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Physics Project

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7K views14 pages

Physics Project

Uploaded by

sahoosubham344
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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n Bosco School Kharagpu

Do r

Physics Project

Topic : To Compare Young’s Moduli


ofelasticity of different specimens of
rubber and compare them by
drawing their elastic hysteresis
curve.

Submitted To : Mr. Aniruddha Pal

Submitted By : Aratrika Patra


CertifiCate

This is to certify that Aratrika Patra, a


student of class 11 (science) has
successfully completed her project work
under the guidance of subject teacher Mr.
Aniruddha Pal during the year 2023/2024
from Don Bosco School Kharagpur in
partial fulfillment of physics project
examination conducted by CBSE.

Teacher In-charge External Examiner


aCknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of


gratitude to my teacher Mr. Aniruddha Pal
well as our principal Mr. R.K.Moses who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on To Compare Young’s
Moduli of elasticity of different specimens
of rubber and compare them by drawing
their elastic hysteresis curve, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
initializing this project within the limited
time frame.
indeX

1. Introduction
2. Practical Analysis
• Objective
• Apparatus
• Theory
• Diagram
• Procedure
• Calculation
• Result & Observation
• Precaution
3. Bibliography
introduCtion
This school project aims to
investigate and compare the
Young's Moduli of elasticity of
different rubber specimens. The
Young's Modulus is a material
property that characterizes the
stiffness of a material under tension
or compression. Rubber, known for
its elasticity, exhibits unique
properties that can vary between
different formulations and types.
Additionally, the elastic hysteresis
curve, which depicts the energy loss
during cyclic loading and unloading,
will be drawn and compared for
each specimen.
PratiCal analysis

OBJECTIVE

To Compare Young’s
Moduli of elasticity of
different specimens of
rubber and compare
them by drawing their
elastic hysteresis curve.
APPARATUS

Two rubber O-Rings of diameter


about 25 cm and thickness about 4
mm (two pressure cooker gaskets
of different rubbers), an iron stand
with clamp, a hanger provided with
slotted weights of 50g each (adding
up to 500 g), a half-metre scale
mounted vertically on a wooden
block, a fine pointer, strong cotton
thread, a ruler with least count 0.5
cm, a sharp razor blade.
THEORY

Young's Modulus (E):


Young's Modulus is a measure of a
material's stiffness in response to linear
deformation. It is defined as the ratio of
stress (σ) to strain (ε) within the elastic
limit:
E= σ/ε
• Stress (σ): Force per unit area applied
to the material.
• Strain (ε): Relative deformation or
elongation of the material.

Elastic Hysteresis:
Elastic hysteresis refers to the energy
loss during cyclic loading and
unloading of a material. In the context
of rubber, which is highly
viscoelastic, hysteresis is evident due
to internal friction and molecular
rearrangement.

Hysteresis Area = ∫Cycle σ dε

\
Hysteresis loop for rubber.
DIAGRAM
CALCULATION
1.Plot a graph between the load
a n d e x t e n s i o n b y t a k i n g extension
along x-axis and load along y-axis for
loading and unloading.

2.The area of hysteresis loop for


specimen A=...
The area of hysteresis loop for specimen B =...
(This can be done by counting the squares
enclosed in the hysteresis loop)

RESULT

Hysteresis of specimen A is (greater or less


than the) hysteresis of specimen B.123
Specimen A Specimen BS
OBSERVATION

Sr.No Force(F) Length(L) Extension

String1 0 15.2 0

String2 1.0 16.2 1.0

String3 2.0 17.3 2.1

String4 3.0 18.2 3.4

PRECAUTION

1. The rubber strings must be sufficiently thick so


that extension produced by a 50 g load a small part
of the original length.
2. Slotted weights must be added or removed
gently.

3. Rubber strings must be of uniform thickness and


thickness should be measured with a ruler of least
count 0.5 mm.

4. After adding or removing weights from the


hanger, allow sufficient time for the pointer to
become steady and then take the reading.

5. Take at least three/four readings beyond the


elastic limit. A simple test for elastic limit is that on
removing all the weights from the hanger, the
pointer shows exactly the same reading as at the
beginning with zero load.
BiBliograPHy

• www.google.com
• https://chat.openai.com/
• www.slideshare.net
• www.wikipedia.org

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