Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Section 8.1 – Parallel Lines

What are Parallel Lines?

Parallel lines are lines on the same flat surface that will never meet and are same
distance apart over their entire length.

For example,

To show that lines are parallel, we draw small arrows on them as seen below:

Segment ̅̅̅̅
AB above is parallel to ̅̅̅̅̅ above is parallel to
Segment MN
̅̅̅̅
segment CD. ̅̅̅̅
segment OP.

We write ̅̅̅̅
AB || ̅̅̅̅
CD ̅̅̅̅̅ || ̅̅̅̅
We write MN OP

Example 1:

List the parallel lines in the figure below:

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Example 2:

List the pairs of parallel lines in the diagram below:

Example 3:

Mark the parallel lines on the shapes provided below:

a) b) c)

Drawing Parallel Lines

There are several ways we can draw parallel lines, the easiest of which is by using
the sides of a ruler as seen below!

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Examples:

1. Draw parallel lines to the following lines.

a) b)

2. Draw a line segment AB that measures 6.5 cm. Draw a line parallel to AB.

3. Simon sees two lines drawn on his desk that look parallel. How can he check
to make sure that they actually are parallel?

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Section 8.2 – Perpendicular Lines

What are Perpendicular Lines?

Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at 90 degree angles.

For example,

To show that lines are perpendicular, a small

square should be placed where the two lines
intersect to indicate a 90° angle is formed.

Segment ̅̅̅̅
AB to the right is perpendicular to
̅̅̅̅̅.
segment MN

̅̅̅̅
We write AB ̅̅̅̅̅
MN

Example 1:

List the pairs of perpendicular lines in the diagram below:

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Drawing Perpendicular Lines

There are several ways to draw perpendicular lines. Two of the easiest are:

#1 Using a Ruler and a Triangle

Draw a straight line. Place a triangle against

the line as shown in the picture below and draw
a line on the other side.

#2 Using a Ruler and a Protractor

Draw a straight line using a ruler and mark

the center of the line. Using your protractor,
line the center of your protractor up with the
center of your line. Make a mark at the 90°
angle. Join this mark with the center you
marked on your line.

Examples:

1. Draw perpendicular lines to the following lines using whichever method you
prefer.

a) b)

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

̅ that measures 5.2 cm. Using a triangle, draw a line

2. Draw a line segment JK
̅ and label it MN
perpendicular to JK ̅̅̅̅̅.

3. Draw a line segment ̅̅̅̅

PQ that measures 4.8 cm. Using a protractor, draw a line
perpendicular to PQ and label it ̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ RS̅.

4. Is it possible for two lines to be both perpendicular and parallel? Explain.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

5. Is it possible for a line to be perpendicular to more than one line? Explain.

6. After learning about perpendicular lines in math class, Jeremy pointed out a
picture to his brother which he believed demonstrated perpendicular lines.
His brother said the lines were not perpendicular. How could Jeremy prove
that his brother was wrong?

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Section 8.3 – Perpendicular Bisector

What is a Perpendicular Bisector?

To bisect means to divide into two equal parts.

A perpendicular bisector is a line that intersects another line at a 90° angle and
divides it into two equal pieces.

We indicate that two or more lines are

equal by marking the lines with the same
symbol.

There are several ways to construct perpendicular bisectors.

#1 Paper Folding

Draw a line segment using a ruler. Label the

segment XY ̅̅̅̅. Fold your paper so that endpoint
X falls directly on endpoint Y (holding your
paper up to the light may help). Lay your paper
flat and trace the fold line you just created with
your pencil using a ruler.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

#2 Using Only a Ruler

Draw a line segment. Place your

ruler so that the bottom of your
ruler touches the top of one endpoint
and the top of your ruler touches the
bottom of the other endpoint as shown
in the picture. Draw a line along both
edges.

Repeat in the opposite direction.

Draw two more lines along both edges.

You will notice that you just created

two new points. Draw a line through
the center connecting these points.

This new line is perpendicular to the original line (measure with a protractor
to be sure). It also divides the original line in half. You can check this with a
ruler.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Try it!

#3 Using a Ruler and a Compass

Draw a line segment and label it

̅̅
EF̅̅. Place the pointer of your
compass on one endpoint and
move the compass so that it is
open more than half the
length of the line. Make an arc
from the top to the bottom of
the line.

Move your compass to the other

endpoint and repeat.

Connect the two points you just

created.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Try It!!

#4 Using a Ruler and a Protractor

Using a ruler, draw a line segment and

label it ̅̅̅̅
AB. Mark the midpoint as O.

Place the center of the protractor on

the midpoint O and mark the
90°angle.

Using the ruler, draw a line

connecting this mark to the midpoint
̅̅̅̅.
of the line. Label this segment OC

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Try It!!

Examples:

Draw a perpendicular bisector for a line that is:

12 cm 7.2 cm

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

What is an Angle Bisector?

An angle bisector is a line that divides an angle into two equal parts.

There are several ways to construct perpendicular bisectors.

#1 Paper Folding

Draw an angle of any size. Fold your paper

so that one side of the angle falls directly on
the other side. Lay your paper flat and trace
the fold line you just created with your
pencil using a ruler.

#2 Using a Ruler and a Compass

Draw an angle of any size. Place

the pointer of your compass on
vertex.

Make an arc from the top to the

bottom of the line. Call these
new points B and C.

Move your compass to point A

where the arc you drew
intersects the angle. Do the
same with point C. You will
notice a new point.

Draw a line connecting the

vertex to the new point you just
created.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

#4 Using a Ruler and a Protractor

Using a ruler, draw an angle of any

size.

Using your protractor, measure the

angle. Divide this measure by 2.

Keep your protractor on the vertex of

the angle as you did to measure it, and
mark the angle you just calculated.

Using the ruler, draw a line

connecting the vertex to the point.

Examples: Bisect the angles below using any method.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Examples:

1. Draw an angle that is:

a) 720 b) 1080

2. Draw a 960 angle. Bisect it using any method.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Section 8.5 – Graphing on a Coordinate Grid

A coordinate grid or plane consists of a vertical and a horizontal line that intersect at
a 90o angle.

The horizontal axis (left to right) is also known as the x-axis. The vertical axis (up
and down) is also known as the y-axis. The point where the x and y axis intersect is
called the origin. This is point (0,0).

Each coordinate grid is divided into 4 quadrants.

Every point on a coordinate grid has coordinates (x,y). Points are also known as
ordered pairs. The first number represents number of spaces you move left or right.
The second number represents the number of spaces you move up or down.

Always start at (0,0) and follow the directions of the coordinates.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

To plot the point (3,4):

The first number is the x coordinate. We find this number on the x axis (left to
right). In this case x = 3.

The second number is the y coordinate. We find this number on the y axis (up or
down). In this case y = 4.

Where these lines intersect is where we plot our point.

Examples:

1. Plot the points and state

the quadrant they are
located in:

A (2,5)
B(-3, 1)
C (0, 5)
D(-2,-6)
E(-8,0)
F (4,-6)

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

2. Write the coordinates of each point.

A ____________________

B ____________________

C ____________________

D ____________________

E ____________________

3. Plot the following:

L (-6, 1)
M (5, -2)
N (1, 7)
O (0, -4)

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4. In which quadrant does each point lie?

A ________ D ________

B ________ E ________

C ________ F ________

5. In which quadrant does each point lie?

a) P (-3, 7) Quadrant ________

b) Q (8, -6) Quadrant ________

c) R (-5, -7) Quadrant ________

d) S (6, 4) Quadrant ________

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Section 8.6 – Graphing Translations and Reflections

A translation is also known as a slide – it takes a figure

and slides it to a new position. A translation tells you to
move the object left or right, up or down. You take each
figure and move it according to the directions.

For example, if we want to translate ABC

6 units right, we simply move each vertex of
the triangle 6 units to the right by counting 6
spaces on the grid.

Each time we move a vertex, we indicate the

new point with a prime marking. Here the
new vertices are indicated as A’ B’ C’. The
original object is the pre-image. The new
object is called the image

Example:

Slide quadrilateral DEFG

4 units left and 3 units down or [4L, 3D]
Give the coordinates of the new vertices.

D’ ____________________
E’ ____________________
F’ ____________________
G’ ____________________

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 Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

A reflection is also known as a flip – it produces a mirror

image when reflected across the line of reflection which
could be the x or y axis or another indicated line. The
object will fall directly on top of itself if you fold it along
the line of reflection.

For example, if we want to reflect ABC

across the y axis we count the number of
spaces from each vertex to the y axis. We then
count the same number of spaces from the y
axis on the other side and plot our new point.

Example:

Reflect triangle ABC

across the x axis.
Give the coordinates of the new vertices.

A’ ____________________
B’ ____________________ C B
C’ ____________________
A

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Examples:

1. Describe the transformations below:

A) B)

C) D)

E) F)

2. Translate the rectangle ABCD

[5R, 5D]

List the coordinates of the pre-image

and the image.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

3. Reflect the triangle across the x axis.

List the coordinates of the pre-image

and the image.

4. Translate the figure 5 left and 5 down.

Reflect your image across the x axis.

Record the coordinates of the figure

after each transformation.

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Section 8.7 – Graphing Rotations

A rotation is also known as a turn – it takes a figure and

rotates it around a given point. A rotation tells you to
move the figure clockwise or counterclockwise 90o, 180o
or 270o.

For example, the triangle to the right has been

rotated 90o counterclockwise around the
point indicated. We can use tracing paper to
do this.

Example:

Rotate the figure to the right 180o

clockwise.

List the coordinates of the new vertices.

A’ ____________________
B’ ____________________
C’ ____________________
D’ ____________________
E’ ____________________

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Grade 7 Mathematics Unit 8: Geometry

Examples:

1. Identify the angle and direction of rotation for each diagram below.

A) B)

2. Rotate the figure

270o counterclockwise.

List the coordinates of the image.

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