Basic Level Questions

1 What is Angular and why is it used?

Answer: Angular is a platform and framework for building single-page client applications using HTML,
CSS, and TypeScript. It is used for creating dynamic web applications, offering features like data binding,
dependency injection, and a modular architecture that facilitates scalable and maintainable code.

1 Explain the role of components in Angular.

Answer: Components are the fundamental building blocks of Angular applications. Each component
consists of:

A TypeScript class to handle data and logic

An HTML template for the view

CSS styles for the component

Metadata defined using the @Component decorator

2 What is a module in Angular?

Answer: An Angular module (NgModule) is a container for a cohesive block of code dedicated to an
application domain, workflow, or a set of related capabilities. NgModules consolidate components,
directives, pipes, and services that belong together, allowing for reusability and modularization.

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule({

declarations: [AppComponent],
 imports: [BrowserModule],

providers: [],

bootstrap: [AppComponent]

})

export class AppModule { }

2 What are the key features of Angular?

Answer: Key features include:

Components: The building blocks of Angular applications.

Modules: Organize an application into cohesive blocks of functionality.

Templates: Define the view for Angular components.

Services and Dependency Injection: Promote code modularity and reusability.

Routing: Enables navigation among different views or components.

Directives: Extend HTML with custom attributes and behaviors.

Forms: Handle user input and validation.

3 Explain Angular architecture.

Answer: Angular architecture consists of:

Modules (NgModules): Containers for a cohesive block of code dedicated to an application domain, a
workflow, or a closely related set of capabilities.

Components: Control views and logic associated with a part of the UI.

Templates: Define the component’s view using HTML.

Metadata: Provides additional data about Angular decorators.

Services: Singleton objects that get instantiated once during the lifetime of an application and are used
for business logic and data management.

Dependency Injection (DI): A design pattern used to implement IoC (Inversion of Control), which allows
injecting dependencies into components and services.

Intermediate Level Questions

4 What is Angular CLI and what are its benefits?

Answer: Angular CLI (Command Line Interface) is a command-line tool to initialize, develop, scaffold, and
maintain Angular applications. Benefits include:

Simplified project setup and configuration.

Scaffolding for components, services, modules, and more.

Build, serve, and test capabilities with optimized configurations.

Code generation with best practices and consistency.

5 What are Angular Directives and their types?

Answer: Directives are classes that add additional behavior to elements in your Angular applications.
Types of directives:

Component Directives: Directives with a template.

Structural Directives: Change the DOM layout by adding or removing elements (*ngIf, *ngFor).

Attribute Directives: Change the appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another directive
(ngClass, ngStyle).

6 Explain data binding in Angular.

Answer: Data binding is the synchronization between the model and the view. Types include:

Interpolation: {{ expression }} for one-way binding from component to template.

Property Binding: [property]="expression" for binding component data to DOM properties.

Event Binding: (event)="statement" for binding DOM events to component methods.

Two-way Binding: [(ngModel)]="property" for synchronization between the model and the view.

====================================================

7 What is the purpose of Angular Services, and how do you create and use one?

Answer: Services are used to encapsulate business logic and data access in an Angular application. They
are typically singletons and can be injected into components and other services.

Creating a service: Use Angular CLI ng generate service serviceName.

Using a service: Import the service into a component and inject it via the constructor.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({

providedIn: 'root',

})

export class MyService {

constructor() { }

myMethod() {

// business logic

==================================================================

8 What is Angular Dependency Injection, and how does it work?

Answer: Dependency Injection (DI) in Angular is a design pattern used to implement IoC (Inversion of
Control), allowing a class to receive its dependencies from an external source rather than creating them
itself.

How it works: Angular creates and maintains a dependency injection container (a hierarchy of injectors).
Providers are configured to create and deliver instances of services, components, and other
dependencies as needed.

9 What are Angular lifecycle hooks, and can you name a few with their use cases?

Answer: Lifecycle hooks are methods Angular calls at specific points in a component's lifecycle to give
you the opportunity to act when certain events occur.

ngOnInit(): Called once the component has been initialized. Ideal for component initialization logic.

ngOnChanges(): Called when an input-bound property changes.

ngOnDestroy(): Called just before the component is destroyed. Useful for cleanup logic.

ngDoCheck(): Called during every change detection run.

10 Explain the difference between ngOnInit and constructor in Angular.

Answer:

Constructor: Used for initializing class members and dependency injection. Called when the class is
instantiated.

ngOnInit(): A lifecycle hook called by Angular to indicate that Angular is done creating the component.
Used for additional initialization tasks that rely on the component’s inputs being set.

======================================

11 What are Angular Guards, and how do you implement them?

Answer: Angular Guards are interfaces that allow or disallow navigation to a particular route. Types
include:

CanActivate: Checks if a route can be activated.

CanActivateChild: Checks if child routes can be activated.

CanDeactivate: Checks if a route can be deactivated.

Resolve: Pre-fetches data before activating a route.

CanLoad: Checks if a module can be loaded asynchronously.

Implementation Example:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot, UrlTree } from '@angular/router';

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable({

providedIn: 'root'

})

export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {

canActivate(

next: ActivatedRouteSnapshot,

state: RouterStateSnapshot): Observable<boolean | UrlTree> | Promise<boolean | UrlTree> | boolean

| UrlTree {

// logic to check if the route can be activated

return true; // or false based on some condition

===========================================================

12 What are Angular Pipes, and how do you create a custom pipe?
Answer: Pipes transform displayed values within a template. Angular provides built-in pipes (e.g.,
DatePipe, UpperCasePipe), and you can create custom pipes.

Creating a custom pipe:

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({

name: 'myCustomPipe'

})

export class MyCustomPipe implements PipeTransform {

transform(value: string, ...args: any[]): string {

// transformation logic

return value.toUpperCase();

==========================================================================

13 Explain the difference between ng-template, ng-container, and ng-content.

Answer:

ng-template: A structural directive that defines a template that can be rendered later.

ng-container: A logical container that does not render any DOM element but can group multiple
elements.

ng-content: Used for content projection to allow a component to display content from outside its
template.

14 How does Angular handle error management, and how can you implement a global error handler?
Answer: Angular provides mechanisms for error handling, including custom error handlers.

Global Error Handler Example:

import { ErrorHandler, Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable()

export class GlobalErrorHandler implements ErrorHandler {

handleError(error: any): void {

// custom error handling logic

console.error('An error occurred:', error);

// Registering the error handler in app.module.ts

import { NgModule, ErrorHandler } from '@angular/core';

import { GlobalErrorHandler } from './global-error-handler';

@NgModule({

providers: [{ provide: ErrorHandler, useClass: GlobalErrorHandler }],

// other module properties

})

export class AppModule { }

=====================================================================
15 What is Change Detection in Angular and how does it work?

Answer: Change Detection is the process by which Angular determines what parts of the UI need to be
updated when the application's state changes. Angular's default change detection strategy uses Zone.js
to detect asynchronous operations and updates the view accordingly. The ChangeDetectorRef service
can be used to manually trigger change detection or to control the change detection process (e.g.,
detaching, reattaching).

16 Explain the Angular Router and how lazy loading is implemented.

Answer: The Angular Router is a service that provides navigation and URL manipulation capabilities. It
maps URLs to components. Lazy loading is a technique to load feature modules asynchronously when a
specific route is activated.

Example of lazy loading:

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: 'feature', loadChildren: () => import('./feature/feature.module').then(m => m.FeatureModule) }

];

Certainly! Here are additional Angular interview questions that delve deeper into various topics:

Advanced Level Questions

17 What is Change Detection in Angular and how does it work?

Answer: Change Detection is the process by which Angular determines what parts of the UI need to be
updated when the application's state changes. Angular's default change detection strategy uses Zone.js
to detect asynchronous operations and updates the view accordingly. The ChangeDetectorRef service
can be used to manually trigger change detection or to control the change detection process (e.g.,
detaching, reattaching).

18 Explain the Angular Router and how lazy loading is implemented.

Answer: The Angular Router is a service that provides navigation and URL manipulation capabilities. It
maps URLs to components. Lazy loading is a technique to load feature modules asynchronously when a
specific route is activated.

Example of lazy loading:

typescript

Copy code

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: 'feature', loadChildren: () => import('./feature/feature.module').then(m => m.FeatureModule) }

];

19 What are Reactive Forms in Angular, and how do they differ from Template-driven Forms?

Answer: Reactive Forms provide a model-driven approach to handling form inputs with explicit and
immutable data structures. They offer more control and scalability compared to Template-driven Forms,
which rely on directives and are generally less flexible for complex scenarios.

20 Example of Reactive Form:

import { FormBuilder, FormGroup } from '@angular/forms';

export class MyComponent {

myForm: FormGroup;

constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {

this.myForm = this.fb.group({
 name: [''],

email: ['']

});

21 What is NgZone and how is it used in Angular?

Answer: NgZone is a service that helps to execute certain code inside or outside of Angular's Zone, which
triggers change detection. It can be used to optimize performance by running code outside the Angular
zone if change detection is not required.

Example:

import { NgZone } from '@angular/core';

constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}

runOutsideAngular() {

this.ngZone.runOutsideAngular(() => {

// Code that does not require Angular change detection

});

runInsideAngular() {

this.ngZone.run(() => {

// Code that requires Angular change detection

 });

22 What are the differences between Subject and BehaviorSubject in RxJS?

Answer: Both Subject and BehaviorSubject are multicast observables.

Subject: Does not hold a value. Subscribers only receive data emitted after they have subscribed.

BehaviorSubject: Holds the last emitted value and emits it immediately to new subscribers.

Example:

import { Subject, BehaviorSubject } from 'rxjs';

const subject = new Subject<number>();

subject.next(1); // No subscriber, so value not received

const behaviorSubject = new BehaviorSubject<number>(0); // Initial value

behaviorSubject.subscribe(value => console.log(value)); // Logs: 0

behaviorSubject.next(1); // Logs: 1

23 How can you optimize an Angular application for performance?

Answer: Various strategies can be used to optimize performance:

Lazy Loading: Load feature modules asynchronously.

OnPush Change Detection: Use ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush to reduce unnecessary checks.

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation: Pre-compile the app during the build process to reduce the
application size and improve startup time.

TrackBy Function in ngFor: Improve the performance of *ngFor by using trackBy to track changes.

Pure Pipes: Create custom pipes that are pure to avoid unnecessary re-computation.

Service Workers: Use service workers for caching and offline capabilities.

Minification and Bundling: Use Angular CLI to minify and bundle the application.

24 What is Angular Universal and what are its benefits?

Answer: Angular Universal is a technology for server-side rendering (SSR) of Angular applications.
Benefits include:

Improved SEO: Since the full content is available in the initial HTML.

Faster initial load time: Server-side rendered pages can be displayed quicker.

Better performance on slower devices: Reduces the workload on the client.

25 How do you handle HTTP Interceptors in Angular?

Answer: HTTP Interceptors are used to modify HTTP requests and responses. They can be used for
adding authentication tokens, logging, or modifying response data.

Example:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpInterceptor, HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent } from '@angular/common/http';

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {

intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {

const clonedRequest = req.clone({

headers: req.headers.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${yourAuthToken}`)

});

return next.handle(clonedRequest);

26 Explain the concept of Dependency Injection in Angular and how it is implemented.

Answer: Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern that Angular uses to manage the dependencies of
different components and services. DI helps in making the application modular, testable, and
maintainable. Angular's DI system injects services into components, directives, and other services.

Example

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({

providedIn: 'root'

})

export class MyService {

constructor() { }

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my.service';

@Component({

selector: 'app-root',

templateUrl: './app.component.html',

styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']

})

export class AppComponent {

constructor(private myService: MyService) { }

27 How can you implement state management in Angular applications?

Answer: State management can be implemented using libraries like NgRx, Akita, or using Angular
services.

NgRx: A Redux-inspired state management library for Angular.

Example using NgRx:

// actions.ts

import { createAction } from '@ngrx/store';

export const loadItems = createAction('[Item List] Load Items');

// reducer.ts

import { createReducer, on } from '@ngrx/store';

import { loadItems } from './actions';

const initialState = { items: [] };

const itemReducer = createReducer(

initialState,

on(loadItems, state => ({ ...state, loading: true }))

);

export function reducer(state, action) {

return itemReducer(state, action);

// selector.ts

import { createSelector } from '@ngrx/store';

export const selectItems = state => state.items;

export const selectLoading = createSelector(selectItems, items => items.loading);

28 What are Angular Elements and how are they used?

Answer: Angular Elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements (web components).
They allow Angular components to be used in non-Angular environments.

Example:

import { Injector, NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { createCustomElement } from '@angular/elements';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

import { MyComponent } from './my.component';

@NgModule({

declarations: [MyComponent],

imports: [BrowserModule],

entryComponents: [MyComponent]

})

export class AppModule {

constructor(private injector: Injector) {

const myElement = createCustomElement(MyComponent, { injector });

customElements.define('my-element', myElement);

ngDoBootstrap() { }

29 How does Angular 15 improve image optimization?

Answer: Angular 15 includes built-in support for image optimization by providing automatic image
resizing, format conversion (e.g., to WebP), and lazy loading. This helps to improve the performance and
loading times of Angular applications.
30 What are Angular decorators, and how are they used?

Answer: Angular decorators are functions that add metadata to classes, properties, methods, and
parameters. They are used to configure components, directives, services, and modules.

example

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({

selector: 'app-root',

templateUrl: './app.component.html',

styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']

})

export class AppComponent { }

31 What is RxJS, and how is it used in Angular?

Answer: RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for reactive programming using observables.
It is used in Angular for handling asynchronous data streams and events, particularly in services, HTTP
requests, and forms.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable({
 providedIn: 'root'

})

export class DataService {

constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

getData(): Observable<any> {

return this.http.get('https://api.example.com/data');

32 What are Angular interceptors, and how do you implement them?

Answer: Angular interceptors are used to intercept HTTP requests and responses. They can modify or log
the request/response, add headers, handle errors, etc.

Example:

typescript

Copy code

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpInterceptor, HttpRequest, HttpHandler, HttpEvent } from '@angular/common/http';

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable()

export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {

intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {

const clonedRequest = req.clone({ headers: req.headers.set('Authorization', 'Bearer my-token') });

return next.handle(clonedRequest);
 }

33 Explain how Angular handles dependency injection.

Answer: Angular's dependency injection (DI) system allows classes to declare dependencies that Angular
will provide. This promotes modularity and ease of testing. Services are typically provided at the root
level, but can also be scoped to specific modules or components.

Example:

typescript

Copy code

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({

providedIn: 'root'

})

export class MyService {

constructor() { }

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my.service';

@Component({

selector: 'app-root',

templateUrl: './app.component.html',

styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})

export class AppComponent {

constructor(private myService: MyService) { }

34 What is the purpose of Angular guards, and what types are available?

Answer: Angular guards are used to control access to routes in an Angular application. They can prevent
unauthorized access, prompt for unsaved changes, or preload data. The types of guards are CanActivate,
CanActivateChild, CanDeactivate, Resolve, and CanLoad.

Example:

typescript

Copy code

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot, UrlTree } from '@angular/router';

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable({

providedIn: 'root'

})

export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {

canActivate(

next: ActivatedRouteSnapshot,

state: RouterStateSnapshot): Observable<boolean | UrlTree> | Promise<boolean | UrlTree> | boolean

| UrlTree {

// authentication logic

return true; // or false based on some condition

}
}

35 What are Angular Pipes, and how do you create a custom pipe?

Answer: Angular Pipes are used to transform data in templates. Built-in pipes handle common
transformations (e.g., DatePipe, CurrencyPipe), and custom pipes can be created for specific
transformations.

Example:

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({

name: 'customPipe'

})

export class CustomPipe implements PipeTransform {

transform(value: string): string {

return value.toUpperCase();

36 How does Angular handle state management, and what are the common patterns?

Answer: Angular can handle state management through services, and more advanced patterns can be
implemented using libraries like NgRx. Common patterns include:

Service with BehaviorSubject: Centralized state management using RxJS.

NgRx: A Redux-inspired state management library for Angular applications, providing a structured way to
manage state using actions, reducers, selectors, and effects.

Example using NgRx:

// actions.ts

import { createAction, props } from '@ngrx/store';

export const loadItems = createAction('[Item List] Load Items');

export const loadItemsSuccess = createAction('[Item List] Load Items Success', props<{ items: any[] }>());

// reducer.ts

import { createReducer, on } from '@ngrx/store';

import { loadItems, loadItemsSuccess } from './actions';

export const initialState = { items: [], loading: false };

const _itemReducer = createReducer(

37 What is the purpose of Angular guards, and what types are available?

Answer: Angular guards are used to control access to routes in an Angular application. They can prevent
unauthorized access, prompt for unsaved changes, or preload data. The types of guards are CanActivate,
CanActivateChild, CanDeactivate, Resolve, and CanLoad.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { CanActivate, ActivatedRouteSnapshot, RouterStateSnapshot, UrlTree } from '@angular/router';

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

@Injectable({

providedIn: 'root'

})

export class AuthGuard implements CanActivate {

 canActivate(

next: ActivatedRouteSnapshot,

state: RouterStateSnapshot): Observable<boolean | UrlTree> | Promise<boolean | UrlTree> | boolean

| UrlTree {

// authentication logic

return true; // or false based on some condition

38 .What is routing in Angular, and how is it implemented?

Answer: Routing in Angular allows navigation between different views or components. It is implemented
using the Angular Router, which maps URLs to components.

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

import { HomeComponent } from './home/home.component';

import { AboutComponent } from './about/about.component';

const routes: Routes = [

{ path: '', component: HomeComponent },

{ path: 'about', component: AboutComponent }

];
@NgModule({

imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],

exports: [RouterModule]

})

export class AppRoutingModule { }