HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

21IT6201
INTERNET OF THINGS

PREPARED BY
Prof C.D.PREMKUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/IT
 UNIT -I
INTRODUCTION

Introduction -Definition and Characteristics of IoT - Physical

design of IoT- Logical design of IoT – IoT enabling

technologies- IoT levels and Deployment

 Characteristics of IoT

• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

• Self-Configuring
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
• Unique Identity
• Integrated into Information Network
 Application areas of IoT
• Smart Home: The smart home is one of the most popular
applications of IoT. The cost of owning a house is the biggest
expense in a homeowner’s life. Smart homes are promised to save
the time, money and energy.
• Smart cities: The smart city is another powerful application of IoT.
It includes smart surveillance, environment monitoring, automated
transformation, urban security, smart traffic management, water
distribution, smart healthcare etc.
• Wearables: Wearables are devices that have sensors and software
installed which can collect data about the user which can be later
used to get the insights about the user. They must be energy efficient
and small sized.
 Application areas of IoT

• Connected cars: A connected car is able to optimize its own

operation, maintenance as well as passenger’s comfort using sensors
and internet connectivity.
• Smart retail: Retailers can enhance the in-store experience of the
customers using IoT. The shopkeeper can also know which items are
frequently bought together using IoT devices.
• Smart healthcare: People can wear the IoT devices which
will collect data about user's health. The doctor also doesn't
have to visit the patients in order to treat them
Physical Design of IoT
 Physical design of IoT
• Physical Design of IoT refers to IoT Devices and IoT Protocols.
• Things are Node device which have unique identities and can perform remote
sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
• The things/devices in the IoT system are used for
- Building connections, Data processing ,Providing storage, interfaces and
graphical interfaces.
• IoT Protocols helps Communication established between things and cloud based
server over the Internet.
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for Communication to other
devices both wired and wireless.
• These includes
(i) I/O interfaces for sensors,
(ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and
(iv) audio/video interfaces.
 Physical design of IoT
IoT Devices:
• Connectivity: Devices like USB hosts and ETHERNET are used for
connectivity between the devices and the server.
• Processor: A processor like a CPU and other units are used to process the
data. These data are further used to improve the decision quality of an IoT
system.
• Audio/Video Interfaces: An interface like HDMI and RCA devices is used
to record audio and videos in a system.
• Input/Output interface: To give input and output signals to sensors, and
actuators we use things like UART, SPI, CAN, etc.
• Storage Interfaces: Things like SD, MMC, and SDIO are used to store the
data generated from an IoT device.
• Other things like DDR and GPU are used to control the activity of an IoT
system.
 Physical design of IoT

IoT Protocols:
• These protocols are used to establish communication between a
node device and a server over the internet.
• It helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data from
an IoT device over the internet.
• we use different types of protocols that are present on both the
server and client side and these protocols are managed by network
layers like application, transport, network, and link layer.
Application Layer:
• In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with
the lower layer protocols using the application interface.
• It is the most visible layer to end users.
Protocols:
HTTP – For transmitting media documents. Used to communicate between web
browsers and servers. Also it makes a request to a server and then waits
till it receives a response.
MQTT – It is a publish-subscribe protocol. It maintain a continuous connection
with the server
Web Sockets – Web Sockets are a protocol that allows for real-time, two-way
communication between a server and client. Its commonly used
by web browsers.
DDS(Data Distribution Service) - share the right data at the right place at the
right time.
AMQP(Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) - It has guaranteed message
delivery.
Transport Layer:
• Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying n/w.
• Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in
UDP .
• Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control
and congestion control.
Protocols:
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
-Connection-based protocol
- Sends packets and waits for acknowledgements.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- Connectionless
- Sends packets without waiting for an acknowledgement.
Network Layer:
• Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source n/w to destination n/w.
• Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such as
IPV4 or IPV6
Protocols:
Link Layer:
• Protocols are used to send data over the network’s physical layer.
• It also determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the
devices.
• Local network connect to which host is attached.
• Hosts on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer
using link layer protocols.
Protocols:
Ethernet: -Used primarily in LANs.
-It defines the physical layer and the medium access control for
wired ethernet networks.
WiFi – Set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access control
and physical layer protocols for implementing wireless local area
networks.
802.3 Ethernet

802.11 WiFi
 802.16 WiMax

802.15.4 LR-WPAN
2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication
Logical design of IoT
 Logical design of IoT

• A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how

its components (computers, sensors, and actuators) should be
arranged to complete a particular function.
• IoT logical design includes:
 IoT functional blocks
 IoT communications models
 IoT communication APIs
 Logical design of IoT
a) IoT functional blocks:
• IoT systems include several functional blocks such as
 Devices
 Communication
 Security
 Services and
 Application.
• These functional blocks consist of devices that handle the
communication between the server and the host, enable monitoring
control functions, manage the data transfer, secure the IoT system
using authentication and different functions, and provide an interface
for controlling and monitoring various terms.
IoT Functional Blocks
• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing,
actuation, monitoring, and control functions.
• Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
• Services: Services for device monitoring, device control service, data
publishing services, and services for device discovery.
• Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
• Security: This block secures the IoT system and by providing functions
such as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity, and
data security.
• Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. The application also allows
users to view the system status and view or analyze the processed data.
 Logical design of IoT

b) IoT Communication Models:

• There are multiple kinds of models available in an Internet of
Things system that is used for communicating between the
system and server, such as:
 Request-Response Model
 Publisher-Subscriber Model
 Push-Pull Model
 Exclusive Pair Communication Model
 IoT Communication Models

Request-Response Model:
• Request-response model is a communication model in which the
client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the
requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond,
fetches the data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the
response, and then sends the response to the client.
• Request-response is a stateless communication model and each
request-response pair is independent of the others.
• HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and a
server.
• A web browser may be the client, and an application on a computer
that hosts a website may be the server.
 IoT Communication Models

Publisher-Subscriber Model:
• There are three essential elements in the publisher-subscriber
Model, as given below.
• Publisher: It transfers data to the broker. Publishers don’t
know about consumers.
• Broker: It accepts publisher data and sends it to the
appropriate subscriber.
• Subscriber: It consumes the topics that the broker manages.
 IoT Communication Models

Push-Pull Model:
• Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers
push the data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the
queues.
• Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers (Subscribers).
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and the
rate rate at which the consumers pull data.
 IoT Communication Models

Exclusive Pair Communication Model:

• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model
that uses a persistent connection between the client and server.
• Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection.
• Client and server can send messages to each other after connection
setup.
 IoT Communication Models

c) IoT communication APIs:

• IoT Communications APIs are a set of protocols and interfaces that
allow IoT devices and platforms to communicate with one another.
• A communication API is a type of application programming
interface (API) that adds communications channels to particular
software.
 REST-based Communication APIs

 WebSocket-based Communication APIs

REST-based Communication APIs:
• REpresentational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which we can design web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are addressed
and transferred.
• REST APIs follow request-response model.
• In a REST-based communication, the client sends HTTP or HTTPS
requests like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc., to the server where
the REST-based API will accept these requests, process them and
send back responses.
• The responses sent back to the clients will be in Extensible Markup
Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format
Method Meaning
GET Read Data
POST Insert Data
PUT Update data
DELETE Delete data
Consider the example of accuweather.com as shown below. Users can see
the weather at a given location though accuweather’s weather application
in their mobiles. This application uses a REST API provided by
accuweather to access the weather details. When a user selects a location in
the mobile app, the application sends a HTTP or HTTPS request as shown
in the figure below. Accuweather’s server responds back with the weather
details.
Web Socket-based Communication APIs:
• Web Socket-based API creates full-duplex communication between
clients and servers.
• It follows exclusive Web pair communication model.
• Web Socket-based communication is stateful.
• It is suitable for IoT applications that need low latency.
IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
• IoT-enabling technologies primarily focus on converting a
standalone device into an IoT device by giving it the additional
possibility of connecting to the internet and exchanging information
with it.
IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are
 Wireless Sensor Network
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data Analytics
 Communications Protocols
 Embedded System
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
a) Wireless Sensor Network(WSN):
• A WSN comprises distributed devices
with sensors that are used to monitor
environmental and physical conditions.
• A wireless sensor network consists of
end nodes, routers, and coordinators.
• End nodes have several sensors attached
to them and the data is passed to a
coordinator with the help of routers.
• Coordinator collects data from all nodes.
• The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSNs to the
internet.
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN):
Example:
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
b) Cloud Computing
• It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities
over the internet.
• Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
• With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, web servers, storage, any device, and any software over the
internet.
• Provides different services, such as –
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
 PaaS (Platform as a service)
 SaaS (Software as a service)
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
c) Big Data Analytics:
• It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
• Collection of data whose volume, velocity, or variety is simply too massive
and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional
databases.
• Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network
videos, digital images, sensors, and sales transaction records.
• Several steps are involved in analyzing big data –
 Data cleaning
 Munging
 Processing
 Visualization
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
Big Data Analytics:
Examples –
• Bank transactions
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• E-commerce and in Big-Basket
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT systems such as fitness
bands
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
d) Communications Protocols:
• They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and linking to applications.
• Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network.
• Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication.
• A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a
protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol
stack.
• They are used in
 Data encoding
 Addressing schemes
 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
e) Embedded Systems:
• It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special
tasks.
• It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking
units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input-output units (display keyword,
etc. ), and storage devices (flash memory).
• It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
• Embedded systems used in.
• Examples –
 Digital camera
 DVD player, music player
 Industrial robots
 Wireless Routers etc.
IoT levels and Deployment (templates)

-IoT Level 1
-IoT Level 2
-IoT Level 3
-IoT Level 4
-IoT Level 5
-IoT Level 6
 IoT levels and Deployment
An IoT system comprises the following components:
 Device
 Resource
 Controller Service
 Database
 Web service
 Analysis Component
 Application
IoT Level-1
IoT Level-2
IoT Level-3
IoT Level-4
IoT Level-5
IoT Level-6