3/10/2023

Signal Transmission through a LTI System

Introduction to
Communication Systems Time
Domain x(t) LTI System y(t)=h(t)*x(t)
h(t)
Frequency X(f) H(f) Y(f)=H(f).X(f)
Spring 2023 Domain

H(f)= 𝐻(𝑓) 𝑒 ( )

LECTURE 3, Amplitude Phase

Bilge Kartal Çetin, PhD 1
Response Response
2

1 2

What we expect from a communication or

Signal Distortion during Transmission
amplification?
( ) [ ( ) • We require the output waveform to be a replica of the input
𝑌(𝑓) 𝑒 = 𝑋(𝑓) 𝐻(𝑓) 𝑒 waveform.
• We need to minimize the distortion caused by the amplifier or the
communication channel.
𝑌(𝑓) = 𝑋(𝑓) 𝐻(𝑓) amplitude response
• It is practical interest to determine the characteristics of a system that
allows a signal to pass without distortion.
𝜃 f = 𝜃 f + 𝜃 f phase response

3 4

3 4
 3/10/2023

Distortionless Transmission Distortionless transmission- linear phase

• In distortionless transmission input x(t) and output delay
y(t) satify the condition
• The system transfer function H(f) should be such that
• 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑘. 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡
each sinusoidal component encounters the same gain
• 𝑌 𝑓 = 𝑘. 𝑋(𝑓)𝑒 (or loss) k and each component undergoes the same
time delay 𝑡 seconds.
𝐻 𝑓 = 𝑘. 𝑒

𝐻 𝑓 =𝑘 • To achieve same time delay 𝑡 for every frequency

component requires a linear phase delay 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝜃 𝑓 = −2𝜋𝑓𝑡 through the origin
!!Linear function of f

* Slope of 𝜃 𝑓 with respect to the angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 is -𝑡 , where 𝑡 is the 𝜃 𝑓 = −2𝜋𝑓𝑡
delay of the output with respect to the input.
* We require that 𝜃 0 either be 0 or have a constant value n𝜋 (n an integer), that is,
𝜃 𝑓 = n𝜋- 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 . The addition of the excess phase of n𝜋 may at most change the sign of
5 6
the signal

5 6

• A convenient method of checking phase linearity is to plot the slope of ≺ 𝐻(𝑓) as

a function of frequency. This slope can be a function of f in the general case and is
given by
• 𝑡 𝑓 =− .

• If the slope 𝜃 is constant (that is, if 𝜃 is linear with respect to f), all
componentare delayed by the same time interval 𝑡 .
• But if the slope is not constant, then the time delay 𝑡 varies with frequency.
This means that different frequency components undergo different amoutn of
time delay, and consequently the output waveform will not be a replica of the
input waveform. (Remember violin-cello duet). For a signal transmission to be
distortionless, td(f) should be a constant td over the frequency band of interest.
7 8

7 8
 3/10/2023

9 10

The nature of Distortion in Audio Signals

Example on Distortionless Transmission
• A human ear can perceive amplitude distortion,
g(t)=cos 48𝜋𝑡 + 5cos(126𝜋𝑡) although it is relatively insensitive to phase distortion.
• For phase distortion to become noticable the variation
in delay (variation in the slope of 𝜃 ) should be
comparable to the signal duration.
• In case of audio signals, each spoken syllable can be
considered to be an individual signal. The average
duration of a spoken syllable is of a magnitude on the
order of 0.01 to 0.1 second.
• The audio systems may have nonlinear phses, yet no
noticable signal distortion resultss because in practical
audio systems, maximum variation in the slope of 𝜃 is
11 only a small fraction of a milisecond. 12

11 12
 3/10/2023

The nature of Distortion in Video Signals Ch. 3.7 Signal Energy and Energy
Spectral Density
• For video signals, on the other hand, the situation is
exaclty the opposite. The human eye is sensitive to • Parseval’s Theorem
phase distortion but is relatively insentitive to • Energy and Power Spectral Densities
amplitude distiortion. • Essential Bandwidth
• The amplitude distortion in television signals manifets
itself as a partial destruction of the relative half-tone
values of resulting picture, which is not readily apparent
to the human eye. The phase distortion (nonlinear
phase), on the other hand, causes different time delays
in different picture elements. This results in a smeared
picture, which is readily apparent to the human eye.
13 14

13 14

Parseval’s Theorem (1/2) Parseval’s Theorem (2/2)

𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐺(𝑓)𝑒 𝑑𝑓 = 𝐺(𝑓)𝑒

This is Fourier integral so we represent an aperiodic

signal g(t) by a Fourier integral.

Signal energy 𝐸 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

Signal energy can be related to signal spectrum G(f) by • This result allows us to determine the signal energy
substituting Fourier integral in Signal energy equation. from either the time domain specification g(t) or the
frequency domain specification G(f) of the signal.
15 16

15 16
 3/10/2023

Power and Energy Spectral Density 3.7.2.Energy Spectral Density (ESD)

• What parseval tell us can be interpreted to mean that
the energy of a singal g(t) is the result of energies
• The power spectral density (PSD) Sx(f) for a signal contributed by all the spectral component of the
is a measure of its power distribution as a function signal g(t)
of frequency
• It is a useful concept which allows us to determine
the bandwidth required of a transmission system
• We will now present some basic results which will
be employed later on

17 18

17 18

Energy Spectral Density

• We call the 𝐺(𝑓) as the Energy Spectral Density
In class exercise (ex.3.16)
• ESD of the signal g(t)=𝑒 𝑢 𝑡
and can be intepreted as the energy per unit
bandwidth (in hertz) of the spectral components of 1
𝐸 = 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 =
g(t) centered at frequency f. 2𝑎
• Ψ (𝑓) = 𝐺(𝑓)

𝐸 = Ψ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓 Ψ (𝑓) = 𝐺(𝑓) =
( )

𝐸 = Ψ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓
-with w representation
1 1 2𝜋𝑓 1
= 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
19 (2𝜋𝑓) +𝑎 2𝜋𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 20

19 20
 3/10/2023

Essential Bandwidth Essential BW Example

• The BW B Hz in which the most of the signal energy is contained.
• Energy content of the components of frequencies greater than B Hz is • ESD of g(t)=𝑒 𝑢 𝑡
negligible.
• The criterion for selecting B depends on the error tolerance in a Ψ (𝑓) = 𝐺(𝑓) =
( )
particular application.

21 22

21 22

Frequency shifting-Time Shifting

3.7.4.Energy of Modulated Signal
in practice? • Amplitude modulated signal and its spectra
•𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙? NO!
• 𝑔 𝑡 ⇔𝐺 𝑓
• 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑡 ) ⇔ 𝐺(𝑓)𝑒
Duality
•𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 ⇔𝐺 𝑓 − 𝑓
• 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 = [𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 + 𝑔(𝑡)𝑒 ]
• Cosx= [𝑒 +𝑒 ]

23 24

23 24
 3/10/2023

Energy of Modulated Signals

attention to area under the spectra! Energy of Modulated Signals (IMPORTANT!)

25 26

25 26

3.7.5.Time Autocorrelation Function & 3.7.5.Time Autocorrelation Function &

ESD( 1/2) ESD (2/2)

27 28

27 28
 3/10/2023

3.8.Signal Power and Power Spectral

ESD of Input and Output of a LTI System Density

using w or f does
not make any
difference. But
when you use the
FT table you should
be carefull which
one you are using.
Our book use f so
we are

29 30

29 30

Time Autocorrelation Function of Power Signal

Remarks on ACF and Power Signal
• PSD is the time average of the ESD of g(t)
• PSD 𝑆 𝑓 represent the power per unit BW of the spectral
components at the frequency f
• The amount of power contributed by the spectral components within
the band f1 to f2 is given by

∆𝑃 = 2 𝑆 𝑓 𝑑𝑓

31 32

31 32
 3/10/2023

PSD of Input and Output of LTI System PSD of Modulated Signals

• 𝜑 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑓 𝑡
• The PSD 𝑆 𝑡 = [𝑆 𝑓 + 𝑓 + 𝑆 (𝑓 − 𝑓 )]
• Modulation shifts the PSD of g(t) by ±𝑓
• The power of 𝜑 𝑡 is the half the power of g(t)
•𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑓 ≥𝐵

33 34

33 34

Power Spectrum and Power Spectral

Power Spectrum and Power Spectral Density Density
• Another way to look at the Power is to look its spectrum. • Its units are watts per Hertz.
• The spectrum of a signal shows how much power is contained in each • The Power spectrum is also referred to as the Power Spectral Density.
of its harmonic or spectral components or the frequency spectrum of The two terms refer to the same thing.
the signal. • The Power Spectrum does not directly give us the total or average
• A plot of the frequency components on the x-axis and attendant power in the signal, only power in a particular spectral component.
Power in that frequency on the y-axis is called the Power Spectrum of • To obtain the total power in the signal or in a particular range, we
the signal. must integrate the Power Spectrum over the range of frequencies of
interest and include both negative and positive frequencies.

35 36

35 36
 3/10/2023

Properties of PSD
1. The total area under the Power Spectrum or PSD is equal to the A Keep in Mind about PSD and Power
total avg. power of the signal.

2. The PSD is always positive.

• Keep in mind that total or the average power in a signal is often not of
as great an interest.
3. The PSD is an even function of frequency or in other words, it is • We are most often interested in the PSD or the Power Spectrum.
symmetrical.
• We often want to see is how the input power has
4. The auto-correlation function and PSD are a Fourier transform been redistributed by the channel
pair. To compute PSD, we compute
• the auto-correlation of the signal and then take its FFT. (Another • in this frequency-based redistribution of power is where most of the
estimation method called interesting information lies.
• “periodogram” uses sampled FFT to compute the PSD.)
5. The value of the auto-correlation function at zero-time equals
the total power in the signal
37 38

37 38

PSD of a Sinusoidal wave

ESD&PSD&Time autocorrelation function

• Note that the rms value of a singal is the square root

of its mean square value. 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑃

39 40

39 40
 3/10/2023

Pure Sin wave

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐴 Determining Power of Cosine wave
𝑒 −𝑒
X f = F 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
2𝑗
𝐴
= [𝛿 𝑓 − 𝑓 − 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓 )]
2𝑗
• Sine wave is of amplitude A=1V and freqeuncy 100 Hz, the
power spectrum will have two spikes of value 𝐴 /4=0.25
at 100 Hz and -100 Hz
• Total power will be 0.5 W.

41 42

41 42

Determining Power of Cosine In class ex 2

43 44

43 44
 3/10/2023

45 46

45 46