Dilmurod Muminov Ulug’bek Karshiev

ISDS | REVISION
SESSION
IN 2 SLOTS
DATE: 7 DECEMBER,THURSDAY
VENUE: ATB 306
TIME: 10 AM | 1.30 PM

Ashraf Shermatov Madinabonu Olimjonova

Central Tendency
Mean is the sum of the
measurements divided by the
number of measurements

Median is the middle number when

the data is sorted from smallest to
highest

Mode: the most frequent data point

 Statistics

A general relationship of mean and median under

differently skewed unimodal distribution.
 Range and IQR

Five-Number Summary: Min Q1 Q2 Q3 Max

Range = Maximum - Minimum

IQR = Q3 - Q1

Note: Location of Q3 = 3*(n + 1)/4

 Exercise
2, 8, 6, 14, 2, 18, 25, 2
Sorted data: 2, 2, 2, 6, 8, 14, 18, 25

Min = 2 Loc. of Q1: (8+1)/4 = 2.25

Max = 25 Q1 = (2nd + 3rd)/2 = (2+2)/2

Range: 25-2 = 23
 Solution

Loc. of Q1: (8+1)/4 = 2.25 Loc. of Q2: (8+1)*2/4 = 4.5

Q1 = (2nd + 3rd)/2 = (2+2)/2 Q2 = (4th + 5th)/2 = (6+8)/2
Q1 = 2 Q2 = 7

Loc. of Q3: (8+1)*3/4 = 6.75

IQR = Q3 -Q1
Q3 = (6th + 7th)/2 = (14 + 18)/2
IQR = 16 -2 =14
Q3 = 16
 Statistics

Variance is a measurement
of the spread between
numbers in a data set.

The larger the variance,

the further the individual
cases are from mean.
 Chebyshev’s Rule

Chebyshev’s Theorem
The proportion of any
distribution that lies within k
1-(1/k^2) standard deviations of the mean
is at least 1-(1/k^2), where k is
any positive number larger than
x - ks x x + ks 1. This theorem applies to all
distribution of data.
 Chebyshev’s Rule

At least 75% measurement

falls within two standard
deviations of the mean.

At least 89% measurement

falls within three standard
deviations of the mean.
 Exercise

Suppose airline tickets from Tashkent to

Istanbul have an average price of $250 with a
standard deviation of $60. If nothing is known
about the shape of the distribution, at least
what percentage of air ticket prices lie between
$150 and $350?
 Solution

If nothing is known about the distribution, then we apply the Chebyshev’s

rule.
150 = 250 – k*60 => k = 1.67
At least (1 - 1/ 1.67^2 )*100% = 64% of ticket prices
lie between $150 and $250.
 Probability

Probability is a numerical measure of the chance

that a particular event will occur.

Probability values are always assigned on a scale of

0 to 1:
0 indicates that an event is very unlikely to occur
1 indicates that an even is almost certain to occur
Probability
 Probability
Classical probability is based on the assumption that the
outcomes of an experiment are equally likely.

Empirical probability is the probability of an event

happening is the fraction of the time similar events
happened in the past.

Subjective Concept of Probability is the likelihood of a

particular event happening that is assigned by an individual
based on whatever information is available.
Formula of Probability
Venn Diagram
Venn Diagram
 Operations

Additive Rule of Probability

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)

Multiplicative Rule of Probability

P(A B) = P(A) * P(B|A)
P(A B) = P(B) * P(A|B)
 Exercise

A tutoring service specializes in preparing adults for

high school equivalence tests.
Among all the students seeking help from the service,
63% need help in mathematics, 34% need help in
English, and 27% need help in both mathematics and
English. What is the percentage of students who
need help in neither mathematics nor English?
 Solution

Let M – math, E – English

Then, P(M ∪ ∩
E) = P(M) + P(E) – P(M E) =
= 0.63 + 0.34 – 0.27 = 0.70
Neither math nor English means:
P(M ∪ E)’ = 1 – 0.70 = 0.30, so 30%
Disjoint or Mutually Exclusive Events

Events A and B are mutually exclusive if A and

B have no sample points in common
 Independent Events

Events A and B are independent events if the

occurence of B does not alter the probability that A
has occured.

Events A and B are independent if:

P(A|B) = P(A)
P(B|A) = P(B)
Combination VS Permutation
Combination VS Permutation
Combination VS Permutation

Combination Permutation
 Exercise

Suppose there are 13 students in the classroom: 8

females, 5 males. If you randomly choose 5 students,
what is the probability that 2 of them will be females
and 3 of them are males.
Solution
Conditional probability
Knowledge that a certain event has
occured can change the probability that
another event will occur
 Baye’s Rule
Knowledge that a certain event has
occurred can change the probability
that another event will occur
 Random Variables

RANDOM VARIABLE IS A VARIABLE THAT

TAKES RANDOM NUMERICAL VALUE

ONE AND ONLY ONE NUMERICAL VALUE

IS ASSIGNED TO ONE RANDOM VARIABLE
 Random Variables
LET “X” BE THE NUMBER OF HEADS IN TWO COIN TOSSES.
“X” CAN TAKE VALUES 0, 1, OR 2.
LET “Y” BE THE NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS IN A RESTAURANT
PER DAY. “Y” CAN TAKE VALUES 0, 1, 2, ...
LET “Z” BE THE MARK FOR ISDS EXAM. “Z” CAN TAKE
VALUES FROM 0, 1, 2 TO 97, 98, 99, 100.
 Random Variables
Discrete Continuous
COUNTABLE NUMBER UNCOUNTABLE NUMBER
(FINITE OR INFINITE) OF (INFINITE) OF VALUES IN
VALUES AN INTERVAL
X = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 0< X< ∞
X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 0 < X < 500
 Random Variables
What type of random variable are these?

THE NUMBER OF NEWSPAPERS SOLD BY THE “NEW YORK TIMES” MONTHLY

THE AMOUNT OF INK USED IN PRINTING A SUNDAY EDITION OF THE “NEW
YORK TIMES”
THE NUMBER OF PRODUCTS INTRODUCED PER YEAR BY A FIRM
THE PERCENTAGE CHAGNE IN YEARLY EARNINGS BETWEEN 2011 ADN 2012 FOR
A PARTICULAR FIRM
Discrete Probability Distribution
PROBABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH EACH POSSIBLE VALUE THE
RANDOM VARIABLE CAN ASSUME

P(X) ≥ 0 FOR ALL VALUES OF “X”

∑P(X) = 1
Discrete Probability Distribution
MEAN OR EXPECTED VALUE

VARIANCE

STANDARD DEVIATION
Discrete Probability Distribution
THE RANDOM VARIABLE “X” HAS THE FOLLOWING DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISRTRIBUTION:

x 1 3 5 7 9

P(x) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1

A) LIST THE VALUES “X” MAY ASSUME ≥

D) FIND P(X 7)
B) WHAT VALUE OF “X” IS MOST PROBABLE? E) FIND P(X>2)
C) DISPLAY THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AS A GRAPH F) FIND MEAN
 Solution
x 1 3 5 7 9

P(x) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1

A) X TAKES THE FOLLOWING VALUES: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

B) MOST PROBABLY, X WILL TAKE THE VALUE OF 5, BECUASE IT HAS THE HIGHEST PROBABILITY AMONG OTHERS
C) DISPLAY THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AS A GRAPH
≥
D) FIND P(X 7)
E) FIND P(X>2)
F) FIND MEAN
 Solution
x 1 3 5 7 9

P(x) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1

≥
D) P(X 7) = P(X=7) + P(X=9) = 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.3
E) P(X>2) = (VALUES OF “X” WHICH ARE GREATER THAN 2) = P(X=3) + P(X=5) + P(X=7) + P(X=9) = 0.2
+ 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.9
F) MEAN WILL BE EQUAL TO THE SUM OF PRODUCTS OF “X” VALUES AND THEIS PROBABILITIES:
MEAN = 1 * 0.1 + 3 * 0.2 + 5 * 0.4 + 7 * 0.2 + 9 * 0.1 = 0.1 + 0.6 +2 + 1.4 + 0.9 = 5
 Discrete Probability Distribution
The age distribution for the employees of a highly successful “dot-
com” company headquartered in Atlanta is shown in teh next table.
An employee is to be randomly selected form this population

Age 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Proporti
on
0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.12

a) Graph the probability distribution

b) What is the probability that the randomly selected employee is over 30 years of age? Over
40 years of age? Under 30 years of age?

c) What is the probability that the randomly selected employee will be 25 or 26 years old?
 Solution
Age 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Proporti
on
0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.12

b) What is the probability that the randomly selected employee is over 30 years of age?
For this, we will take the values of Age which are more than 30 and sum their probabilities.
P(x>30) = P(x=31) + P(x=32) + P(x=33) = 0.13 + 0.15 + 0.12 = 0.4

Over 40 years of age?

It will be 0, because there is no age 40 and ages which are more than 40 at all.

Under 30 years of age?

We can sum all the probabilities of ages which are less than 30, however it is time
consuming. Instead, we can substract the probability of getting 30 and more and 30 itself
from 1, which is the sum of all probabibilites: 1 - 0.09 - 0.4 = 0.51
 Solution

Age 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Proporti
on
0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.12

c) What is the probability that the randomly selected employee will be 25

or 26 years old?
To find this, we can just sum the probabilites of 25-age and 26-age,
which will result in:
0.02 + 0.07 = 0.09
 Binomial Distribution
1) The experiment consists of “n” identical trials
2) There are only two possible outcomes on each trial
3) The trials are independent to each other
4) One outcome is usually denoted by S (success) and
the other by F (failure)
5) The binomial random varaible “x” is the number of
S’s in “n” trials
Binomial Distribution
 Binomial Distribution

Suppose that the fair coin is flipped three

times. What is the probabiltiy of getting exactly
two Heads? What is the probability of getting
Head at least two times?
 Solution
1) For the each trial of an experiment (which is tossing coin), we will get only two outcomes:
Head or Tail. So, for each trial, we will have two outcomes.

2) Probability of getting Head is 0.5 ( if it is fair coin, of course). The same with Tail ( there is
a 0.5 chance of getting it. So, here we will have p=0.5. It means that the probability of
getting success outcome in each trial is 0.5.

3) As we are tossing the coin three times, we repeating the trial three times. It means that
number of identical trials in the experiment is 3. n=3.

4) First, we are asked to find the probability of getting two heads after tossing coin three
times. Here, we want to find 2 successes (exactly 2 heads, not at least, not at most). So, x=2.

5) Now, we can put the numbers to the formula and we will get:
P(x=2) = (3!/((3-2)!*2!)) * 0.5^2 * 0.5^1 = 0.375
So, the probability of getting exactly two heads after tossing coin three times is 37.5%
 Solution
When it comes to getting AT LEAST two heads, we need to consider the cases,
when x will take the values which will satisfy that it will be AT LEAST = 2.

Here, the maximum value of x is 3, because after tossing coin three times, we
can get maximum three coins. It means, that for getting at least, we can
calculate the probability of getting x=2 and x=3 and sum them.

P(x=2) = 0.375, P(x=3) = 0.125, P (x>=2) = P(x=2) + P(x=3) = 0.375 + 0.125 = 0.5

Probability of getting at least two heads after tossing coin three times is 0.5
 Binomial Distribution
Suppose a student is preparing for a multiple-choice test with 8
questions. Each question has 4 possible answers, and only one is
correct. The student hasn't studied and decides to guess the
answers.Passing the test requires answering at least 6 questions
correctly.

1. What is the probability of passing the test by guessing

(answering at least 6 questions correctly)?
2. What is the probability of failing the test by guessing (answering
5 or fewer questions correctly)?

See Binomial Probability Distribution Table

 Solution

1. It is known that there are 4 choices for each question. Student

guesses and selects randomly one. So that, the probability of
getting correct answer for one question is 1/4 = 0.25. And the
probability of getting incorrect answer is 0.75. Here, we get that
p is 0.25, and q=1-p = 0.75.
2. For the first question (answering at least 6 questions), we need
to calculate the probabilities of P(x=6), P(x=7) and P(x=8), as we
can get 6 correct, 7 correct and maximum - 8 correct answers.
And we need to state that n=8, as we have 8 questions to solve.
 Solution

In Table, according to n=8, p=0.25, x=6, x=7, x=8, we find that Probabilities of
P(x=6) = 0.004, P(x=7) = 0, P(x=8) = 0. After adding them, we will get that
Probability of getting at least 6 correct answers is 0.4%
 Poisson Distribution
1) The experiment consists of counting the number of times
a certain event occurs during a given unit of time or in a
given area or volume (or weigh, distance, or any other unit
of measurement

2) The probability that an event occurs in a given unit is the

same for all the units

3) The number of events that occur in one unit is independent of

the number that occur in any other mutually exclusive unit

4) The mean number of events during given unit is λ

Poisson Distribution
 Poisson Distribution
Suppose a small café, on average, receives 5 customers
every hour. The number of customers arriving at the café
follows a Poisson distribution.

What is the probability that exactly 3 customers will

arrive in the next hour?

What is the probability that no customers will arrive in

the next hour?
 Solution
What is the probability that exactly 3 customers will
arrive in the next hour?

It is said that cafe recieves on average 5 customers per hour. It

means that we have λ=5 for an hour. And in the first question, it is
asked to find out EXACTLY 3 customers, so we need to find out
P(x=3). We are going to use the following formula to calculate this:
 Solution
What is the probability that exactly 3 customers will
arrive in the next hour?

After solving the following problem, we will get the solution for the
first question, which is 0.1404.
So the probability that exactly 3 customers will arrive in the next
hour is 14.04%
 Solution
What is the probability that no customers will arrive in
the next hour?

For this, we get 0.0067, so the probability that there will be no

customers in the next hour is 0.67%
 Poisson Distribution
U.S. airlines average about 4.5 fatalities per month (2012).
Assume the probability distribution for “x”, the number of
fatalities per month, can be approximated by a Poisson
distribution.

1. What is the probability that no fatalities will occur during any

given month?
2. What is the probability that one fatality will occur during a
year?
3. Find E(x) and the standard deviation of “x”.

See Poisson Distribution Table

 Solution
What is the probability that no fatalities will occur during any
given month?

λ = 4.5 fatalities per month. First question asks to find out P(x=0),
Using the Poisson Distribution Table, we get that P(x=0) = 0.0111, 1.11%
 Solution
What is the probability that one fatality will occur during a year?

As λ=4.5 fatalities per month, and we asked to find one fatality per a year, we
need to convert λ to fatalities per year. For this we can just use the following
cross product method:

After solving this, we will get that

λ = 54 fatalities per year
 Solution
What is the probability that one fatality will occur during a year?

λ = 54 fatalities per year

However, in the Poission Table, there are no values of x for such a big lambda
like 54. So we will solve it using formula, and we will get:

We will get very small number of P(x=1) ~ 2 * 10^-22, which shows the
probability of getting one fatality during a year
 Solution
Find E(x) and the standard deviation of “x”.

Using the aforementioned formulas, we get that the Expected

Value of mean of fatalities is 4.5 per month, and the standard
deviation = 2.12
P(z>2.46)=0.0069

P(z<0.85)=0.80
There is no tears
in SOBE school
Hypothesis
Testing
Assumptions about population parameter
 Hypothesis
Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to
determine if there is enough evidence in a sample data to
draw conclusions about a population parameter.
 Examples

My group’s average It is reported that IT Generation Z reads

mark from FA mid- guys get on average on average 200
term is 76 marks. $1,500 salary in
pages of book per
Is it the same for all Uzbekistan. Is it
week. Isn’t it actually
FA students ? actually lower than
more than 200 pages
$1,500?
per week?
 Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
General statement or Opposite of the null
consectetur adipiscing elit. Etiam
euismod id sem quis accumsan.
default position hypothesis
Sed tempus placerat velit a
placerat. Cras suscipit est at
Always contains Never contains
mauris blandit efficitur finibus.

the “=” sign the “=” sign

 IMPLEMENTATION

02 04
01 03
Setting Calculating Formulating Making
Hypothesis test statistic decision rule decision
 Problem
Petrol station reports that it serves to on average 600 cars per
day. You stayed there for 100 days and found out that on average
610 cars visited petrol station with standard deviation of 40 cars.

1) Does the number of clients differ from 600?

2) Is the number of clients less than 600?
3) Is the number of clients more than 600?
(significance level - 5%)
 Two-sided: µ=600
µ≠600

Left-sided: µ≥600
01 µ<600

Setting Right-sided: µ≤600

Hypothesis
µ>600
 02 610-600
40/√100
Calculating
test statistic
=2.5
 Two-sided: =2.5
0.025=1.96

Left-sided: =2.5
03
0.05
=1.645
Formulating
decision rule Right-sided: =2.5
0.05
=1.645
 Two-sided: 2.5>1.96
There is sufficient evidence to
>z 0.025 claim average number of
clients is not 600

Left-sided: 2.5>-1.645 Fail to

04 There is no sufficient evidence
>-z0.05 to claim average number of
clients is less than 600

Making Right-sided: 2.5>1.645

decision There is sufficient evidence to
>z 0.05 claim average number of
clients is more than 600
The management of White Industries is considering a new
method of assembling its golf cart. The present method
requires a mean time of 42.3 minutes to assemble a cart. The
mean assembly time for a random sample of 36 carts, using
the new method, was 40.6 minutes, and the standard
deviation of the sample was 2.7 minutes. Using the 0.10 level of
significance, can we conclude that the mean assembly time
using the new method is faster?
Type I error (false-positive): rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true in the
population;

Type II error (false-negative): failing to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false
in the population
 Decision rule: Reject Ho if p-value < alpha

p-value = P(z > 2.5) = P(z < -2.5) = 0.0062 < alpha = 0.05
NBA
Many basketball fans think that Michael Jordan has worse scoring
records of 3-Point Field Goal performance compared to Stephen
Curry. As of now, Curry has scored 3481 out of 8140 3-Point Field
shots. Jordan’s success rate was 32.7%. Let’s test whether Curry’s
performance in 3-Point Field shooting is statistically better than
that of Jordan or just based on good luck/chance. Calculate the
test statistic, significance level = 10%

0.327
0.327
p=3481/8140=42.8

0.428 - 0.327
zstat = =19.42
√0.327*(1 - 0.327)/8140
zcritic=1.28 Reject H0
There is way too much evidence that Curry is better than Jordan
in 3-point field shooting
 You conducted a survey to find out how many
hours your groupmates studied ISDS a week. Your
results are the following: 25 students on average
studied 10 hours a week with standard deviation
of 2 hours. Your friend also conducted survey and
his results: 20 students studied on average 9 hours
a week with standard deviation of 3. Is there
enough evidence to claim your group studied on
average more hours than your friend’s group?
Significance level = 1%
H0: µ1< µ2 10 - 9 1
Ha: µ > µ zstat = = =1.2804
1 2 √ 4/25+9/20 √0.61

zcritic= 2.33 zstat < zcritic

Fail to Reject Null Hypothesis

Your group on average doesn’t study more than your

friend’s group
The shop sold umbrellas on 6 days with standard
deviation of 1.2, while the second shop sold
umbrellas on 8 days with standard deviation of 4.
DO the variances differ for these 2 shops? Use
significance level of 5%
 16
Fstat =
1.44
=11.11

Fcritic
= 6.85. (from F table)

Reject Null Hypothesis

Variances are equal
Thank
you
The probability you reject the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is
true is called
a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Type III error
d. Confidence interval
e. Type IV error
The heights (in inches) of adult males in the United States are believed to be
normally distributed with mean μ. The average height of a random sample of 49
American adult males is found to be 69.72 inches, and the standard deviation of the
49 heights is found to be 4.2. A 90% confidence interval for u is
a. 69.724.20
b. 69.72 1.18
c. 69.72 ± 0.99
d. 69.72 ± 1.55
e. 69.72 ± 2.02
3. You are testing the hypothesis about whether variances of two populations are
equal (Ho) or different (Ha). You obtained the p-value of 0.035 for F-test. What will
be your conclusion at significance level of
5%?
a. Reject Ho and conclude that variances are not equal.
b. Reject Ha and conclude that variances are not equal.
c. Reject Ho and conclude that variances are equal.
d. Fail to reject Ho and conclude that variances are not equal.
e. Fail to reject Ha and conclude that variances are equal.
Suppose the average age in Uzbekistan is 29 years and the standard deviation is 10
years. Assuming the distribution of ages in Uzbekistan follows normal distribution,
what percent of Uzbek population are older than 40 years?
a. 0.1357%
b. 0.8643%
c. 86.43%
d. 13.57%
e. none of the above
5. Suppose the stock price of Tesla Inc. is uniformly distributed
between $200 and $400 for the past 12 months. What is the
probability that the stock price will be greater than $320 for a random
trading day?
a. not enough information
b. 0.60
c. 0.40
d. 0.20
e. 0.10
6. In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked
up randomly. What is the probability that it is neither red nor green?
a. 1/3
b. 3/4
d 8/21
e. none of the above
7 You are given a random variable x, where x-Uniform (10,
20). What is the variance of this
distribution?
a. 0.83 b. 15 c. 2.87 d. 8.33 e. none of the above
8 The demand for cars from a car hire firm may be modeled
by a Poisson distribution with mean of 24 customers per day.
Find the probability that in a randomly chosen hour of the
day (assume the firm operates 24 hours a day), the demand
is 1 customer.
a. 0.648 b. 0.184 c. 0.73 d. 0.084 e. 0.368
9 Over the past 5 years, US airlines average 1 fatality per
month (US Department of Transportation, National
Transportation Statistics, 2015). Assume that the
probability distribution for x, the number of fatalities per
month, can be approximated by a Poisson distribution.
What is the probability of having at least one fatality for a
given month?
a. 0.26 b. 0.74 c. 0.37 d. 0.63 e. 0.45
10 A pollster randomly selected 4 out of 10 available
people. How many different groups of 4 are possible?
a.40 b.70 C.210 d.5040 e.10
1) A local auto dealer had the following monthly sales:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
20 30 18 32 25 24 15 30 20 20 25
a.Find the interquartile range (IQR) of monthly sales.
b. Provide the five-number summary.
c. Sample variance is found to be 30.07. What is the value of the
sample standard deviation?
2) The Census Bureau reports that 3 out of 10 California residents are
foreign- born. Suppose that you choose 8 Californians at random, so
that each has same probability of being foreign- born and they are
independent of each other. Let the random variable X be the number
of foreign-born people you chose.
Answer the questions below the rest in the next page
Continuation
You may use the relevant probability table if needed.
a. What are the possible values of X?
b. What is the probability of at least two of them being not foreign
born?
C. What is the probability that more than 1 but fewer than 6 of them
are foreign born?
3) The use of cellular phones in automobiles has increased dramatically
in the last few years. Of concern to traffic experts, as well as
manufacturers of cellular phones, is the effect on accident rates. Is the
accident rate for cell phone users significantly higher than non-cell
phone users while driving? What is your conclusion from the following
sample information? Use the 0.01 significance level.
the rest in the next page
Continuation

Cell phone user Not cell phone user

Had accident 50 40
Did not have accident 200 310
a. State your hypotheses.
b. Compute the sample proportions and test statistic value.
C. Provide the critical value and rejection region.
d. Provide your decision and interpretations.
e. What is the p-value of this test?
4) Unoccupied seats on flights cause airlines to lose revenue.
Suppose Uzbekistan Airways wants to estimate its mean
number of unoccupied seats per flight over the past decade.
To accomplish this, the records of 144 flights are randomly
selected and the number of unoccupied seats is noted for each
of the sampled flights. The sample mean is 10.6 seats and the
sample standard deviation is 3.1 seats.
a. Create a 92% confidence interval for the average number of
unoccupied seats per flight at Uzbekistan Airways.
b. Is there evidence to conclude that average number
significance level of 1%. Provide all 4 steps of hypothesis
testing
5) You are given the following function:
p(x)=x/4,
where x is related to[2√2 ;4]
a. Prove that this is a continuous
probability distribution.
b. Find the expected value of this
distribution.
If someone says ISDS is easy