muhammad as the final
messenger.
IMAN
3) Belief in Divine Books: This involves acknowledging
the books revealed by Allah to guide humanity, such as
the Quran, Torah, Injeel (Gospel), and others.
4)Belief in Angels: This includes the recognition and
acceptance of the existence and role of angels as
spiritual beings created by Allah to carry out His
commands and communicate His messages.
IMAN
5). Belief in the Last Day: This encompasses the belief
in the Day of Judgment, resurrection, accountability for
one's actions, and the eternal life after death
6) Belief in Qadhaa' & Qadr (Doom & Divine Decree).
In Islam, "doom" refers to the concept of predestination
or divine decree. It is the belief that everything in the
universe, including the events and outcomes of human
life, is predetermined by the will and knowledge of
Allah (God).
THINGS THAT INVALIDATE IMAN
1) Shirk (Associating partners with Allah): Believing in
or worshiping anything or anyone other than Allah is
considered a major sin and invalidates a person's Iman.
2) Kufr (Disbelief): Rejecting or denying any of the
fundamental beliefs of Islam, such as the belief in Allah,
the Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, or the Day of
Judgment, invalidates a person's Iman.
THINGS THAT INVALIDATE IMAN
3) Nifaq (Hypocrisy): Pretending to have faith while
harboring disbelief or having insincere intentions is
considered hypocritical and can invalidate a person's
Iman.
4) Riddah (Apostasy): Openly renouncing or leaving
the Islamic faith is considered apostasy and invalidates a
person's Iman.
THINGS THAT INVALIDATE IMAN
5) Sihir (bback magic): Engaging in black magic
practices to cause harm to others
6) Khurafat (Superstition) is a superstitious belief or
superstition that is fabricated based on the actions and
natural events that occur.
It is praying to the deceased with the hope that intentions
and wishes will be granted through the deceased,
especially if the deceased was from among the pious.
AQEEDAH / AQIDAH
 Aqeedah, also spelled as Aqidah, is an Arabic term that
refers to the creed or belief system in Islam.
 It encompasses the fundamental beliefs and principles
that form the foundation of Islamic faith.
 Aqeedah provides a framework for Muslims to
understand and affirm their beliefs about Allah (God),
the prophets, the divine scriptures, the afterlife, and
other aspects of the Islamic worldview.
CORE ELEMENTS OF AQEEDAH INCLUDE:
1.Tawhid (Oneness of Allah): Muslims believe in the
absolute oneness and uniqueness of Allah. They affirm
that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and
that He has no partners or associates.
2. Prophethood: Muslims believe in the prophethood of
Muhammad as the final messenger of Allah, as well as in
the earlier prophets sent to guide humanity, including
Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, among others.
CORE ELEMENTS OF AQEEDAH INCLUDE:
3. Divine Scriptures: Muslims believe in the divine origin
and preservation of the Quran, which is considered the final
and uncorrupted revelation from Allah. They also believe in
the earlier scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospel, but
consider them to have been superseded by the Quran.
4. Angels: Muslims believe in the existence of angels as
spiritual beings created by Allah. They believe that angels
play various roles, including delivering messages from Allah,
recording human deeds, and carrying out His commands
CORE ELEMENTS OF AQEEDAH INCLUDE:
5. Day of Judgment: Muslims believe in the Day of
Judgment, a time when all individuals will be held
accountable for their actions in this life. They believe in the
resurrection of the dead, the reckoning of deeds, and the
ultimate reward or punishment in the afterlife.
6. Belief in Qadhaa' & Qadr (Doom & Divine Decree). In
Islam, "doom" refers to the concept of predestination or
divine decree. It is the belief that everything in the universe,
including the events and outcomes of human life, is
predetermined by the will and knowledge of Allah (God).
CORE ELEMENTS OF AQEEDAH INCLUDE:
 Elements of Aqeedah also include 5 Pillars of Islam:
1. Declaration or testimony of faith. (Shahadah)
2. Obligatory prayer. (Salat), performed 5 times a day
3. Zakat (Charity): The obligation to give a portion of one's
wealth to those in need.
4. . Fasting in the month of Ramadan. (Sawn)
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage): The pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in
Saudi Arabia, which is required of every able-bodied and
financially capable Muslim at least once in their lifetime
Relationships in Islam
 1. Human relationship with God:
In Islam, the relationship between humans and God is
based on the concept of submission and worship.
Muslims believe in the oneness of Allah (God) and view
Him as the creator, sustainer, and ultimate authority of
the universe.
The relationship between humans and God is
characterized by several key aspects: For example,
Human relationship with God
 Worship and Obedience: Muslims believe that their
purpose in life is to worship and serve Allah. They are
called to submit to His will and follow His guidance as
revealed in the Quran and the teachings of Prophet
Muhammad.
 Through acts of worship such as prayer, fasting,
charity, and pilgrimage, Muslims seek to strengthen
their connection with Allah and gain His pleasure.
Relationships in Islam
2. Human to Human Relationships
In Islam, human-to-human relationships are highly
valued and emphasized.
Muslims are encouraged to treat one another with
kindness, compassion, justice, and respect, based on the
teachings of the Quran and the example of Prophet
Muhammad. Here are some examples of key aspects of
human-to-human relationships in Islam:
Human to Human Relationships
 Brotherhood and Unity: Muslims are considered part
of a global community known as the Ummah.
 They are encouraged to foster a sense of brotherhood
and unity among themselves, regardless of their race,
nationality, or social status. They are taught to support
and care for one another, offer help and assistance, and
stand together in times of need.
Human to Human Relationships
 Kindness and Compassion: Muslims are urged to be
kind and compassionate towards all people, regardless
of their faith or background.
 They are advised to show empathy, understanding, and
mercy to others, especially those who are less fortunate
or in distress. Acts of charity, generosity, and
selflessness are highly encouraged.
Relationships in Islam
3. Human Relationship with nature
In Islam, the relationship between humans and nature is
viewed as one of stewardship and responsibility.
Muslims believe that Allah (God) has created the
universe and all its components, including nature, and
has entrusted humans with the task of being caretakers
and custodians of the Earth.
Here are some examples of the human relationship with
nature in Islam:
Human Relationship with Nature
1. Stewardship: Muslims believe that humans have
been given the responsibility to care for and protect the
environment.
 They are expected to use the Earth's resources wisely
and sustainably, ensuring that they are not wasted or
depleted. Muslims are encouraged to be mindful of
their actions and their impact on the natural world.
Human Relationship with Nature
2. Balance and Harmony: Islam promotes the concept
of balance and harmony in all aspects of life, including
the relationship with nature.
Muslims are encouraged to seek a harmonious
coexistence with the natural world, recognizing the
interconnectedness of all living beings. They are urged
to avoid excessive exploitation, pollution, or destruction
of the environment.