1)Define Nano-technology. State its applications in agriculture.

Enumerate the two

main approaches used in nanotechnology.

:Nano-technologies are the design, characterization, production and application of

structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer.

Applications of Nano-technologies
Nano pesticides
Nano-pesticides are formulations of pesticides where the active ingredients are engineered
at the nanoscale. This technology enhances the effectiveness of pesticides by improving
their delivery and targeting.
Nano-fertilizers
Nano-fertilizers are nutrient carriers of Nano-dimensions capable of holding
bountiful of nutrient ions due to their high surface area and release it slowly and
steadily that commensurate with crop demands
Nano sensors
Nano-sensors are any biological, chemical or surgical sensory points used
to convey information about nanoparticles o the macroscopic world.
Nanotechnology in tillage
Mechanical tillage practices improve soil structure and increase porosity leading
to better distribution of soil aggregates and eventually modify the physical
properties of soil.
Improved Crop Yield and Quality: Nanoparticles like nano-silica can enhance
photosynthesis and plant growth. Nano-coatings on seeds can protect against pathogens
and improve germination rated

2)Define precision farming. Enlist various components of the precision farming and
discuss the practical problems of precision farming in Indian agriculture?

Precision farming, also known as precision agriculture, is an advanced farming management

concept that utilizes technology to ensure more efficient and optimized agricultural practices.
Components of precision farming
Global Positioning System (GPS) Technology: Enables accurate mapping of fields and
precise navigation of farm machinery.Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Integrates
spatial data to create detailed field maps for identifying variability and supporting
decision-making.Remote Sensing: Uses satellites, drones, and sensors to gather data on
crop health, soil conditions, and environmental factors.Variable Rate Technology (VRT):
Allows for customized application of inputs (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides) based on field
variability.Precision Irrigation Systems: Delivers water precisely to optimize soil moisture
levels and reduce water waste.
Drawbacks of Precision Farming
High costs
Lack of technical expertise knowledge and technology
Not applicable or difficult/costly for small land holdings
Heterogeneity of cropping systems and market imperfections
3) Define GIS and describe major components of GIS? Elaborate the Major
components & Importance ofGIS in agriculture.

Geoinformatics is defined as the combination of technology and science dealing

by means of the spatial information, its acquisition, its qualification and
classification, its processing, storage and dissemination.
Components of gis

Importance of GIS
Enables spatial analysis for optimal crop planning and management.Supports precision
farming by mapping soil variability and crop health indicator
.Facilitates real-time monitoring of crop conditions and growth pattern S
.Helps in efficient water resource management by analyzing watersheds and optimizing
irrigation..
Assists in land use planning and conservation by assessing land suitability and designing
conservation strategies.
Aids in farm infrastructure development and supply chain management by analyzing market
trends and transportation routes.
Supports disaster response and risk management by assessing damage and planning
emergency response strategies.
4) In which situation simulations can be used? Which principles of successful simulation?

5) Enlist any eight crop models as reported in recent literature. Explain Simulation
Model / Explain any 2.

TYPES OF MODELS
Depending upon the purpose for which it is designed the models are classified into
different groups or types. Of them a few are:
a. Statistical models: These models express the relationship between yield or
yield components and weather parameters. In these models relationships are
measured in a system using statistical techniques. Example: Step down
regressions, correlation, etc.
b. Mechanistic models: These models explain not only the relationship between
weather parameters and yield, but also the mechanism of these models (explains
the relationship of influencing dependent variables). These models are based on
physical selection.
c. Deterministic models: These models estimate the exact value of the yield or
dependent variable. These models also have defined coefficients.
d. Stochastic models: A probability element is attached to each output. For each
set of inputs different outputs are given along with probabilities. These models
define yield or state of dependent variable at a given rate.
e. Dynamic models: Time is included as a variable. Both dependent and
independent variables are having values which remain constant over a given
period of time.
f. Static: Time is not included as a variable. Dependent and independent
variables having values remain constant over a given period of time. 5
g.Simulation models: Computer models, in general, are a mathematical
representation of a real world system. One of the main goals of crop simulation
models is to estimate agricultural production as a function of weather and soil
conditions as well as crop management. These models use one or more sets of
differential equations, and calculate both rate and state variables over time,
normally from planting until harvest maturity or final harvest.
h. Descriptive model: A descriptive model defines the behaviour of a system in a
simple manner. The model reflects little or none of the mechanisms that are the
causes of phenomenon

6)What do you mean by STCR approach? Explain the importance of STCR in detail
and write its
objectives.

STCR Approach for Precision Agriculture

Agricultural production system is an outcome of complex interaction of seed, soil,
water, fertilizers and other agrochemicals. Therefore, judicious management of all
the inputs is essential for sustainability of such a complex system
Under normal conditions, recommended soil sampling procedure is to take
samples from portions of fields are no more than 20 acres in area
Grid soil sampling uses the same principles of soil sampling but increases the
intensity of sampling
The goal of grid soil sampling is to generate a map of nutrient requirement called
an application map
Application map is loaded into the computer mounted on variable rate fertilizer
spreader
Computer uses the application map and GPS receiver to direct a product delivery
controller that changes the amount and kind of fertilizer product according to
application

Objectives of STCR
To study the relationship between soil test values for available N, P, K and yield
response to important crops.
To derive yield targeting equations for important crops for making fertilizer
recommendations.
To evaluate various soil test method for their suitability under field conditions.
To evaluate the extent to which fertilizer needs of crop can be reduced in relation
with conjunctive use of organic manure-scented

Importance of STCR
Clarity: STCR helps in clearly defining the context (Situation), the objective or goal (Task),
challenges faced (Complication), and how they were overcome (Resolution). This clarity aids
in understanding complex scenarios quickly.
Engagement: When communicating a story or problem-solving process, STCR keeps the
audience engaged by maintaining a logical sequence and highlighting key points efficiently.
Problem-solving: It is an effective framework for analyzing problems systematically. By
breaking down issues into these components, one can identify root causes and formulate
targeted solutions.
Communication: STCR enhances communication effectiveness. Whether in presentations,
reports, or everyday conversations, structuring messages using STCR ensures that
important details are covered succinctly.

7) What is Global Positioning System? Elaborate the components, Functions and

significance of GPS.

Definition
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system
consisting of more than 20 satellites and several supporting ground facilities,
which provide accurate, three dimensional position, velocity and time, 24 hours a
day, everywhere in the world and in all weather conditions

Components of GPS
GPS Ground control stations.
The ground control component stations send control signals to the GPS
satellites, The GPS satellites transmit radio signals and the GPS receivers,
receive these signals and use it to calculate its position.
The control segment uses measurements collected by the monitor stations
to predict the behavior of each satellite's orbit and atomic clocks.
The prediction data is linked up to the satellites for transmission to users.
The control segment also ensures that GPS satellite orbits remain within
limits and that the satellites do not drift too far from nominal orbits.

GPS satellites
GPS satellites orbit in circular orbits at 17,440 km altitude, each orbit
lasting 12 hours.
The orbits are tilted to the equator by 55o
to ensure coverage in polar
regions. The satellites are powered by solar cells to continually orientate
themselves to point the solar panels towards the Sun and the antennas
towards the Earth.
Each satellite contains four atomic clocks which measure time to a high
degree of accuracy.

GPS receivers
When you buy a GPS, you are actually buying only the GPS receiver and
get free use of the other two main components.
GPS receivers are smaller to carry, easier to handle, much more versatile
and updateable.
Personal navigation with a GPS also means you can customize maps as
you go along - plotting points of interest and marking all those wonderful
places in an easy, neat and ordered manner.

Functions of GPS
Giving a location:
Its ability to accurately triangulate your position based on the data
transmissions from multiple satellites.
It will give your location in coordinates, either latitude and longitude or

Universal Transverse Mercators (UTMs).

Point to point navigation:
This GPS navigation feature allows you to add waypoints to your trips.
By using a map, the coordinates of a trailhead or road or the point where
you're standing, you can create a point-to point route to the place where
you're headed.

Route navigation:
By combining multiple waypoints on a trail, you can move point-to-point
with intermediate bearing and distance guides. Once you reach the first predetermined
waypoint, the GPS receiver can automatically point you to
the next one or you can manually do this.

Keep a Track:
Tracks are some of the most useful functions of navigation systems. You
can map where you've already been. This virtual map is called a track,
and you can program the GPS system to automatically drop track-points
as you travel, either over intervals of time or distance. This can be done
on land or in a nautical setting and allows you to retrace your steps
8) Differentiate between traditional fanning and precision farming.