Waves Alevel Only Ques

Q1.
Porro prisms are used in binoculars to reverse the path of the light. The prism is in the
shape of a right-angled isosceles triangle.
Figure 1 shows a ray of light, at normal incidence on the longest side, passing through a
glass Porro prism.
Figure 1
The critical angle for light in the prism is 41.5°.
(a) Show that the glass used to make the prism has a refractive index of about 1.5
(1)
(b) Explain why the ray emerges parallel to the incident ray.
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(2)
Page 1 of 135
Figure 2 shows a ray of light entering the prism at an angle of incidence θ and reflecting
off one of the shorter sides.
Figure 2
θ is the largest angle of incidence for which all of the light leaves through the longest side.
(c) Draw on Figure 2 the path of the ray of light as it continues inside the prism and
emerges from the longest side.
(3)
(d) When the angle of incidence is greater than θ, some of the light escapes the prism
through one of the shorter sides.
Assume that the refractive index is 1.5 and the critical angle is 41.5°.
Show that θ is about 5°.

You can use Figure 2 in your answer.
(4)
Page 2 of 135
(e) A manufacturer wants to make a prism with a larger value of θ.
Two alternative changes to the original design of the prism are suggested:
1. use a prism of the original glass in the shape of an equilateral triangle, as

shown in Figure 3
2. use a prism of the original shape made from glass with a smaller refractive
index, as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3 Figure 4
Discuss whether either of the two suggestions would work.
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(4)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 3 of 135
Q2.
Electrons with a certain kinetic energy pass through a powdered crystalline sample and
are incident on a fluorescent screen.
The diagram shows a sketch of the diffraction pattern produced.
A change is made and this second pattern is produced.
Which change could produce the second pattern?
A decreasing the kinetic energy of the electrons
B replacing the electrons with protons with the same

kinetic energy
C using a crystalline sample with a wider spacing
between its atoms
D moving the screen closer to the crystalline sample
(Total 1 mark)
Page 4 of 135
Q3.
A string with a length of 1.2 m vibrates at its second harmonic.
The diagram shows the displacement–time graph for a point on the string.
What are the wavelength and frequency of the wave on the string?
Wavelength / m Frequency / kHz
A 0.6 0.17
B 0.6 0.34
C 1.2 0.17
D 1.2 0.34
(Total 1 mark)
Page 5 of 135
Q4.
In the figure below, a beam of electrons travels through the aperture in the anode and hits
the screen.
(a) Explain how the electrons that form the beam are emitted.
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(1)
(b) Show that the maximum speed of the electrons in the beam is about 1.3 × 107 m s−1.
(1)
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(c) A student suggests that the apparatus can be used to demonstrate the wave
properties of electrons in the beam, provided that the aperture in the anode has a
suitable diameter.
Discuss whether the student is correct.

Support your answer with a calculation.
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(3)
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(d) In 1897, J J Thomson determined a value for the specific charge of an unknown
particle.
The unknown particle is now known to be the electron.
Describe one method to determine the specific charge of the electron.
Your answer should include:
• a description of the apparatus used and the measurements made

• a description of how the specific charge can be determined using these
measurements
• an explanation of the conclusion made by Thomson from the value that he
determined.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 8 of 135
Q5.
Two transparent prisms A and B of different refractive indices are placed in contact to
produce a rectangular block.
The figure below shows the path of a ray, incident normally on A, refracting as it crosses
the boundary between the prisms.
(a) Explain how the path of the ray shows that the refractive index of A is greater than
the refractive index of B.
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(1)
(b) Show that the angle of refraction of the ray in B is about 60°.
(2)
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(c) Draw, on the figure above, the path of the ray immediately after it reaches P.
Justify your answer with calculations.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.
A longitudinal wave of frequency 660 Hz travels through a medium.
The wave speed is 330 m s−1.
Which statement describes the motion of a particle in the wave?
A It is travelling at a speed of 330 m s−1.
It moves in phase with a particle in the wave 25 cm

B
away.
C It oscillates with a time period of 1.5 ms.
D It changes direction 660 times every second.

(Total 1 mark)
Page 10 of 135
Q7.
Figure 1 shows apparatus used to investigate the properties of microwaves.
The microwaves from the transmitter T are vertically polarised and have a wavelength of
about 3 cm.
The microwaves are detected at the receiver by a vertical metal rod R.
Figure 1
(a) Explain how the apparatus can be used to demonstrate that the waves from T are
vertically polarised.
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(3)
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Figures 2a and 2b show T and R and two different positions of a metal plate M that
reflects microwaves. M is vertical and parallel to the direct transmission from T to R.
Figure 2a
Figure 2b
In an experiment, T and R are about two metres apart. M is moved slowly towards X.
Figure 2a shows the initial position of M.
Figure 2b shows M when it has been moved a few centimetres.
The arrowed lines show the path of waves that reach R directly and the path of waves that
reach R by reflection from M.
(b) Explain what happens to the signal detected by R as M is moved slowly towards X.
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(4)
Page 12 of 135
Figure 3 shows an arrangement used in a different experiment to try to determine the
wavelength of the microwaves.
Figure 3
A double-slit arrangement is placed between T and R.
The initial position of R is the same distance from each slit and is 0.45 m from the
midpoint of the two slits.
AB is a line perpendicular to the line between T and the initial position of R.
R can be moved 0.25 m towards A and 0.25 m towards B along AB.
The two slits act as two coherent sources with a separation of 0.12 m.
(c) Suggest why Young’s double-slit equation should not be used to determine the
wavelength.
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(d) The wavelength is known to be about 3 cm.
Deduce whether this practical arrangement is suitable for a determination of a value

for the wavelength.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 14 of 135
Q8.
A light-emitting diode (LED) emits light over a narrow range of wavelengths.
These wavelengths are distributed about a peak wavelength λp.
Two LEDs LG and LR are adjusted to give the same maximum light intensity.
LG emits green light and LR emits red light.
Figure 1 shows how the light output of the LEDs varies with the wavelength λ.
Page 15 of 135
(a) Light from LR is incident normally on a plane diffraction grating.
The fifth-order maximum for light of wavelength λp occurs at a diffraction angle of
76.3°.
Determine N, the number of lines per metre on the grating.
N = _______________ m−1
(3)
(b) Suggest one possible disadvantage of using the fifth-order maximum to determine
N.
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(1)
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(c) Figure 2 shows part of the current−voltage characteristics for LR and LG.
Figure 2
When the linear part of the characteristic is extrapolated, the point at which it meets
the horizontal axis gives the activation voltage VA for the LED.
VA for LG is 2.00 V.
Determine, using Figure 2, VA for LR.
VA for LR = _______________ V
(2)
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(d) It can be shown that:
where h = the Planck constant.
Deduce a value for the Planck constant based on the data given about the LEDs.
h = _______________ J s
(2)
Page 18 of 135
(e) Figure 3 shows a circuit with LR connected to a resistor of resistance R.
Figure 3
The power supply has emf 6.10 V and negligible internal resistance.
The current in LR must not exceed 21.0 mA.
Deduce the minimum value of R.
minimum value of R = _______________ Ω

(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 19 of 135
Q9.
A student investigates the interference of sound waves using two loudspeakers, P and Q,
connected to a signal generator (oscillator). Each loudspeaker acts as a point source of
sound.
Figure 1 shows the arrangement.
Figure 1
Point O is the midpoint between P and Q.
(a) Explain why the two loudspeakers are coherent sources of sound waves.
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(b) The student faces the two loudspeakers at point A. Point A is at equal distances
from P and Q.
He then moves to point B, at right angles to the line OA, still facing the two
loudspeakers.
As his head moves from A to B the amplitude of the sound wave he hears
decreases and then increases. The amplitude starts to decrease again as he moves
beyond B.
Explain why the variation in amplitude occurs as he moves from A to B.
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(3)
(c) The student records the following data:
separation of the two loudspeakers = 0.30 m

distance OA = 2.25 m
distance from A to B = 0.95 m
Show that the path difference for the sound waves from the two loudspeakers to
point B is about 0.1 m.
(3)
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(d) The frequency of the sound wave is 2960 Hz.
Calculate the speed of sound from the student’s data.
speed of sound = _______________ m s−1

(1)
(e) The student moves his head to point C as shown in Figure 2. The emitted
frequency of the sound from the loudspeakers is then gradually decreased.
Figure 2
Discuss the effect that this decrease in frequency has on the amplitude of the sound
wave heard by the student.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 22 of 135
Q10.
This question is about the measurement of the wavelength of laser light.
The light is shone onto a diffraction grating at normal incidence.
The light transmitted by the diffraction grating produces five spots on a screen. These
spots are labelled A to E in Figure 1.
Figure 1
A student uses a metre ruler with 1 mm divisions to take readings. He uses these
readings to obtain measurements a, b and c, the distances between centres of the spots
as shown in Figure 1.
Table 1 shows his measurements and his estimated uncertainties.
Table 1
Measurement Distance / mm Uncertainty / mm
a 289 2
b 255 2
c 544 2
(a) Explain why the student’s estimated uncertainty in measurement a is greater than
the smallest division on the metre ruler.
You should refer to the readings taken by the student in obtaining this
measurement.
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(2)
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(b) The distance between the centres of spots A and C and the distance between the
centres of spots C and E are equal.
That is:
a+b=c
Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the sum of a and b.
percentage uncertainty = ____________________

(2)
(c) Discuss why the experimental measurements lead to a different percentage

uncertainty in c compared to that in a + b.
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(2)
(d) Eye protection should be used to prevent eye damage when using a laser.
Describe one other safety measure to minimise the risk of eye damage when using
a laser in the laboratory.
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(1)
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(e) Figure 2 shows the experimental arrangement with y, the perpendicular distance
between the diffraction grating and the screen, equal to 1.280 m.
Table 2 shows some of the data from Table 1.
Table 2
Measurement Distance / mm
a 289
b 255
c 544
Figure 2
Calculate the angle θ shown on Figure 2.
θ = ____________________ degrees
(1)
(f) Spot E is the second-order maximum.

The diffraction grating has 3.00 × 105 lines per metre.
Calculate the wavelength of the laser light.
wavelength = ____________________ m
(1)
Page 25 of 135
(g) The student plans to repeat the experiment using the same diffraction grating and
laser.
State and explain one way the student can change the experimental arrangement to
reduce the percentage uncertainty in the measurement of the wavelength.
Assume the percentage uncertainty in sin θ is the sum of the percentage

uncertainties in y and c.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 26 of 135
Q11.
Some cars are fitted with a water sensor designed to switch on windscreen wipers
automatically when it rains. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the sensor.
Figure 1
A light ray travels from the light-emitting diode (LED) through the first prism and into the
windscreen. The ray reflects off the surfaces of the windscreen at A, B and C and then
passes through the second prism into the detector.
(a) Suggest how the design ensures that there is no deviation of the ray as it enters the
first prism.
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(b) Suggest two features of the design that ensure that there is no deviation of the ray
as it leaves the first prism and enters the windscreen glass.
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(c) The refractive index of the windscreen glass is 1.52
Explain why the ray follows the path shown inside the windscreen glass in Figure 1.
Support your answer with a suitable calculation.
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(2)
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(d) When it starts to rain, water droplets form on the outside of the windscreen as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
The refractive index of water is 1.33
Explain why the presence of water at A causes the intensity of the light at the
detector to decrease.
Support your answer with a suitable calculation.
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(e) The refractive index of the windscreen glass can vary by a few per cent across the
thickness of the glass.
Discuss how this variation may affect the path of the ray through the windscreen
glass.
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(2)
(f) A different design has the LED and the detector further apart. The ray undergoes
more reflections inside the windscreen glass before reaching the detector.
Discuss two ways in which this different design affects the sensitivity of the sensor
to the presence of water droplets.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 30 of 135
Q12.
A loudspeaker cone is driven by a signal generator (oscillator).
The graph shows the variation of displacement with time t for a point P at the centre of the
cone. P is oscillating with simple harmonic motion.
(a) State the time, in milliseconds, when P is moving at its maximum positive velocity.
time = ____________________ ms
(1)
(b) Calculate the maximum acceleration of P.
acceleration = ____________________ m s–2

(3)
Page 31 of 135
(c) The loudspeaker creates variations in pressure and produces a sound wave in the
air around it.
State the type of wave produced and describe the motion of the particles in this type
of wave.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q13.
The table shows results of an experiment to investigate how the de Broglie wavelength λ
of an electron varies with its velocity v.
v / 107 m s–1 λ / 10–11 m

1.5 4.9
2.5 2.9
3.5 2.1
(a) Show that the data in the table are consistent with the relationship
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(2)
(b) Calculate a value for the Planck constant suggested by the data in the table.
Planck constant = ____________________ J s

(2)
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(c) Figure 1 shows the side view of an electron diffraction tube used to demonstrate the
wave properties of an electron.
Figure 1
An electron beam is incident on a thin graphite target that behaves like the slits in a
diffraction grating experiment. After passing through the graphite target the electrons
strike a fluorescent screen.
Figure 2 shows the appearance of the fluorescent screen when the electrons are
incident on it.
Figure 2
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Explain how the pattern produced on the screen supports the idea that the electron
beam is behaving as a wave rather than as a stream of particles.
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(3)
(d) Explain how the emission of light from the fluorescent screen shows that the
electrons incident on it are behaving as particles.
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(Total 10 marks)
Page 34 of 135
Q14.
Figure 1 shows the structure of a violin and Figure 2 shows a close-up image of the
tuning pegs.
Figure 1 Figure 2
The strings are fixed at end A. The strings pass over a bridge and the other ends of the
strings are wound around tuning pegs that have a circular cross-section. The tension in
the strings can be increased or decreased by rotating the tuning pegs.
(a) Explain how a stationary wave is produced when a stretched string is plucked.
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(b) The vibrating length of one of the strings of a violin is 0.33 m
When the tension in the string is 25 N, the string vibrates with a first-harmonic
frequency of 370 Hz
Show that the mass of a 1.0 m length of the string is about 4 × 10–4 kg
(2)
(c) Determine the speed at which waves travel along the string in question (b) when it
vibrates with a first-harmonic frequency of 370 Hz
speed of waves = ____________________ m s–1

(1)
(d) Figure 3 shows how the tension in the string in question (b) varies with the
extension of the string.
Figure 3
Page 36 of 135
The string with its initial tension of 25 N is vibrating at a frequency of 370 Hz
The diameter of the circular peg is 7.02 mm
Determine the higher frequency that is produced when the string is stretched by
rotating the tuning peg through an angle of 75°
Assume that there is no change in the diameter of the string.
frequency = ____________________ Hz
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q15.
A diffraction grating has 500 lines per mm. When monochromatic light is incident normally
on the grating the third-order spectral line is formed at an angle of 60° from the normal to
the grating.
What is the wavelength of the monochromatic light?
A 220 nm
B 580 nm
C 960 nm
D 1700 nm
(Total 1 mark)
Page 37 of 135
Q16.
The diagram shows an arrangement used by a student to investigate vibrations in a
stretched nylon string of fixed length l. He measures how the frequency f of first-harmonic
vibrations for the string varies with the mass m suspended from it.
The table shows the results of the experiment.
m / kg f / Hz
0.50 110
0.80 140
1.20 170
(a) Show that the data in the table are consistent with the relationship
f ∝ √T
where T is the tension in the nylon string.
(2)
Page 38 of 135
(b) The nylon string used has a density of 1150 kg m–3 and a uniform
diameter of 5.0 × 10–4 m.
Determine the length l of the string used.
l = ____________________ m
(3)
(c) The student uses the relationship in question (a) to predict frequencies for tensions
that are much larger than those used in the original experiment.
Explain how the actual frequencies produced would be different from those that the
student predicts.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 39 of 135
Q17.
Figure 1 shows a ray of monochromatic green light incident normally on the curved
surface of a semicircular glass block.
Figure 1
(a) The angle of refraction of the ray at the plane surface is 90°.
Refractive index of the glass used = 1.6
Calculate the angle of incidence of the ray on the flat surface of the block.
angle of incidence = ____________________ degrees

(1)
(b) A thin film of liquid is placed on the flat surface of the glass block as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
The angle of incidence is changed so that the angle of refraction of the green light
ray at the glass-liquid interface is again 90°. The angle of incidence is now 58°.
Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
refractive index = ____________________

(2)
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(c) The source of green light is changed for one that contains only red and blue light.
For any material red light has a lower refractive index than green light, and blue light
has a higher refractive index than green light. The angle of incidence at the
glass-liquid interface remains at 58°.
Describe and explain the paths followed by the red and blue rays immediately after
the light is incident on the glass-liquid interface.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 41 of 135
Q18.
The graph shows how the vertical height of a travelling wave varies with distance along
the path of the wave.
The speed of the wave is 20 cm s–1.
What is the period of the wave?
A 0.1 s
B 0.2 s
C 5.0 s
D 10.0 s
(Total 1 mark)
Page 42 of 135
Q19.
A stationary wave is set up on a stretched string of length l and diameter d.
Another stationary wave is also set up on a second string made from the same material
and with the same tension as the first.
What length and diameter are required for the second string so that both strings have the
same first-harmonic frequency?
Length of second string Diameter of second string
A 2l 2d
B l 2d
C 2d
D l
(Total 1 mark)
Page 43 of 135
Q20.
This question is about an experiment to measure the wavelength of microwaves.
A microwave transmitter T and a receiver R are arranged on a line marked on the bench.
A metal sheet M is placed on the marked line perpendicular to the bench surface.
Figure 1 shows side and plan views of the arrangement.

The circuit connected to T and the ammeter connected to R are only shown in the plan
view.
Figure 1
The distance y between T and R is recorded.
T is switched on and the output from T is adjusted so a reading is produced on the

ammeter as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
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M is kept parallel to the marked line and moved slowly away as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3
The reading decreases to a minimum reading which is not zero.

The perpendicular distance x between the marked line and M is recorded.
(a) The ammeter reading depends on the superposition of waves travelling directly to R
and other waves that reach R after reflection from M.
State the phase difference between the sets of waves superposing at R when the
ammeter reading is a minimum.
Give a suitable unit with your answer.
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(b) Explain why the minimum reading is not zero when the distance x is measured.
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(c) When M is moved further away the reading increases to a maximum then
decreases to a minimum.
At the first minimum position, a student labels the minimum n = 1 and records the
value of x.
The next minimum position is labelled n = 2 and the new value of x is recorded.
Several positions of maxima and minima are produced.
Describe a procedure that the student could use to make sure that M is parallel to
the marked line before measuring each value of x.
You may wish to include a sketch with your answer.
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(d) It can be shown that
where λ is the wavelength of the microwaves and y is the distance defined in Figure
1.
The student plots the graph shown in Figure 4.
The student estimates the uncertainty in each value of to be 0.025 m and

adds error bars to the graph.
Determine
• the maximum gradient Gmax of a line that passes through all the error bars
• the minimum gradient Gmin of a line that passes through all the error bars.
Gmax = ____________________
Gmin = ____________________
(3)
(e) Determine λ using your results for Gmax and Gmin.
λ = ____________________ m
(2)
Page 47 of 135
Figure 4
(f) Determine the percentage uncertainty in your result for λ.
percentage uncertainty in λ = ____________________ %

(3)
Page 48 of 135
(g) Explain how the graph in Figure 4 can be used to obtain the value of y.
You are not required to determine y.
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(2)
(h) Suppose that the data for n = 13 had not been plotted on Figure 4.
Add a tick (✔) in each row of the table to identify the effect, if any, on the results you
would obtain for Gmax, Gmin, λ and y.
Result Reduced Not affected increased
Gmax
Gmin
λ
y
(4)
(Total 18 marks)
Page 49 of 135
Q21.
A signal generator is connected to an oscilloscope, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
The Y-voltage gain and time-base settings of the oscilloscope are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
When switch S is open (off) the oscilloscope displays the waveform shown in Figure 3.
When S is closed (on) the oscilloscope displays the waveform shown in Figure 4.
(a) Determine the peak-to-peak voltage V of the waveform shown in Figure 4.
V = ____________________ V
(1)
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(b) Determine the frequency f of the waveform shown in Figure 4.
f = ____________________ Hz
(2)
Figure 3
Figure 4
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(c) Figure 5 shows the signal generator connected in series with a resistor R and a
capacitor C.
Figure 5
The oscilloscope is connected across the capacitor.

The Y-voltage gain and time-base settings are still the same as shown in Figure 2.
When S is closed (on) the oscilloscope displays the waveform shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6
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Determine the time constant of the circuit in Figure 5.
time constant = ____________________ s

(2)
(d) A student suggests that setting the time-base to 0.2 ms division–1 might reduce
uncertainty in the determination of the time constant.
State and explain any possible advantage or disadvantage in making this suggested
adjustment.
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(e) The student connects an identical resistor in parallel with R and uses the
oscilloscope to display the waveform across C.
Draw on Figure 7 the waveform you expect the student to see.
The waveform of Figure 6 is shown as a dashed line to help you show how the
waveform changes.
Figure 7
Explain the change in the waveform.
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(f) Figure 8a is a graph of voltage against time showing the output of the signal
generator. Figure 8b shows the voltage across C during the same time interval.
The student interchanges the positions of R and C and connects the oscilloscope
across R.
Complete Figure 8c to draw the voltage across R during the time interval.
Figure 8a
Figure 8b
Figure 8c
Page 55 of 135
(2)
(g) State and explain what changes, if any, the student needs to make to the settings of
the oscilloscope so the waveform across R is fully displayed.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q22.
(a) Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) A piano repairer replaces the wire that produces the highest note on a piano. The
wire has a vibrating length of 0.050 m. He uses a wire with the following properties:
diameter = 3.5 × 10−4 m

density = 7.8 × 103 kg m−3
breaking stress = 3.0 × 109 N m−2
Calculate the tension required for the vibrating wire to produce its correct
frequency of 4.1 kHz.
tension = _______________ N
(2)
Page 56 of 135
(c) Evaluate, using the data provided in part (b), whether it is safe to use this wire.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) The repairer uses faulty wire so that the diameter of the wire increases linearly with
distance along its length. The profile of the vibration produced when the wire sounds
its second harmonic is shown in the diagram below.
The speed c of a transverse progressive wave travelling along a string of mass per
unit length µ and under tension T is given by
c=
Explain which end of the wire, A or B, has the greater diameter and why the profile
of the stationary wave has the shape shown in the diagram above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 57 of 135
Q23.
A student aligns the longer edge of a rectangular glass block along a line LR, as shown in
Figure 1.
The student marks the outline of the block and directs a ray along PQ.
The student marks the direction of the emergent ray then removes the block and marks a
line perpendicular to LR where PQ and LR intersect.
The student then marks the points W, X, Y and Z that are defined in Figure 2.
Page 58 of 135
(a) Show that the refractive index n of the block is given by the equation
You may wish to use the equation
where θ1 and θ2 are the angles shown in Figure 3.
You may also wish to illustrate your answer with a diagram.
Page 59 of 135
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) The student repeats the procedure for different directions of the incident ray PQ.
The student measures XZ, WX, YZ and WY for each direction of PQ.
State and explain how the student can use these results to obtain a value of n by a
graphical method.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 60 of 135
(c) The student used a block with dimensions 114 mm × 65 mm × 19 mm to perform
the experiment.
The student’s data are shown in the table below.
WX/mm WY/mm XZ/mm YZ/mm
130 78 113 44
103 75 80 38
90 73 63 33
81 71 49 27
75 69 38 22
67 66 15 10
Explain whether the range of measurements made by the student is suitable.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 61 of 135
Q24.
(a) Musical concert pitch has a frequency of 440 Hz.
A correctly tuned A-string on a guitar has a first harmonic (fundamental frequency)
two octaves below concert pitch.
Determine the first harmonic of the correctly tuned A-string.
frequency____________________ Hz
(1)
(b) Describe how a note of frequency 440 Hz can be produced using the correctly
tuned A-string of a guitar.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Describe the effect heard when notes of frequency 440 Hz and 430 Hz of similar
amplitude are sounded together.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 62 of 135
Q25.
Figure 1 shows a cross-section through an optical fibre used for communications.
Figure 1
(a) (i) Name the part of the fibre labelled X.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between the core and X.
answer = ____________________degrees
(2)
Page 63 of 135
(b) (i) The ray leaves the core at Y. At this point the fibre has been bent through an
angle of 30° as shown in Figure 1.
Calculate the value of the angle i.
answer = ____________________degrees
(1)
(ii) Calculate the angle r.
answer = ____________________degrees
(2)
(c) The core of another fibre is made with a smaller diameter than the first, as shown in
Figure 2. The curvature is the same and the path of a ray of light is shown.
Figure 2
Page 64 of 135
State and explain one advantage associated with a smaller diameter core.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q26.
The figure below shows a glass prism. Light is directed into the prism at an angle of 56°.
The path of the ray of light is shown as is it enters the prism.
(a) (i) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.
answer = ______________________
(2)
(ii) Calculate the critical angle for the glass-air boundary.
answer = ______________________ degrees

(2)
Page 65 of 135
(b) On the figure above, continue the path of the ray of light until it emerges from the
prism.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q27.
(a) The speed of light is given by
c=fλ
State how each of these quantities will change, if at all, when light travels from air to
glass.
c ______________________
f ______________________
λ ______________________
(3)
Figure 1 shows a side view of a step index optical fibre.
Figure 1
(b) Ray A enters the end of the fibre and then undergoes total internal reflection.
On Figure 1 complete the path of this ray along the fibre.

(2)
(c) (i) The speed of light in the core is 2.04 × 108 ms–1. Show that the refractive
index of the core is 1.47.
(2)
Page 66 of 135
(ii) Show that the critical angle at the boundary between the core and the
cladding is
about 80°.
refractive index of the cladding = 1.45
(2)
(d) Ray B enters the end of the fibre and refracts along the core-cladding boundary.
Calculate the angle of incidence, θ, of this ray at the point of entry to the fibre.
answer = ______________________ degrees

(3)
(e) Figure 2 shows a pulse of monochromatic light (labelled X) that is transmitted a

significant distance along the fibre. The shape of the pulse after travelling along the
fibre is labelled Y. Explain why the pulse at Y has a lower amplitude and is longer
than it is at X.
Figure 2
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 67 of 135
Q28.
The figure below shows a layer of oil that is floating on water in a glass container. A ray of
light in the oil is incident at an angle of 44° on the water surface and refracts.
The refractive indices of the materials are as follows.
refractive index of oil = 1.47

refractive index of water = 1.33
refractive index of the glass = 1.47
(a) Show that the angle of refraction θ in the figure above is about 50°.
(2)
(b) The oil and the glass have the same refractive index. On the figure above, draw the
path of the light ray after it strikes the boundary between the water and the glass
and enters the glass. Show the value of the angle of refraction in the glass.
(2)
(c) Explain why the total internal reflection will not occur when the ray travels from
water to glass.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 68 of 135
(d) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between the glass and air.
answer = ______________________ degrees

(2)
(e) On the figure above, complete the path of the ray after it strikes the boundary
between the glass and air.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q29.
For a plane transmission diffraction grating, the diffraction grating equation for the first
order beam is:
λ = d sin θ
(a) The figure below shows two of the slits in the grating. Label the figure below with
the distances d and λ.
(2)
Page 69 of 135
(b) State and explain what happens to the value of angle θ for the first order beam if
the wavelength of the monochromatic light decreases.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) A diffraction grating was used with a spectrometer to obtain the line spectrum of star
X shown in the figure below. Shown are some line spectra for six elements that have
been obtained in the laboratory.
Place ticks in the boxes next to the three elements that are present in the
atmosphere of star X.
(2)
Page 70 of 135
(d) The diffraction grating used to obtain the spectrum of star X had 300 slits per mm.
(i) Calculate the distance between the centres of two adjacent slits on this
grating.
answer = ______________________ m
(1)
(ii) Calculate the first order angle of diffraction of line P in the figure above.
answer = ______________________ degrees

(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 71 of 135
Q30.
A glass cube is held in contact with a liquid and a light ray is directed at a vertical face of
the cube. The angle of incidence at the vertical face is then decreased to 42° as shown in
the figure below. At this point the angle of refraction is 27° and the ray is totally internally
reflected at P for the first time.
(a) Complete the figure above to show the path of the ray beyond P until it returns to
air.
(3)
(b) Show that the refractive index of the glass is about 1. 5.
(2)
(c) Calculate the critical angle for the glass-liquid boundary.
answer = ______________________ degrees

(1)
Page 72 of 135
(d) Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
answer = ______________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q31.
The diagram below shows a cross-section through a step index optical fibre.
(a) (i) Name the parts A and B of the fibre.
B
(1)
(ii) On the diagram above, draw the path of the ray of light through the fibre.
Assume the light ray undergoes total internal reflection at the boundary
between A and B.
(2)
(b) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between A and B.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
The refractive index of part A = 1.46

The refractive index of part B = 1.48
answer = ____________________ degrees
Page 73 of 135
(2)
(c) State and explain one reason why part B of the optical fibre is made as narrow as
possible.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) State one application of optical fibres and explain how this has benefited society.
Application
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Benefit
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q32.
An aerial system consists of a horizontal copper wire of length 38 m supported between
two masts, as shown in the figure below. The wire transmits electromagnetic waves when
an alternating potential is applied to it at one end.
(a) The wavelength of the radiation transmitted from the wire is twice the length of the
copper wire. Calculate the frequency of the transmitted radiation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 74 of 135
(b) The ends of the copper wire are fixed to masts of height 12.0 m. The masts are held
in a vertical position by cables, labelled P and Q, as shown in the figure above.
(i) P has a length of 14.0 m and the tension in it is 110 N. Calculate the tension
in the copper wire.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) The copper wire has a diameter of 4.0 mm. Calculate the stress in the copper
wire.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(iii) Discuss whether the wire is in danger of breaking if it is stretched further due
to movement of the top of the masts in strong winds.
breaking stress of copper = 3.0 × 108 Pa
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 75 of 135
Q33.
The diagram shows a cube of glass. A ray of light, incident at the centre of a face of the
cube, at an angle of incidence θ, goes on to meet another face at an angle of incidence of
50°, as shown in the figure bellow
critical angle at the glass-air boundary = 45°
(a) Draw on the diagram the continuation of the path of the ray, showing it passing
through the glass and out into the air.
(3)
(b) Show that the refractive index of the glass is 1.41
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Calculate the angle of incidence, θ.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 76 of 135
Q34.
The diagram, which is not to scale, shows the cross-section of a 45° right angled glass
prism supported by a film of liquid on a glass table. A ray of monochromatic light is
incident on the prism at an angle of incidence θ and emerges along the glass - liquid
boundary as shown.
refractive index of glass = 1.5
(a) Calculate the speed of light in the glass.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Determine
(i) the angle of incidence, θ,
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) the refractive index of the liquid.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
Page 77 of 135
(c) The liquid is now changed to one with a lower refractive index. Draw a possible path
for the ray beyond the point A and into the air.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q35.
A diffraction grating was used to measure the wavelength of a certain line of a line
emission spectrum.
(a) The grating had 600 lines per millimetre. The angle of diffraction of the second
order line was 35.8°.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of this line.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(ii) Calculate the energy, in eV, of a photon of this wavelength.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(5)
Page 78 of 135
(b) The line emission spectrum observed in part (a) was produced by a hot gas.
(i) The energy level diagram for the atoms that produced the line spectrum is
shown in the diagram below. Mark on the diagram a vertical arrow to show the
electron transition between the two levels that produced photons of energy 6.8
eV.
(ii) The temperature of the gas was 5000K. Show that the mean kinetic energy of
a gas atom at this temperature is 0.65 eV.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Page 79 of 135
(iii) Describe how the atoms of a gas produce a line emission spectrum and
explain why the gas at a temperature of 5000K can produce a line of the
wavelength calculated in part (a)(i).
You may be awarded marks for the quality of written communication in your
answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 80 of 135
Q36.
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air into a glass prism at an angle of
incidence θi. The light emerges from face BC as shown.
refractive index of the glass = 1.55
(a) (i) Mark the critical angle along the path of the ray with the symbol θc.
(ii) Calculate the critical angle, θc.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) For the ray shown calculate the angle of incidence, θi.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Without further calculations draw the path of another ray of light incident at the
same point on the prism but with a smaller angle of incidence. The path should
show the ray emerging from the prism into the air.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 81 of 135
Q37.
(a) The diagram shows the apparatus required for a simple experiment to measure the
speed of sound.
A pulse of sound is sent down a hollow glass tube and is reflected at the sealed end
of the tube. A microphone, M, placed at the open end detects the initial pulse and, at
a later time, the reflected pulse. The microphone is connected to an oscilloscope
which gives a signal when the microphone detects a pulse of sound.
The signal displayed on the oscilloscope screen is shown below.
If the time base of the oscilloscope is set to 2.0 ms per division, estimate the speed
of sound in air.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
Page 82 of 135
(b) Describe how the frequency of a sinusoidal alternating (ac) voltage source is
measured using an oscilloscope.
Your answer should include a sketch of the trace seen on the oscilloscope screen
and explain how the frequency is obtained from this trace.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 83 of 135
Q38.
(a) Figure 1 shows the electron gun that accelerates electrons in an electron
microscope.
Figure 1
(i) Draw, on Figure 1, electric field lines and lines of equipotential in the region
between the anode and cathode. Assume that there are no edge effects and
that the holes in the plates do not affect the field.
Clearly label your diagram.
(3)
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy, speed and momentum of an electron as it passes
through the hole in the anode.
mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg

charge of an electron = –1.6 × 10–19 C
(4)
Page 84 of 135
(b) By calculating the de Broglie wavelength of electrons coming through the anode of
this device, state and explain whether or not they will be suitable for the
investigation of the crystal structure of a metal.
Planck constant = 6.6 × 10–34 J s
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 85 of 135
Page 86 of 135
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) Uses
sin c =
to get 1.51 ✔
Must see relevant work to award the mark.
Minimum 3 sf must be seen
1
(b) (Each) angle of incidence is 45° (at 2nd and 3rd surfaces)
AND
total internal reflection occurs / which is greater than the critical angle. ✔
Angle of incidence as ray leaves block is 0°
OR
The ray leaves along the normal (and so the ray emerges parallel to the incident
ray). ✔
2
(c) Only (totally internally) reflected ray seen at 2nd reflecting boundary ✔
Reflected ray parallel to first refracted ray (by eye)✔
Ray leaves parallel to initial ray (by eye) ✔

For MP2:
Page 87 of 135
(d) Angle of incidence at 2nd reflecting boundary = 41.5° ✔
MP1 is an identification of angle at 2nd reflecting boundary
Angle of reflection at 1st reflecting boundary = 48.5° ✔

MP2 is (90°- their angle at 2nd reflecting boundary)
Angle of refraction at entry = (90° - 45° - 41.5°) = 3.5° ✔

MP3 is (45° - their angle at 2nd reflecting boundary)
Use of n = 1.5 and Snell’s law to give 5.3° to at least 2 sf ✔

Accept answer that rounds to 5.3°
The identification of their angles can be inferred from their
working or diagram. Simply writing 90° - 41.5° = 48.5° does
not get a mark on its own.
4
(e) Using 60° prism (Fig 3) does not work because:
• light would not leave the prism at the original angle ✔

• idea that light will escape from second reflection ✔
A smaller n (Fig 4) does not work because:
• larger critical angle ✔

• which would reduce the value of θ ✔
Suggestion that the design would work limits the mark to
Max 1 for that design.
Alternative for MP2

Light would no longer be totally internally reflected at second
reflection
OR
angle of incidence at second reflection is now less than the
critical angle
4
[14]
Q2.
A
decreasing the kinetic energy of the electrons
[1]
Q3.
C
1.2 0.17
[1]
Page 88 of 135
Q4.
(a) Idea that filament/metal is heated (by an electric current), giving (some) electrons in
the metal (sufficient) energy to leave the surface ✔
Allow references to the work function (but not just ϕ)
Thermionic emission is not enough by itself.
Do not allow heating of electrons.

Reject ‘accelerated’ (unless it is clearly after they leave the
metal) / ‘ionise’
Ignore references to processes that take place after electron
leaves the metal
Ignore references to free electrons inside the metal
1
(b) Use of mv2=eV
To give v = 1.33 × 107 (m s-1) ✔

Must see 500V for the potential difference (not 506.3V or
493.7V)
≥ 3 SF required.
1.325 × 107 (do not allow 1.32 × 107)
1
(c) Suggestion that, for diffraction to be demonstrated, hole diameter should be of same
order of size as wavelength ✔
Do not allow λ < gap or gap < λ for MP1
(Must refer to gap not just anode)
Discussions in terms of crystalline diffraction can score MP1
and MP2.
Evidence of λ = OR λ =
to give 5.5 × 10-11 (m) OR 5.6 × 10-11 (m) ✔

Must calculate λ for MP2.
Condone use of 506.3V or 492.7V as penalised in 1.2
Allow 1 SF or order of magnitude calculation.
Do not ignore PoT for calculation.
Ignore incorrect conversion to nm if m value given.
Idea that this diameter is smaller than an atom / too small for hole to be made and
therefore this apparatus cannot be used (for this speed/wavelength) / the student is
incorrect ✔
Condone the idea that the student is correct in principle but
this particular setup will not work.
Do not allow ecf to MP3 unless their calculated hole
diameter is of the order of 10-10 m or smaller in MP2.
3
Page 89 of 135
(d) The mark scheme gives some guidance as to what statements are expected to
be seen in a 1- or 2-mark (L1), 3- or 4-mark (L2) and 5- or 6-mark (L3) answer.
Guidance provided in section 3.10 of the ‘Mark Scheme Instructions’
document should be used to assist in marking this question.
Mark Criteria
6 All three areas covered with at least two

aspects covered in some detail.
6 marks can be awarded even if there is an
error and/or parts of one aspect missing.
5 A fair attempt to analyse all three areas. If

there are several errors or missing parts then
5 marks should be awarded.
4 Two areas successfully discussed, or one

discussed and two others covered partially.
Whilst there will be gaps, there should only
be an occasional error.
3 One area discussed and one discussed

partially, or all three covered partially. There
are likely to be several errors and omissions
in the discussion.
2 Only one area discussed, or makes a partial

attempt at two areas.
1 None of the three areas covered without

significant error.
0 No relevant analysis.
For each area (bullet point), consider whether the response is fully addressed,
partially addressed or not addressed. Typically, any missing points mean that the
area is partially addressed.
Significance
Very large e/m (compared to value for hydrogen ion).
(Hydrogen ion had largest known specific charge at the time.)
Therefore particles have very small mass / very large charge (condone light for small
mass)
Experimental procedures and measurements

For a full answer everything should be directly measurable (not Electric Field, Kinetic
Energy, velocity)
Except no details are required for measurement of B
Determination of e/m
Answers should end in e/m =
Expected to be in steps but can carry the algebra through
Allow use of measured Electric Field here.
A full answer should not include e or m as part of the calculation (likely to be found in
working out v)
If methods are mixed up this can be treated as full credit for one of procedures or
determination or as a partial for both.
Page 90 of 135
The minimum response required to address an area fully is given below
Fine Beam Tube
Experimental procedure and measurements

fine beam tube described / diagram including low pressure gas, (Perpendicular) magnetic
field to cause electrons to move in a circle
Radius of curved path r, Accelerating voltage V, Magnetic flux density B
Correct Alternative Methods
Crossed Fields
Parallel plates with voltage applied.
Magnetic field applied to produce balanced forces Accelerating voltage VA
When beam is horizontal: plate voltage Vp, separation d, magnetic flux density B
(allow from measured E)
Measure deflected distance
Initial balanced magnetic and electrical forces to produce horizontal beam
Measure magnetic flux density B, plate p.d. V, distance between plates d and length of
plates x
With no magnetic field, measure vertical deflection y
Horizontal motion: t =
Page 91 of 135
Vertical motion: (y = 0t + at2 = at2 ⇒) a = 2y/t2
or any of
Measure deflected angle
Initial balanced magnetic and electrical forces to produce horizontal beam
Measure magnetic flux density B, plate p.d. V, distance between plates d and length of
plates x
With no magnetic field, measure angle θ beam is deflected through
Horizontal motion: t =
vy = v tan θ
Vertical motion (vy = 0 + at = at ⇒ )a =
Incorrect Methods
Milikan’s Oil drop / use of measured weight / Gas tube / Crooke’s tube / Discharge
tube
Partial credit for one area ONLY can be awarded for a good treatment that includes all of
the following
• At least one experimental detail
• Some measurements
• Some calculation
Quantum Jumping or anything else
These cannot address areas 1 and 2
Ignore use of undescribed velocity selector, mass spectrometer, ...
No credit for measure Q and m and divide them.

6
[11]
Page 92 of 135
Q5.
(a) As angle of refraction greater than angle of incidence with reference to
Snell’s law / n = sin i ÷ sin r
OR
light bends away from normal when it speeds up ✔
(Therefore nA > nB)

1
(b) Calculation of angle of incidence = 90° − 43° = 47° ✔
Use of Snell’s law to give angle of refraction = 61(.4)° cao ✔

MP1 may be seen on diagram
Calculator value: 61.357 115 7
2
(c) Use of sin c = 1/n to get c = 48°
OR
i = (180° – 43° − 61.4° =) 76° ✔
Other calculation and i greater than c therefore tir ✔
Ray reflecting off P to land where the top of the n of ‘not to scale’ label
meets the glass surface ✔
Condone 77° but not 75°
No ecf from MP1 to MP2
Allow a range:
3
[6]
Q6.
C
[1]
Page 93 of 135
Q7.
(a) Rotate aerial in vertical plane ✔
When aerial vertical signal is a maximum
When aerial horizontal signal is a minimum ✔
Max occurs when aerial aligned with plane of polarisation of microwave ✔

The first mark is for what needs to be done
The second mark is for what is measured
The third mark is for the link to polarisation
3
(b) Received signal goes through series of max and min✔
Reflected and direct microwaves interfere ✔
Path length of reflected wave/path difference increases as plate moved✔
Phase difference between reflected and direct waves changes (so signal strength
changes.) ✔
First mark is for what is observed
Accept ‘both’ for ‘reflected and direct’
If no other mark given, 1 mark can be awarded for mention
of interference/ superposition/ out of phase
4
(c) Equation only valid if slit-screen distance is a lot greater than slit separation✔
Allow arguments in terms of angles
Allow 0.45 m for slit-screen distance
Allow use of standard symbols
1
(d) Maximum path length for first slit

= √(0.452 + (0.25 – 0.06)2)
= 0.49 m✔1
MP1 is for one path length correct
MP2 is for both path lengths correct
Max path length for second slit

= √(0.452 + (0.25 + 0.06)2)
= 0.55 m✔2
MP3 is for determination of path difference and conclusion.
Path difference = 0.55 – 0.49 = 0.06 m

Which is greater than half a wavelength – so yes✔3
✔
Alternative for MAX2
Young equation✔ used to determine fringe separation. 12
Idea that fringe separation < 0.25 m so wavelength can be
determined. 3
3
Page 94 of 135
[11]
Q8.
(a) reads off λp 1✔
for✔1 condone POT;
expect λp = 635 ± 2 (nm) /
635 ± 0.02 × 10−9 / 6.35 ± 0.02 × 10−7 (m)
allow evidence of working on Figure 1
1
use of n × their λp = d sin θ 2✔

for✔2 accept subject n with no / incomplete substitution, eg
OR
subject d and full substitution, eg
5.15 × their λp
OR
correct result d = 3.27 (× 10−6 (m));
allow ECF in λp including POT;
allow recognisable d / 2 sf intermediate result
3
✔
for 3 accept ≥ 3 sf in range 3.05 to 3.07 × 105 OR
(allow ECF for λp out of range but

not if due to POT)
1
Page 95 of 135
(b) identifies an appropriate physical characteristic that makes the measurement of the
(5th) maximum more difficult ✔
take ‘it’ to be the 5th maximum / peak
(centre difficult to locate because)
(5th) ‘maximum is wider’ / ‘peak less pronounced’ / ‘less
defined’ or wtte;
allow ‘maximum more spread out’ / ‘less pronounced’
OR
maximum ‘is fainter’ / ‘less bright’ / ‘intensity reduced’;
reject ‘not as clear’
OR
(cannot use edges to determine location of centre because)
‘whole maximum (may be) not visible’ / ‘can’t see edges’
OR
(LR produces a range of wavelengths so)
4th and 5th / adjacent fringes may overlap
1
(c) extrapolation of linear region of the LR characteristic 1✔

✔
for 1 reads off where a ruled extrapolation to the linear
region of the LR characteristic reaches the horizontal axis
the line must be free from discontinuities; condone a ruled
dashed line
condone tangent meeting curve at I ≥ 10 mA
VA for LR in range
✔ 1.91 to 1.93 (V) 2✔
for 2 > 3 sf acceptable if rounding to 3 sf
2
(d) ✔calculation of the Planck constant 1✔

any fully correct
for 1 allow 2 sf
use of c = 3(.00) × 108 AND e = 1.6(0) × 10−19
AND EITHER
VA from (c) AND λp in range 620 to 650 nm / ECF their λp
from (a)
OR
VA = 2.00 AND λp in range 550 to 580 nm;
calculates mean of two valid calculations of the Planck constant;
✔ to 6.50 × 10−34 (J s) 2✔
result in range 6.10
for 2 Planck constant result rounding to correct 3 sf
(check very carefully working leading to data booklet value
6.63 × 10−34)
1
Page 96 of 135
(e) VF corresponding to IF = 21 mA read from LR graph in Figure 3;
use of VF = 2.01 (V) leading to R = 195 (Ω) earns both marks
calculates R from
for✔1 accept evidence of working on Figure 3 condone 2 sf
eg VF = 2.0 (V)
allow POT error for IF
1
R = 195 (Ω) from 195 2✔

for✔2 evidence to show use of VF = 2.01 ± 0.01 (V) must be
seen, ie allow
1
[10]
Q9.
(a) Understanding that for coherence sources must have same frequency/wavelength
AND constant phase difference. ✔
And that this achieved by both speakers being connected to same signal
(generator). ✔
2
(b) The sound waves from the two speakers superpose (at a point) ✔
Do not accept ‘interfere’ or ‘superimpose’ for ‘superpose’
Accept for MP1 waves adding together/combine at a point
(e.g. point A) for ‘superpose’.
Do not accept diagram.
At A (and B) the two waves are in phase/ have zero phase difference (and a
maximum is produced) ✔
Moving away from A introduces a path difference/phase difference/waves are out of

phase (and amplitude decreases) ✔
(Moving on towards B the waves move back in phase)

Award MP3 for formation of minimum/destructive
interference due to (odd number of) half wavelength path
difference/π/ 180o phase difference/ antiphase.
3
Page 97 of 135
(c) Clear evidence of use of Pythagoras ✔
Correct calculation of either length PB or QB ✔
PB = (2.252 + (0.95 – 0.3/2)2) ½ = 2.39 m
QB = (2.252 + (0.95 + 0.3/2)2) ½ = 2.50 m
(Path difference =) QB – PB either numerically or algebraically ✔
(= 0.11 (0.12) m)
If ws/D used to give 0.13 (m) reward with 1 mark
3
(d) (Path difference = one wavelength)
Use of speed = frequency × wavelength to give
Speed = 2960 × 0.12 = 360 m s–1 ✔

Working or equation must be seen.
Condone use of 0.10 m or 0.11 m or 0.127m or 0.13 m
0.10 gives 300 (296) m s–1
0.11 gives 330 (325.6) m s–1
0.127 gives 376 m s–1
0.13 gives 380 (385) m s–1
1
(e) Wavelength (gradually) increases. ✔
So that path difference at C gets closer to one wavelength ✔

Alternative for MP2: ✔
Separation of maxima (along line AB) increases
(Amplitude of) sound will get larger/louder as waves move in

phase (then smaller/quieter). ✔
Alternatives for MP3:
Maximum moves (from B) towards C so amplitude of sound
gets larger/louder (then quieter).
OR
✔
Maximum moves further along path/beyond C so amplitude
of sound gets quieter
3
[12]
Page 98 of 135
Q10.
(a) MAX 2
Uncertainty in one/each reading is 1 mm 1✔

Allow the uncertainty in (reading) the position of a spot is 1
mm.✔1
OR
The measurement involves making two readings / there are two uncertainties
(to be considered) in this measurement 1✔
Owtte
Difficulty / uncertainty in locating (exact) position of (centre of) spot 2✔
Or
Difficulty / uncertainty in lining up the (centre of the) spot with a graduation on
the ruler 2✔
Or
Difficulty / uncertainty in locating the position of A / B 2✔
Do not allow:
• because the smallest division is 1 mm
• hard to see measurements to less than 1 mm
(need to link to position of spot (or A or B)
• “because of both sides of the ruler” on its own
• “ruler slightly misaligned” too vague
the uncertainties from two (readings) are added 3✔

insufficient includes:
• uncertainty doubles
• uncertainty is twice the smallest division
• Random error or human error or error without
further detail.
However:
The uncertainty doubles because there are two readings
scores MP1
Also:
The uncertainty doubles because there are two readings with
identical uncertainties would score 2 marks.
Mention of range of repeated measurements ÷ 2 is not
applicable in this case.
2
Page 99 of 135
(b) (Adds the uncertainties =) 4 (mm) 1✔
Or
Use of by substitution
(percentage uncertainty=) (×100) (%) 1✔
(% uncertainty =) 0.74 or 0.7 (c.a.o) 2✔ (1 or 2 significant figures only)

1st mark
Expect to see:
(percentage uncertainty=) (×100) (%)

Maximum 1 mark for
Condone (in substitution):
• 2/289, 2/255, 2/272, 2/544, 4/289, 4/255, 4/272
• power of ten errors (POT errors)
• must be a recognisable uncertainty
Maximum 1 mark for
use of
(percentage uncertainty=) (value)(×100) (%)

along with substitutions of
• 2/289, 2/255, 2/272, 2/544, 4/289, 4/255, 4/272,
4/544
• power of ten errors
condone for 1 mark
( (2/289 + 2/255) × 100 = )
1.48% or 1.5%
2nd mark
Condone working leading to 2nd mark for:
Use of (percentage uncertainty=)

Do not allow mean of two separate % uncertainties or
incorrect formula quoted and used in workings
2
Page 100 of 135

(c) MAX 2
The percentage uncertainty in c is smaller than for a or b because c has a

larger value (than a or b separately)1✔
or % uncertainty in c is half the percentage uncertainty in a + b 1✔
or The percentage uncertainty in c is smaller because its uncertainty is smaller

for the same data value 1✔
Insufficient:
• c has a smaller uncertainty
• a + b has a larger uncertainty
• The uncertainty of a + b is combined
c’s (% uncertainty =) 0.37 or 0.4 2✔ or c’s (% uncertainty =) × 100 2✔
idea that c’s measurement involves fewer readings than the sum of a and b
3✔
or
idea that c requires fewer measurements than the sum of a and b 3✔
Accept converse
Where numbers are quoted, these must be consistent with
terms used.
4 readings, 2 readings
2 measurements, 1 measurement
2
Page 101 of 135

(d) (when laser is switched on) always stand behind the laser (unless taking
readings) ✔
Or
if in front of laser (when switched on) look away from the laser (eg when taking
readings) ✔
Or
if in front of laser (when switched on) don’t look at/towards the laser (eg when
taking readings) ✔
Or
don’t look directly into the laser (beam)✔
Or
direct laser towards nearest wall ✔
Or
switch off laser when not in use ✔
Or
ensure (glass) reflective surfaces are covered (prevent reflections) ✔
Or
Do not shine the laser onto a reflective surface ✔
Or
place safety notices outside the laboratory [room] ✔
Or
don’t shine laser at eye level ✔
Or
mark positions with pen/pencil and measure after laser switched off ✔
Or
laboratory is normally illuminated (not darkened) ✔
Where a list of safety measures has been given:
• Treat more than one correct as neutral
• Penalise incorrect safety measure in a list that
may include correct safety measures.
Do not credit weak statements:
• Do not look at the laser
• Don’t point the laser anywhere except at the
grating
• Don’t look directly at the laser
Beware of references to “the light”.
1
Page 102 of 135

(e) ✔
allow 2 or more significant figure answer
acceptable common answers:
23, 23.0, 23.03, 23.025, 23.0255
Where more than 3 sf quoted, the number must be correct.
alternative method
(valid attempt to determine distance from grating to spot E,
eg
(distance = = 1.391)
(sin = 0.391 )
✔
(θ =) 23.0(°)
allow 2 or more significant figure answer
acceptable common answers:
23, 23.0, 23.03, 23.025, 23.0255
Condone mid-calculation rounding leading to errors in 4th sf
where quoted.
1
(f) use of nλ = dsinθ 1✔
or
(if nothing else seen) d = 3.3 × 10–6m 1✔
Use of:
Correct rearrangement where subject would be λ
or correct substitution of n, d and θ
Expect to see n = 2 , d = 3.3(3) × 10–6 , θ = 23(.0)
Condone one error in substitution for n or d in a correctly
rearranged equation where subject would be λ
(or where answer indicates the correct working for incorrect
numbers, d error leads to 5.86 × 104)
Condone power of ten errors in working
λ = 6.5(2) × 10–7 (m) 2✔ ecf

2 or 3 sf only
where 3 sf quoted answer must be in range 651 to 652 nm
(or ecf )
Common ecf (sin θ error in 1.5):
Expect to see an answer that rounds to 7.1 × 10–7m to 2 sf
2
Page 103 of 135

(g) The second mark (2✔) is contingent on the award of the first mark (1✔).
Increase distance from grating to screen / increase y 1✔
(This will increase distance y (and/or c) therefore) decreasing the percentage

uncertainty in y / c / fringe spacing / θ / sin θ 2✔
Do not accept:
• darkened room
• use a (vernier) caliper
• use a travelling microscope
• Repeat
• Repeat and average
• Computer / data logger / camera
• Ruler with smaller divisions
• Make the maxima further apart (details on how
this is achieved are required)
• Increase distance between laser and screen.
Decreases the percentage uncertainty in✔y 2
Or
Use a higher-order spot 1✔
(This will increase distance from centre spot to higher-order spot therefore)
decreasing the percentage uncertainty in the fringe spacing/θ /sin θ 2✔
Condone reference to this distance as c
Or
Measure distance between A and E 1✔
(This increases the distance therefore) decreasing the percentage uncertainty

in c 2✔
No details of determination of c are required.
2
[12]
Page 104 of 135

Q11.
(a) Ray enters (prism) along normal ✔
Allow normal explained eg at right angles to surface
Accept “angle of incidence is 0”.
1
(b) Treat each point independently.
Prism material/it has/they have same refractive index / optical density as

windscreen ✔
Condone ‘it has’ or ‘they have’ or just ‘same’
Allow “no change of speed between prism and windscreen”
Allow “made from same material”
Do not allow “same refractive index between them”
Treat “monochromatic” as neutral
Prism fitted to windscreen without gaps ✔

Allow “contact between prism and windscreen is clean” etc.
Allow “touching the windscreen”
Condone suggestion that any bonding material has same
refractive index (as prism and windscreen).
Do not accept ‘no boundary’
2
(c) C = arcsin (1/1.52) = arcsin (0.66) = 41(.1)° ✔

The first mark is for the calculation.
45° > critical angle / 41.1° resulting in total internal reflection / tir (at each
boundary) ✔
The second is for the discussion but is contingent on
obtaining a value for C.
Ecf for any C < 45°
Accept clear reference to angle at point A in place of 45°
statement.
Do not allow “angle of incidence> critical angle” on its own.
2
Page 105 of 135

(d) Calculation of critical angle at glass–water boundary (61.0°)
OR
Calculation of possible n from glass to water (0.707) or absolute n for glass

(1.88)
OR
Calculation of angle of refraction in water (53.9°) ✔
So total internal reflection no longer takes place

OR
some light escapes/refracts (into water) / less light reflects ✔
(Less light stays within windscreen so less light detected at sensor)

Do not allow suggestion that TIR occurs at critical
angle/when angle of incidence=critical angle.
Do not allow “ray/all the light escapes/refracts” or “no light
reflects” or ”less TIR”.
Do not condone “total internal refraction/diffraction”
2
(e) Statement of effect of change in n on the path direction ✔

Eg for MP1
• Light may change direction inside windscreen
• Light may change direction at a windscreen
boundary
(Sensible reference to the variation of a few per cent) leads to the idea that
change is unlikely to be significant ✔
Eg for MP2
• Variation too small to deviate significantly within
windscreen – internal effect
• Variation too small to affect tir at A without
droplet – boundary effect
• Variation too small to significantly affect
transmission at A with droplet – boundary effect
Allow discussions that may cause a difference, eg there is a
summative effect from multiple reflections etc
MAX 2
Page 106 of 135

(f) More sensitive because…
more likely to encounter/detect water drop OR will encounter more water
drops ✔
bigger decrease in light intensity, so more sensitive to rain ✔
Less sensitive because…

more likely to encounter imperfections in glass/on surface of glass /dirt on
surface of glass ✔
any curvature effects will be greater so may not hit detector ✔
light intensity reduced without presence of water / greater absorption in
windscreen due to greater path length ✔
Allow any 2 comments taken from list.
There must be a sense of whether the comment relates to an
improvement or decrease in sensitivity.
Treat as list; mark 1 and 2 independently.
Allow idea of larger area
Do not allow a response that discusses travel time of ray.
MAX 2
[11]
Q12.
(a) 1.5 (ms) ✔
1
(b) A = 4.2 (mm) read from graph ✔
T = 2.0 (ms) read from graph ✔
(amax = 4.2 × 10–3 × (2 × π /(2 × 10–3))2
4.1(5) × 104 (m s–2) ✔ (Do not allow 4.2)

Condone power of ten error in A and/or T but not in final
answer.
Evidence for T might be seen in equation, as 500 (f).
Only allowed ecf for max 2 is use of 4.1 mm for A, giving 4.0
× 104 (m s–2)
3
(c) longitudinal
(they) oscillate along direction of energy transfer ✔

Both required for 1 mark
Condone “vibrate” for oscillate.
Condone ‘travel’ for transfer
1
[5]
Page 107 of 135

Q13.
(a) Clear indication of correct process
two correct values for λv from working plus conclusion
(7.35; 7.25; 7.35) ✔
three correct values plus conclusion ✔

Condone no or misuse of powers of 10
Allow use of value of h as the constant to show that v values
in table are consistent with the λ values
1
....................................................................................
ratio approach v1/v2= λ2/λ1 shown for 2 sets of data ✔
shown for two other sets of data + conclusion ✔

May predict one of the values assuming inverse
proportionality and compare with table value
(once for 1 mark; twice for 2 marks)
1
(b) h =λmv or substitution of correct data in any form ✔

May determine average value using mean constant from 2.1
or average 3 calculations in this part
1
6.7(0) × 10–34 from first and third data set; 6.6(0) × 10–34 from second ✔
1
Page 108 of 135

(c) Particle behaviour would only produce a patch/circle of light /small spot of light or
Particles would scatter randomly ✔
Wave property shown by diffraction/ interference ✔
Graphite causes (electron)waves/beam to spread out /electrons to travel in

particular directions ✔
Bright rings/maximum intensity occurs where waves
interfere constructively/ are in phase ✔
for a diffraction grating maxima when sinθ = nλ/d ✔

Marks are essentially for
1. Explaining appearance of screen if particle
2. Identifying explicitly a wave property
3. Explaining what happens when diffraction occurs
4. Explaining cause of bright rings
5. Similar to diffraction grating formula (although not same)
NB Not expected: For graphite target maxima occur when
sinθ =λ/2d (d =spacing of atomic layers in crystal)
1
1
1
Page 109 of 135

(d) Electrons must provide enough (kinetic) energy
‘instantly’ to cause the excitation
OR
the atom or energy transfer in 1 to 1 interaction
OR
electron can provide the energy in discrete amounts
OR
energy cannot be provided over time as it would be in a wave

Description of Photoelectric effect = 0
Not allowed: any idea that wave cannot pass on energy, e.g.
waves pass through the screen
1
Any 2 from
Idea of light emission due to excitation and de-excitation of electrons/atoms ✔
Idea of collisions by incident electrons moving electrons in atoms between energy

levels/shells/orbits ✔
Light/photon emitted when atoms de-excite or electrons move to lower energy levels
✔
1
1
[10]
Q14.
(a) Waves travel to the boundaries and are reflected ✔
Not bounce off ...
1
two waves travelling in opposite directions interfere/superpose ✔

Not superimpose or interferes with itself
1
Fixed boundaries (cannot move so) are nodes ✔

creates nodes and antinodes bland = 0
In some positions the waves always cancel /interfere destructively to give zero
amplitude/no vibration/nodes)
OR
interfere constructively to produce positions of maximum amplitude/maximum
vibration/antinodes ✔
1
Max 3
Page 110 of 135

(b) Use of ✔
Either rearranges for μ without substitution or substitutes
correctly in the formula
1
4.2 (4.19) × 10–4 (kg) ✔

1
(c) 240 (244) (m s–1)

1
(d) 1 rotation of the peg = 22 mm ✔

Or Reads increase in tension produced by the extra
extension (about 10 N) from graph and adds to 25
1
extra extension = 22 × 75/360 = 4.6 mm
(ecf for incorrect circumference) ✔

πd × 75/360 not evaluated =1
1
Total extension = 11 + 4.6 (15.6 mm) so tension 35 - 36N ✔

Inspect their length and their tension in the substitution
1
Calculates frequency for their tension

T must be greater than the original 25N
Condone adding or subtracting extra extension to 0.33 m
If 4.0 × 10–4 kg used then answer will be in range 448 Hz to
455 Hz
If 4.19 × 10–4 used 438 to 444 Hz
1
[10]
Q15.
B
[1]
Page 111 of 135

Q16.
(a) EITHER
calculate value for constant using two calculations ✔
calculate value for constant using three calculations and

make a comment that they have same value ✔
need to see table to look for any working
OR
calculate ratio between masses and √T for one pair of values

✔
calculate ratio between masses and √T for two pairs of

values and make comment about same value ✔
e.g. 0.5/0.8 = √110/√140
OR
work out constant and use to predict one other frequency or

mass ✔
work out constant and use to predict two other frequencies

or mass ✔
no comment needed with this alternative
2
(b) μ = ρA = 1150 × π(5.0 × 10–4/2)2
μ = 2.258 × 10–4 (kg m–1) ✔
use of consistent m and f Substituted in including

g but condone powers of 10 error ✔
Award second mark if T and f substituted correctly (ignore μ)
0.67 m ✔
If used diameter for radius incorrectly then lose first mark but
can get third mark (answer 0.335 m)
3
(c) appreciation of reducing diameter when string is stretched.

✔
lower mass per unit length so (constant of proportionality and

hence) frequency is higher (than would be predicted) ✔
2
[7]
Page 112 of 135

Q17.
(a) i = sin–1 (1/1.6) = 39° ✔
1
(b) sin 58 = n/1.6 ✔

n = 1.4 (1.36) ✔
1
1
(c) blue light undergoes TIR ✔

red light refracted ✔
reason i.e. critical angle for red light is more OR critical angle
for blue light is less ✔
Allow correct description of refraction. Ignore statements
about towards/away from normal
OR
if refractive indices change by same factor ✔
critical angle stays constant ✔
so path followed by red and blue light is the same ✔
OR
don’t know if refractive indices change by same factor ✔
so can’t predict the effect on critical angle ✔
so can’t predict paths of red and blue light ✔
For second two alternatives third mark (i.e. about paths of
red and blue) dependent on first mark (i.e. factor of refractive
index change)
1
1
1
[6]
Q18.
B
[1]
Q19.
C
[1]
Page 113 of 135

Q20.
(a) 180 degrees
accept ° for degrees
OR
π radians ✔
condone c or ‘rad’ for radian
reject ‘half a cycle’
treat ‘π radians in phase’ as talk out
1
(b) (idea that) sets of combining waves do not have the same
amplitude ✔
condone ‘waves do not have same intensity’ or ‘same
energy’ or ‘some energy is absorbed on reflection’ or ‘same
power’ or ‘same strength’ or idea that non point source or
non point receiver would lead to imperfect cancellation
condone the idea that the waves may not be monochromatic
ignore ‘some waves travel further’ or ‘waves do not perfectly
cancel out’
reject ‘waves may not be 180° out of phase’
1
(c) valid use of a set square or protractor against TR (to ensure

perpendicular) 1 ✔
measure x at two different points [at each end of M] and

adjust until [make sure] both distances are the same 2 ✔
OR
use of set square to align M with the perpendicular line earns

2 ✔
if method used does not allow continuous variation in x then

award maximum 1 mark
OR
align graph paper with TR 1 ✔
align M with grid lines on graph paper 2 ✔

both marks can be earned for suitable sketch showing a
viable procedure involving one or more recognisable set
squares or protractors; the sketch may also show a
recognisable ruler, eg
Page 114 of 135

allow use of scale on set square to measure the
perpendicular distances don’t penalise incorrect reference to
the set square, eg as ‘triangular ruler’, as long as the sketch
shows a recognisable set square
2
(d) Gmax line ruled through bottom of n = 3 error bar and through
top of n = 11 error bar 1✔
Gmin line ruled through top of n = 5 error bar and through

bottom of n = 13 error bar 2 ✔
Gmax and Gmin calculated from valid y step divided by valid x

step; both n steps ≥ 6 3 ✔
allow 1 mm tolerance when judging intersection of gradient
lines with error bars
ignore any unit given with Gmax or Gmin; penalise power of ten
error in 01.5
✔
12 = 1 MAX if (either) line is thicker than half a grid square
or of variable width or not continuous;
expect Gmax = 3.2(1) × 10–2 and Gmin = 2.5 (2.49) × 10–2
3
Page 115 of 135

(e)
AND
result in range 2.8(0) to 2.9(0) × 10–2 (m) 1 ✔ 2 ✔
OR
award one mark for
2.7(0) to 3.0(0) × 10–2 (m) 12 ✔

penalise 1 mark for a power of ten error
reject 1 sf 3 × 10–2 (m)
if a best fit line is drawn between the Gmax and Gmin lines and
the gradient of this is calculated award 1 mark for λ in range
2.8(0) to 3.0(0) × 10–2(m)
2
(f) uncertainty in λ = Gmax – λ
OR
λ – Gmin
OR
1 ✔
percentage uncertainty = (uncertainty/λ)×100 2 ✔
✔ 11(.0) % to 14(.0) % 3 ✔
result in range
1 can be earned by showing a valid uncertainty then
dividing by λ ✔ ✔
ecf their λ, Gmax and Gmin for 1 and 2
allow λ found from best fit line
✔
12
✔
allow × 100 where ∆λ is any plausible uncertainty for 2
✔
numerical answer without valid working can only earn 3
3
Page 116 of 135

(g) (states) calculate the (vertical) intercept 1 ✔
OR
outlines a valid calculation method to calculate y 1 ✔
determine the intercept for both lines and calculate average

value 2 ✔
OR
determine the (vertical) intercept of the line of best fit

(between Gmax and Gmin) 2 ✔
draw the line of best fit (between Gmax and Gmin); perform
calculation to find intercept earns✔12
2
(h)
result reduced not affected increased
Gmax ✔
Gmin ✔
λ ✔
y ✔
general marker question
allow any distinguishing mark as long as only one per row
✔
for and X in same row ignore X
✔ ✔
for and in same row give no mark
ignore any crossed-out response
4
alternative approach: single best fit line drawn on Figure 4
(d) G calculated from y step divided by x step;
n step ≥ 6 3 ✔
MAX 1
(e) λ in range 2.8(0) to 2.9(0) × 10–2 ✔

MAX 1
(f) percentage uncertainty in λ = × 100
AND
result in range 11(.0) % to 14(.0) % ✔

MAX 1
(g) calculate intercept
OR
outlines a valid calculation method to find y ✔

MAX 1
Page 117 of 135

(h) as main scheme
no ecf possible
4
alternative approach: non-crossing lines for Gmax and Gmin on

Figure 4: includes lines that meet but do not cross
(d) Gmax and Gmin calculated from y step divided by x step; both
n steps ≥ 6 3 ✔
MAX 1
(e) to (h) as main scheme

1
[18]
Q21.
(a) peak (to peak) voltage = 6.3(0) (V) ✔
accept any answer that rounds to 6.3 V
do not allow power of ten errors, eg 0.0063 V
1
(b) period = 8 divisions
(= 8 × 0.5 × 10–3 (s))
= 4 ms 1 ✔
= 250 (Hz) 2 ✔
✔ Hz seen
award both marks if 250
✔ 4.0(0) ms for 1 but reject 4.05, 3.95 etc
accept
ecf2 for wrong period
2
Page 118 of 135

(c) any valid approach leading to RC in range
2.1 ×10–4 to 3.4 ×10–4 or 3 ×10–4 (s)
OR
their T in 02.2 × 0.069 ± 10 % 12 ✔ ✔
1 mark can be awarded for use of any valid

approach in which RC is seen with
substitutions or with rearranged equations, eg
OR
1.75 × 10–4 = RC × ln 2
OR
valid approaches;
reads off t when C starts to discharge and t at a lower value
of V:
✔
rearranges to calculate RC
for ecf 2 ∆t used must correspond to interpretation of time
base used in determining the frequency in (b); there is no ecf
for misinterpretation of the voltage scale
OR
reads off t when C starts to charge and t at a higher value of
V:
rearranges to calculate RC etc

OR
✔
determines half-life t0.5 and finds RC from
for ecf 2 t0.5 used must correspond to etc
OR
uses idea ✔ that during discharge V falls to 0.37V0 in one time
constant: determines suitable V and reads off RC directly
for ecf 2 time interval used must correspond to etc
Page 119 of 135

OR
uses idea that during charging V rises to 0.63V0 in one time
constant: determines suitable V and reads off RC directly
reject idea that V falls to zero in 5RC
2
(d) qualitative comment
idea that the waveform will stretch horizontally 1 ✔
quantitative comment
by a factor of ✔
OR
half a cycle now covers 10 (horizontal) divisions on the

screen 2 ✔ (and also earns 1 ✔ )
(so the) resolution of the time axis has increased 3 ✔ (and

also earns 1 ✔ )
measuring larger distance / across more divisions from the

screen reduces (percentage) uncertainty in reading the time
(constant / interval / half life) 4 ✔
✔
for 1 look for reference to time axis or direction waveform
is re-scaled
accept ‘graph is longer/stretched’ or ‘will not see whole cycle’
or ‘fewer cycles shown’ or ‘period takes more space’ or
‘distance being measured is larger’ or ‘time per division is
less’ or ‘larger in x direction’ or ‘time is stretched’
reject ‘waveform becomes larger’ or ‘may not see whole
✔ or ‘measuring larger time’
cycle’
for 2 ✔ ✔ needs to be valid quantitative detail
there
award 12 for ‘half a cycle now fills the screen’ or ‘half a
cycle is displayed’ as these clearly recognise the stretching
is along the time axis and ‘half’ is quantitative
accept ‘new distance (on screen corresponding to half life or
time constant) is 2.5 × answer shown in working for (c)’
the candidate who realises that half a wave now covers the
complete width of the screen cannot claim this is a✔
disadvantage; they would still be able to bring either half
cycle into view by using the X-shift and find RC for 3 uses
technical language correctly
ignore (but do not penalise) ‘times are more precise’ or ‘more
accurate’
✔
reject ‘smaller resolution’ or ‘lower resolution’
for 4 there needs to be a qualifying explanation for the
comment about uncertainty
reject ‘advantage because the (time) scale is easier to read’
3 MAX
Page 120 of 135

(e) valid sketch on Figure 7 showing discharge time to 0 V reduced and charging time
to peak voltage reduced (see below) 1 ✔
connecting resistor in parallel with R halves [reduces by

50%] circuit [total] resistance [time constant] 2 ✔
do not insist on seeing second discharge although if shown

this must look correct
2
(f) amendment to Figure 8 showing waveform across R with approximately the correct
shape, amplitude ± V and the correct phase
correct waveform shown while signal generator output is low

(0 V): only the complete negative half cycle needs to be
shown but if second negative half cycle is included it must be
correct 1 ✔
correct waveform shown while voltage across signal

generator output is high; condone no signal or signal = 0 V
before going to –V for the first time 2 ✔
don’t insist on seeing vertical lines

2
Page 121 of 135

(g) reduce the (sensitivity of) (Y-voltage)) gain 1 ✔
(change) to 2 V division–1 2 ✔ (and earns 1 ✔ )
adjust the Y (vertical) shift 3 ✔

‘make (Y-) gain smaller’ or ‘increase the volts per division’ or
‘reduce the Y-resolution’ are acceptable substitutes for
‘reduce the (Y-)gain’
increase the (Y-) gain to 2 V division✔
–1
2 ✔1
not
reduce the (Y-) gain to 0.5 V division✔ –1
1 ✔2
not
ignore any comment about time base or ‘X-gain’
if all positive waveform is given for (f) allow sensible
comment about triggering/stability control, eg
waveform may not be stable ✔1 ; adjust triggering ✔2
2 MAX
[14]
Q22.
(a) Refers to relative direction of oscillations to that of the direction of propagation /
transfer of energy ✔
For transverse waves oscillations are at right angles to direction of propagation

while in longitudinal waves they are in the same direction ✔
allow direction the wave is travelling in
2
(b) Correct value for µ = (1 ×) ρ = 7.5 × 10−4 (kg m−1)✔
Tension = 126 N (allow 9.7 × 105 × their value for µ) ✔

2
(c) Max tension permissible before breaking = 3.0 × 109 ×
= 288 (289)(290) N ✔
This is greater than required tension so wire is suitable. ✔
OR
stress in operation = = 1.3 × 109 (N m−2)✔
which is less than breaking stress ∴ safe to use✔
Page 122 of 135

Allow ecf for incorrect area in 2.2
2
(d) Shows second harmonic λ = ✔
Identify f and T are constant so λ is proportional to ✔
λ increases from A to B ✔
mass per unit length decreases from A to B so A has a greater diameter✔

4
[10]
Q23.
(a) ✔
(must see this step either separately or in substitution for
condone i and r for θ etc.)
(b) idea implied that (XZ) × (WY) = n × (WX) × (YZ) is of form y = mx (+ c);
plot (XZ) × (WY) against (WX) × (YZ) ✔
calculate gradient to find n (false plot loses both marks) 2 ✔
[must mention XZ, WX, YZ and WY for full credit: bland ‘plot sin θ1 against sin θ2 and
calculate gradient to find n’= 1 MAX]
[alternative method is to plot XZ against WX to find G1 and plot YZ against
WY to find G2 1 ✔; evaluate to find n 2✔]

2
Page 123 of 135

(c) upper limit of (XZ) range [largest value] is suitable 1 ✔
largest XZ value ≈ length of block (114)
[largest WX value ≈ diagonal distance (131) across block / used
(approximately) largest value of XZ [WX] available]2✔
lower limit of (XZ or YZ) range [smallest value] is not suitable3✔
smallest YZ [XZ] values have large percentage uncertainty / are unreliable] 4✔

(reject idea these values are too close to zero)
smallest WX value ≈ width of block (65)5✔
[statement that range is suitable plus quantitative comment comparing length of

block (114) with 98 (the range of XZ data) or covers more than 85% of available
range] 12✔✔
equivalent statement regarding WX: compares available range (131 to 65 = 66) with
63 (the range of WX data) 12✔✔ = 2 MAX
statement that range is suitable plus simple qualitative comment relating range to
the block, e.g. ‘a large fraction / part of the available XZ [WX] range is covered’ 12✔
= 1 MAX (bland ‘range is large / wide’ is not enough)]
MAX 3
[7]
Q24.
(a) 110 Hz
B1
1
(b) (Use finger on the fret so that) a ¼ length of the string is used to sound the
note or hold string down on 24th fret
B1
1
(c) Mention or description of beats or description of rising and falling amplitude /

louder and quieter
Regular rising and falling of loudness owtte
B1
B1
Beat frequency 10(.0Hz) Allow beat frequency = 430 - 420

2
[4]
Page 124 of 135

Q25.
(a) (i) cladding
1
(ii) sin θc = 1.41/1.46
θc= 75.0 (°) (74.96)

2
(b) (i) 65 (degrees)

1
(ii) 1.46 sin 65 = 1.41 sin r or sin r = 0.93845 ecf bi
r = 70 (degrees) (69.79) ecf bi

2
(c) Two from:
• less light is lost
• better quality signal / less distortion
• increased probability of TIR
• Less change of angle between each reflection
• reflects more times (in a given length of fibre) keeping (incident) angle
large(r than critical angle)
• (angle of incidence is) less likely to fall below the critical angle
• less refraction out of the core
• improved data transfer / information / data / signal carried quicker
• less multipath dispersion (smearing / overlap of pulses)
2
[8]
Page 125 of 135

Q26.
(a) (i) sin 56 = nglass sin 30
(nglass = sin56/sin30) (= 1.658) = 1.7

2
(ii) sin θc = 1/1.658 ecf from ai
θc = (37.09 or 37.04) = 37 (degrees)
accept 36 (36.03 degrees) for use of 1.7

2
(b) TIR from the upper side of the prism ecf from part aii
and correct angle
refraction out of the long edge of the prism away from the normal
2
[6]
Q27.
(a) decrease
constant
decrease
3
(b)
straight ray (ignore arrow) reflecting to the right
reflected angle = incident angle

(accept correct angle labels if reflected angle is outside
tolerance)
2
Page 126 of 135

(c) (i) (n = ) use of 3 (× 108) = = 1.47 (1.4706)
(must see 3 sf or more)

2
(ii) sin θc = or correct substitution in un-rearranged formula
θc = 80.4 (80.401) (80.3 to 80.54) (≈ 80°) must see 3 sf or more

2
(d) angle of refraction = 180 – 90 – 80.4 = 9.6°
sinθ = 147(06) sin 9.6 = 0.25 ecf from first mark
θ = 14 (= 14.194°) ecf from first mark
range 13 to 15° due to use of rounded values

3
(e) (reduced amplitude) due to absorption/energy loss

(within the fibre)/attenuation/scattering (by the medium)
/loss from fibre
(pulse broadening caused by) multi-path (modal) dispersion

/different rays/modes propagating at different angles/non
axial rays take longer time to travel same distance along fibre
as axial rays
2
[14]
Q28.
(a) sin θ = or 1.33 sin θ = 1.47 sin44 or sin–1 0.768 (1)
θ = 50.15, 50.2, 50.35 (°) (1)

answer seen to > 2 sf
2
(b) refracts towards normal (1) 44° shown (1)

2
(c) (TIR) only when ray travels from higher n to lower n or (water to glass) is
lower n to higher n (1)
do not allow ‘density’, allow ‘optical density’, n or refractive
index only
1
(d) sin θc = or 1.47 sin θc = (1 ×) sin90 (1)
θc = 42.86 (= 43.0(°)) (1)

2
Page 127 of 135

(e)
2
[9]
Q29.
(a) λ correct (1)
d correct (1) arrow or line needed, both ends extending beyond

central black line
2
(b) angle θ gets smaller (1)
because path difference gets smaller/d constant, (λ smaller) so

sin θ smaller (1)
max 1 for correct explanation for λ increasing

2
Page 128 of 135

(c) boxes 1,5,6 (1)(1)
two correct 1 mark
4 ticks max 1
5 or 6 ticks gets 0
2
(d) (i) 3.3 × 10–6 m (1) (1/300 = 3.33 × 10–3 mm, 3300 nm) DNA 1 sf here
DNA 1/300 000 as answer
accept 3 1/3 × 10–6, 3.33 × 10–6 recurring, etc
1
(ii) (sin θ =) (1)
correct wavelength used and seen (545 to 548 × 10–9)
and 9.4 to 9.6 (°) (1) ecf (d) (i), for correct wavelength only
(545 to 548 × 10–9)
2
[9]
Q30.
(a) reflects at correct angle by eye (use top of ‘27’ and bottom
of ‘42’ as a guide) or 27° or 63° correctly marked (1)
refracts away from normal at glass/air (1)
symmetrical by eye or refracted angle (42°) correctly marked

and at least one normal line added (1)
3
(b) (ng) = (1) DNA 42/27 = 1.56
= 1.47 (1.474) 3 sf shown (1)

2
(c) 63 (°) (1)

allow 62 to 62.99 with reasoning, allow ‘slightly less than 63’
without reason given
1
(d) = 1.474 sin (c) (1) or use of n = 1.5
= 1.3(1) or 1.34 if n = 1.5 used (1)

2
[8]
Page 129 of 135

Q31.
(a) (i) A: cladding + B: core (1)
1
(ii)
refraction towards the normal line (1)
continuous lines + strikes boundary + TIR correct angles by

eye + maximum 2 TIRs (1)
2
(b) or = 0.9865 (1)
80.6 or 80.8 or 81 (°) only (1)

2
(c) to reduce multipath or multimode dispersion (1)
(which would cause) light travelling at different angles to arrive at

different times/pulse broadening/merging of adjacent pulses/’smearing’/
poor resolution/lower transmission rate/lower bandwidth/less distance
between regenerators (1)
or to prevent light/data/signal loss (from core or fibre) (1)
(which would cause) signal to get weaker/attenuation/crossover/data

to be less secure (1)
2
(d) correct application (1) (endoscope, cytoscope, arthroscope etc,

communications etc)
linked significant benefit stated eg improve medical diagnosis/improve

transmission of data/high speed internet (1)
2
[9]
Page 130 of 135

Q32.
(a) λ(=2 × 38) = 76(m)
MHz (1)
1
(b) (i) angle between cable and horizontal = (1)
T= 110 cos59° = 57N • (56.7N) (1)

(allow C.E. for value of angle)
(ii) cross-sectional area (= p(2.0 × 10–3)2)
=1.3 × 10–5(m2) (1)

(1.26 × 10–5(m2))
stress (1)
= 4.4 × 106Pa (1)

(4.38 × 106Pa)
(use of 56.7 and 1.26 gives 4.5 × 106 Pa)
(allow C.E. for values of T and area)
(iii) breaking stress is 65 × stress

copper is ductile
copper wire could extend much more before breaking
because of plastic deformation
extension to breaking point unlikely
any three (1)(1)(1)

7
[8]
Page 131 of 135

Q33.
(a) diagram to show:
total internal reflection on side face (1)
ray emerging at base bent away from normal (1)
with ≈ correct angles (1)
3
(b) n= (1)
= with calculation (1) (= 1.41)

2
(c) sin θi = n sin θr (1)

sin θi = 1.41 × sin 40 (1)
θi = 65° (1)
3
[8]
Q34.
(a) cg (= )= (1)
= 2.0 × 108 m s–1 (1)

2
(b) (i) sin q1 (= n sin q2) = 1.5 × sin 15 (1)

q1 = 23° (1) (22.8°)
(ii) use of (1) (or equivalent)
n2 = (1)
= 1.3 (1)
5
(c) total internal reflection at A (1)

correct refraction out of glass at r.h.
surface (1) (same angles as l.h. side)
2
[9]
Page 132 of 135

Q35.
(a) (i) (use of d sin θ = nλ gives) 2λ = d sin 35.8° (1)
(= 1.67 × 10–6)
= 4.9 × 10–7m (1) (4.87 × 10–7m)
(ii)
E (= hf = 6.63 × 10–34 × 6.16 × 1014) = 4.1 × 10–19(J) (1) (4.0(8) × 10–19(J))
= 2.6 (eV) (1) (2.55 (eV)
(for E = 4.1 × 10–19(J) = 2.56 (eV)

5
(b) (i) from C to A (1)
(ii) (use of Ek = 3 / 2kT gives) Ek = 1.5 × 1.38 × 10–23 × 5000 = 1.0(4) ×

10–19J
[or = 0.64(7) eV] (1)
(iii) some gas atoms have enough kinetic energy to cause excitation by
collision (1)
photons (of certain energies) only released when de-excitation
or electron transfer to a lower level, occurs (1)
gas atoms have a spread of speeds / kinetic energies (1)
mean Ek (of gas atoms) proportional to T (1)
excitation can occur to level C (1)
de-excitation from C to B produces 2.6 eV photon / light
of this wavelength (1)
(max 6)
QWC 1
[11]
Page 133 of 135

Q36.
(a) (i) θc marked (1)
(ii) sin θc = (1)
θc = 40.2° (1)
3
(b) n= (1)
(θ2 = 90 – 75.2 = 14.8°)
θ1 (= sin–1{1.55 sin 14.8}) = 23.3° (1)

2
(c) Mark scheme not available.

3
[8]
Q37.
(a) time elapsed = 8.5 ± 0.2 (ms) (1)
distance travelled = 3 (m) (1) (allow C.E. if d = 1.5 (m))
speed of sound = = 350 m s–1 (353) (1)

3
(b) connect oscilloscope across ac source (or diagram or ac to Y plates) (1)

adjust time base to give trace (1)
adjust voltage sensitivity (1)
sinusoidal trace shown (1)
how to measure T from trace (1)
max 5
[8]
Page 134 of 135

Q38.
(a) (i) Lines of equipotential parallel to the plates
B1
Field lines perpendicular to plates, evenly spaced

and with arrows upwards
B1
Lack of clear labelling of at least one of the types

of line loses 1 mark
Either field shown to be uniform
B1
3
(ii) KE = 8.8 × 10–17 J
B1
Use of ½ mv2
C1
Speed = 1.4 × 107 m s–1 ecf
A1
Momentum =1.27 × 10–23 kg m s–1 ecf
B1
4
(b) Use of de Broglie wavelength = h/mv
C1
5.2 × 10–11 m ecf
A1
diffraction of electrons necessary
M1
will work because wavelength is of same order as atomic

separation (not just wavelength is too small)/argument
consistent with their (a) (ii).
A1
4
[11]
Page 135 of 135

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Q1.

The critical angle for light in the prism is 41.5°.

Show that θ is about 5°.

1. use a prism of the original glass in the shape of an equilateral triangle, as

Discuss whether either of the two suggestions would work.

A change is made and this second pattern is produced.

Which change could produce the second pattern?

A decreasing the kinetic energy of the electrons

B replacing the electrons with protons with the same

Wavelength / m Frequency / kHz

Discuss whether the student is correct.

Describe one method to determine the specific charge of the electron.

Your answer should include:

• a description of the apparatus used and the measurements made

Which statement describes the motion of a particle in the wave?

A It is travelling at a speed of 330 m s−1.

It moves in phase with a particle in the wave 25 cm

C It oscillates with a time period of 1.5 ms.

D It changes direction 660 times every second.

A double-slit arrangement is placed between T and R.

Deduce whether this practical arrangement is suitable for a determination of a value

Determine N, the number of lines per metre on the grating.

Determine, using Figure 2, VA for LR.

where h = the Planck constant.

Deduce the minimum value of R.

minimum value of R = _______________ Ω

Figure 1 shows the arrangement.

Point O is the midpoint between P and Q.

Explain why the variation in amplitude occurs as he moves from A to B.

(c) The student records the following data:

separation of the two loudspeakers = 0.30 m

Calculate the speed of sound from the student’s data.

speed of sound = _______________ m s−1

Measurement Distance / mm Uncertainty / mm

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the sum of a and b.

percentage uncertainty = ____________________

(c) Discuss why the experimental measurements lead to a different percentage

Calculate the angle θ shown on Figure 2.

(f) Spot E is the second-order maximum.

Calculate the wavelength of the laser light.

Assume the percentage uncertainty in sin θ is the sum of the percentage

The refractive index of water is 1.33

Support your answer with a suitable calculation.

(b) Calculate the maximum acceleration of P.

acceleration = ____________________ m s–2

v / 107 m s–1 λ / 10–11 m

Planck constant = ____________________ J s

speed of waves = ____________________ m s–1

Assume that there is no change in the diameter of the string.

What is the wavelength of the monochromatic light?

The table shows the results of the experiment.

where T is the tension in the nylon string.

Determine the length l of the string used.

Refractive index of the glass used = 1.6

angle of incidence = ____________________ degrees

Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.

refractive index = ____________________

The speed of the wave is 20 cm s–1.