CONFLICT AVOIDANCE AND LANDSLIDE UPDATE TO VEHICLE IN DEEP CURVES USING IOT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The Internet Of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected computing devices
which are embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.For ex,
a motion sensor can be installed inside a room and program it to Switch On/Off the lights
once a person enters or leaves the room. Few applications of IoT are: Smart Watches,
Smart Air Conditioners, Automatic Street Lights.

The vehicle moving through hairpin bends are very much susceptible to accidents
due to lack of communication and zero visibility over the hairpin curves .Another major
drawback of driving in hairpin bends are Traffic Congestion which are due to
unorganized movement of vehicles. There are already numerous methodologies and
concepts which provides solution to the problem but they do have their own
disadvantages which makes them limited to use in real time. In order to provide an
optimal solution for both the above problems, we have designed a sophisticated system.

1.2 PROBLEM STETEMENT:

We aim to develop a landslide detection system utilizing Arduino and MEMS

sensors. This system will detect ascending vehicles using a camera, classify them as light
or heavy, and alert descending drivers via an LED display board. By providing real-time
alerts, the system aims to reduce traffic congestion and ensure safe passage through
hairpin curves in hazardous areas

1.3 OBJECTIVES

Develop a real-time conflict avoidance system using Arduino Uno and IR

sensors to identify obstacles and potential conflicts on the road, especially in deep curves.
Implement an ADXL sensor to monitor Land slides and provide drivers with information
on vehicle tilt and lateral acceleration in real-time. Detection of vehicles in curves and
automating the vehicle operations Utilize an LCD display to present visual warnings and
updates to the driver regarding road conditions and potential conflicts. Establish a Zigbee
communication network between vehicles to exchange critical information about road

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conditions, obstacles, and potential landslide risks. Ensure compatibility with existing
vehicle systems and navigation devices, making it easy to retrofit vehicles with this
system.

1.4 SCOPE

The scope of the conflict avoidance and landslide update system for vehicles
navigating deep curves encompasses various aspects related to enhancing road safety,
mitigating potential hazards, and improving navigation efficiency in challenging terrain
conditions. The system aims to address the following key areas:

Conflict Avoidance: The primary objective of the system is to prevent collisions and
conflicts between vehicles traversing deep curves, especially in narrow or winding roads
where visibility is limited. By deploying sensors and intelligent algorithms, the system
detects the presence of vehicles approaching curves and alerts drivers to adjust their speed
or lane position to avoid potential collisions.

Landslide Detection and Prevention: Another crucial aspect of the system is the early
detection and mitigation of landslides along roadways, particularly in hilly or
mountainous regions prone to geological instability. Through the integration of landslide
detection sensors and real-time monitoring techniques, the system can identify signs of
impending landslides and activate preventive measures such as road closures, traffic
diversions, or landslide barriers to ensure driver safety.

Real-time Updates and Communication: The system provides real-time updates and
alerts to drivers regarding road conditions, hazards, and potential conflicts ahead.
presence of oncoming vehicles, and landslide risks, enabling drivers to make informed
decisions and adapt their driving behavior accordingly.

Integration with Vehicle Navigation Systems: To enhance navigation accuracy and

effectiveness, the system integrates with vehicle navigation systems to provide
customized route guidance and recommendations based on real-time road conditions and
hazards. By leveraging GPS technology and map data, the system assists drivers in
selecting optimal routes that minimize the risk of conflicts and landslides while
optimizing travel time.

Adaptive Control Mechanisms: The system incorporates adaptive control mechanisms

that automatically adjust vehicle speed, braking, and steering in response to detected

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hazards or potential conflicts. Through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-

infrastructure (V2I) communication, the system facilitates cooperative driving behaviors
that prioritize safety and efficiency in challenging road environments.

Scalability and Flexibility: The scope of the system encompasses scalability and
flexibility to accommodate varying road configurations, environmental conditions, and
traffic volumes. Whether deployed on rural mountain roads or urban streets with sharp
curves, the system can adapt its functionalities and algorithms to suit different scenarios
and user requirements.

Data Analytics and Performance Evaluation: Finally, the system includes provisions
for data analytics and performance evaluation to assess its effectiveness in reducing
conflicts, minimizing landslide-related incidents, and improving overall road safety. By
analyzing historical data and incident reports, stakeholders can identify areas for
improvement and refine the system's algorithms and functionalities over time .

1.4 APPLICATIONS

Road Safety Enhancement: The primary application of the system is to enhance road
safety by minimizing the risk of collisions and conflicts between vehicles navigating deep
curves. By providing real-time alerts and adaptive control mechanisms, the system helps
drivers avoid dangerous situations and navigate curves safely.

Landslide Prevention: Another key application is the prevention of landslides and

related hazards along roadways in hilly or mountainous terrain. The system detects signs
of impending landslides and activates preventive measures to mitigate risks, such as road
closures or traffic diversions, thereby safeguarding motorists and infrastructure.

Navigation Assistance: The system serves as a valuable navigation aid for drivers by
providing real-time updates and recommendations regarding road conditions, hazards,
and optimal routes.

Emergency Response Support: In the event of accidents, natural disasters, or other

emergencies, the system facilitates timely communication and coordination between
drivers, emergency responders, and transportation authorities.

Transportation Planning and Management: The data collected by the system can be
used for transportation planning and management purposes, such as identifying high-risk
areas for road improvements, optimizing traffic flow in deep curves, and prioritizing

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infrastructure investments to enhance road safety and resilience.

Tourism and Recreation: In regions with scenic mountain roads and winding highways,
the system enhances the driving experience for tourists and recreational travelers by
ensuring safer and more enjoyable journeys.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction to Literature Survey

A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a topic.The

term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or
an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher /author
and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under
question. A good literature review can ensure that a proper research question has been
asked and a proper theoreticalframework and/or research methodology have been chosen.
To be precise, a literature review serves to situate the current study within the body of the
relevant literature and to provide context for the reader. In such case, the review usually
precedes the methodology and results sections of the work.

 Paper 1

In study titled "Advanced Road Safety for Ghat Roads at Hairpin Bend,"
Harshada Targe, Anushka Mahajan, Mohit Patil, Yogesh Lilake, and Vijay Sonawane
proposed a novel approach utilizing CCTV and LCD screens instead of traditional
mirrors. The methodology involved installing CCTV cameras at strategic points along
hairpin bends and displaying the live feed on LCD screens placed at crucial locations for
drivers to monitor. This innovative system aimed to provide enhanced visibility,
especially in challenging road conditions. However, the authors noted limitations,
particularly regarding nighttime visibility, where drivers could only discern the headlights
of vehicles on the LCD screen, making it difficult to determine the type and size of the
approaching vehicle. Despite this drawback, their approach signifies a step forward in
improving road safety on ghat roads, offering potential solutions for better navigation
through hazardous bends.

 Paper 2

In their paper titled "Sensor-Based Accident Prevention System in Curving,"

Anand M G, A Dhanyakumar, Bhaskar N, and Mahaling S B proposed an innovative
approach to enhance safety on curving roads by utilizing ultrasonic sensors. Their
methodology involved deploying these sensors to detect approaching vehicles and trigger
signals to alert drivers, aiming to reduce the risk of accidents. By providing early

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warnings, the system aimed to mitigate potential collisions, especially in challenging road
conditions. However, the authors noted several limitations. Firstly, there was a longer
waiting time for small vehicles approaching the curve, which could potentially affect
traffic flow and driver experience. Additionally, the system triggered signals even for
non-vehicle objects, potentially leading to unnecessary alerts and diminishing its
effectiveness. Despite these challenges, their sensor-based approach represents a
significant step towards accident prevention on winding roads. Further refinement and
optimization may be necessary to address the identified limitations and enhance the
system's efficiency and reliability.

 Paper 3

In their study titled "Implementation of Critical Intimation System for Avoiding

Accidents in Hairpin Curves & Foggy Areas," Anuradha A Kasangottuwar, Trupthi
Tagare, Vibha T G, Priyanka N, and Chaithra A proposed a critical intimation system to
enhance safety in hairpin curves and foggy areas. The methodology involved the use of
IR sensors to calculate the speed of approaching vehicles and prioritize high-speed
vehicles for early warning signals. This approach aimed to provide timely alerts to drivers,
particularly those driving at higher speeds, thus reducing the risk of accidents in
challenging road conditions. However, the authors identified limitations in their system,
particularly its failure in cases where both vehicles approached with the same speed. This
limitation suggests a need for further development to address scenarios where
distinguishing between vehicles based on speed alone is insufficient. Despite this
drawback, their critical intimation system represents a significant advancement in
accident prevention strategies for hairpin curves and foggy areas, with potential for
improvement to enhance its effectiveness and reliability.

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SL.NO Title of the Paper Journal Author Drawbacks

published
Advanced Road IJETT-Volume 05 Harshada Targe, Highcosts,complex
1.
Safety for Ghat Number1-JAN Anushka installation and
Roads at Hairpin 2018 Mahajan, Mohit maintenance,technologica
Bend Patil, Yogesh l reliability issues, and
Lilake, and Vijay driver adaptation
Sonawane difficulties. Additionally,
there are potential
environmental
impacts,scalability issues,
and possible resistance
from local communities.
Sensor-Based IJETT-Volume 04 Anand M G, A High implementation
2.
Accident NumberDEC 2019 Dhanyakumar, costs and reliability issues
Prevention System Bhaskar N, and in adverse weather
in Curving Mahaling S B conditions. Additionally,
driver adaptation and
regular maintenance pose
significant challenges.

3.
Implementation of IJSTE - Anuradha A High initial setup costs
Critical Intimation International Kasangottuwar, and reliability issues in
System for Journal of Science Trupthi Tagare, adverse weather
Avoiding Accidents Technology & Vibha T G, conditions. Additionally,
in Hairpin Curves EngineeringVOLU Priyanka N, and ensuring effective
& Foggy Areas, ME 05NOV 2018 Chaithra A communication and
timely response
mechanisms could pose
significant hurdles.

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CHAPTER 3
REQURIMENT SPECIFICATION
Requirement specification, also known as documentation, is a process of jotting
down all the system and user requirements in the form of a document. These requirements
must be clear, complete, comprehensive, and consistent. A requirements specification is
consistent if no subsetof requirements within the specification conflict with each other. If
there are inconsistencies in the requirements specification, it is likely that unless detected
and corrected, the design of the product will itself contain inconsistencies.

3.1 Hardware Requirements:

A software requirement specification (SRS) is an in-depth document that
describes what the software does and how we expect it to perform. An SRS includes
information about all the functional and non-functional requirements for a given piece of
software.

Hardware Requirements are:

 IR Sensor

 ADXL Sensor

 Rain Sensor

 LCD Display

 Zigbee Communicator

 Buzzer

 Motor Gates

 Arduino UNO

 IR SENSOR :Infrared (IR) sensors are electronic devices that detect infrared radiation
emitted by objects. They operate based on the principle that all objects emit some level of
infrared radiation. IR sensors can be categorized into different types, including passive
infrared (PIR) sensors, active infrared (AIR) sensors, and infrared temperature sensors.

Passive infrared sensors detect changes in infrared radiation caused by the

movement of objects within their field of view. They are commonly used in security

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systems for motion detection. On the other hand, active infrared sensors emit infrared
radiation and measure the reflection or absorption of this radiation to detect objects. They
find applications in proximity sensing, distance measurement, and object detection.
Infrared temperature sensors measure the temperature of objects by detecting the infrared
radiation they emit. These sensors are used in industrial processes, medical devices, and
consumer electronics for non-contact temperature measurement.

IR sensors have various applications across industries. They are widely used in
security systems for motion detection, automatic lighting, and surveillance cameras. In
industrial automation, IR sensors are employed for object detection on conveyor belts and
in proximity sensing applications. Additionally, they are used in traffic monitoring
systems, retail for people counting, and in medical devices for temperature measurement.

Despite their versatility, IR sensors have some limitations. They typically have a
limited range compared to other sensing technologies. PIR sensors may be susceptible to
interference from environmental factors such as changes in temperature or sunlight.
Moreover, the accuracy of IR temperature sensors can be affected by factors like ambient
temperature and humidity.

Fig 3.1 IR Sensor

 ADXL SENSOR:
The ADXL sensor, also known as an accelerometer, is a type of sensor commonly
used to measure acceleration forces. It operates based on the principle of capacitance
change due to motion. The ADXL sensor is manufactured by Analog Devices, Inc. and
comes in various models with different features and specifications.

ADXL sensors find applications in a wide range of fields, including automotive,

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consumer electronics, aerospace, and healthcare. In automotive systems, they are used for
crash detection, airbag deployment, and stability control. In consumer electronics, they
are integrated into smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices for functions like screen
rotation, gaming, and activity tracking. In aerospace, ADXL sensors are utilized for
inertial navigation and vibration monitoring in aircraft. They are also used in medical
devices for monitoring patient movement and activity4.

The ADXL sensor's performance characteristics include its sensitivity, frequency

response, noise level, and dynamic range. Sensitivity refers to the change in output
voltage or digital value per unit acceleration, while frequency response determines the
range of frequencies over which the sensor can accurately measure acceleration. Noise
level represents the unwanted signals or interference present in the sensor's output, and
dynamic range refers to the range of accelerations that can be measured without saturation.

While ADXL sensors offer many advantages such as small size, low power
consumption, and high accuracy, they also have limitations. These include sensitivity to
temperature variations, cross-axis sensitivity, and susceptibility to mechanical shock or
vibration. Despite these limitations, ADXL sensors remain essential components in
various systems where accurate measurement of acceleration is critical. Continued
advancements in MEMS technology are expected to further improve the performance and
reliability of ADXL sensors in the future.

Fig 3.2 ADXL Sensor

 RAIN SENSOR:
A rain sensor is a device designed to detect the presence of rain and automatically

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trigger certain actions or systems in response. These sensors typically work by measuring
the conductivity of the water on their surface or by detecting changes in capacitance
caused by the presence of water.

Rain sensors are commonly used in automotive applications, particularly in vehicles

equipped with automatic windshield wipers. When rain is detected, the sensor sends a
signal to the wiper control system, activating the wipers to clear the windshield. This
enhances driver visibility and safety during wet conditions, as the wipers adjust their
speed according to the intensity of the rain detected by the sensor.

In addition to automotive use, rain sensors have various other applications. They
are often integrated into irrigation systems to prevent unnecessary watering during
rainfall, conserving water and reducing water bills.

Rain sensors come in different types, including optical sensors, conductive sensors,
and capacitive sensors. Optical sensors use infrared light to detect the presence of water
droplets, while conductive sensors measure the conductivity of the water on their surface.

While rain sensors offer convenience and efficiency, they may have limitations
depending on their design and application. For example, some sensors may struggle to
differentiate between raindrops and other sources of moisture, leading to false activations.
Additionally, sensor accuracy can be affected by factors such as dirt, debris, or ice
accumulation on the sensor surface

FIG 3.3 RAIN SENSOR

 LCD DISPLAY:
An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very

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commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16
characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in
5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display is capable of
displaying 224 different characters and symbols. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.

Command register stores various commands given to the display. Data register
stores data to be displayed. The process of controlling the display involvesputting the data
that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting
instructions in the instruction register. In your Arduino project Liquid Crystal Library
simplifies this for you so you don't need to knowlow-level instructions. Contrast of the
display can be adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer to be connected across VEE pin.

LCD PIN OUT:

FIG3.4 LCD DISPLAY

 BUZZER:
A buzzer is an electro-acoustic device that produces sound when an electrical
current passes through it. It typically consists of a coil of wire (an electromagnet), a
diaphragm, and a housing. When a current is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field
that attracts the diaphragm, causing it to move. This movement creates vibrations in the

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surrounding air, producing sound waves.

Buzzer designs vary depending on their intended application. Simple buzzers

produce a continuous tone when activated, while more advanced models can generate
different tones or melodies. Some buzzers incorporate an integrated oscillator circuit to
produce specific frequencies, while others rely on external signal generation from a
microcontroller or other electronic device.

Buzzers are commonly used in various applications where audible alerts or

notifications are required. They serve as warning devices in alarm systems, doorbells,
timers, and electronic games. In industrial settings, buzzers are employed as
signaling devices to indicate equipment malfunctions, process completion, or other
important events. With their simplicity, reliability, and low cost, buzzers are essential
components in electronics and electrical systems. They provide an effective means of
alerting users to important events or conditions, enhancing safety and convenience in a
wide range of applications.

FIG3.4 BUZZER

 ZIGBEE COMMUNICATOR:
A Zigbee communicator is a device that enables communication using Zigbee, a
wireless communication protocol commonly used in smart home, industrial, and
commercial applications. Zigbee communicators are often used in systems that require
low-power, short-range wireless communication between devices.

Zigbee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and operates on the 2.4 GHz
frequency band. It is known for its low power consumption, low data rate, and mesh
networking capabilities, which allow devices to form self-organizing networks and relay
data over long distances by hopping through intermediate nodes.

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Zigbee communicators typically consist of a Zigbee radio module, microcontroller,

and software stack that implements the Zigbee protocol. The radio module handles the
physical layer communication, while the microcontroller manages higher-level functions
such as data processing, network management, and interfacing with other devices or
sensors.

These communicators are commonly used in various applications, including home

automation, smart lighting, HVAC control, industrial monitoring, and asset tracking. In
home automation, Zigbee communicators enable smart devices such as lights, thermostats,
and sensors to communicate with a central hub or gateway, allowing users to control and
monitor their devices remotely through a smartphone or web interface.

One of the key advantages of Zigbee communicators is their ability to create

robust and reliable mesh networks, where each device acts as a router, relaying data to
extend the network's range and improve reliability. This makes Zigbee ideal for
applications that require coverage over a large area or in environments where obstacles or
interference may disrupt communication.

Zigbee communicators come in various form factors, including USB dongles,

modules for integration into larger systems, and standalone devices with built-in antennas.
They are available from various manufacturers and may offer additional features such as
encryption and security mechanisms to protect data transmission.

FIG3.5 ZIGBEE COMMUNICATOR

 MOTAR GATES:
Motorized gates, often referred to as motor gates or automatic gates, are gates that are
operated by an electric motor. These gates offer convenience, security, and ease of access control
for residential, commercial, and industrial properties.

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Motorized gates come in various designs and configurations, including sliding

gates, swing gates, and barrier gates. Sliding gates operate by sliding horizontally along a
track, while swing gates open and close like a door, either inward or outward. Barrier
gates, on the other hand, typically consist of a horizontal bar that lifts or lowers to allow
or restrict access.
These gates are typically controlled by a motorized mechanism that is activated by
a remote control, keypad entry system, intercom, or other access control devices. They
can also be integrated with smart home or building automation systems for remote
monitoring and control.
 ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and
control both physically and digitally. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting
the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards
are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.
The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins
that may be interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other
circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial
Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal
computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++.

FIG 3.6 ARDUINO UNO

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3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

A software requirement specification (SRS) is an in-depth document that
describes what the software does and how we expect it to perform. An SRS includes
information about all the functional and non-functional requirements for a given piece of
software,software requirements are:
 ARDUNIO IDE:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software platform
designed to simplify the process of programming Arduino microcontroller boards. It serves
as acomprehensive tool for writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino devices,
making it accessible to both beginners and experienced developers. The IDE features a
user-friendly interface with a text editor where users can write their code using the
Arduino programming language, which is based on C/C++. Additionally, it includes a
toolbar with buttons for compiling and uploading code to Arduino boards seamlessly.
One of the key features of the Arduino IDE is its extensive library support,
providing access to a wide range of pre-written code snippets and examples. This library
ecosystem enables users to quickly implement various functionalities in their projects
without having to write code from scratch. Moreover, the IDE incorporates a serial
monitor tool, allowing users to interact with their Arduino boards and debug their code by
monitoring data exchange between the board and the computer.
The Arduino IDE is compatible with multiple operating systems, including
Windows, macOS, and Linux, ensuring broad accessibility across different platforms. Its
open-source nature encourages community contributions and enhancements, leading to
continuous improvements and updates. Overall, the Arduino IDE serves as a versatile and
powerful tool for prototyping and developing electronic projects, empowering makers,

FIG 3.7 ARDUINO UNO

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 EMBEDDED C:
Embedded C is a variant of the C programming language tailored for programming
embedded systems, which are microcontroller-based devices with limited resources. It
offers features like low-level access to hardware, efficient memory utilization, and
deterministic execution. Embedded C facilitates interfacing with peripherals, such as
sensors, actuators, and communication modules, while ensuringeal-time responsiveness
and reliability. Programmers use it to develop firmware for embedded systems in diverse
applications, including automotive, consumer electronics, medical devices, and industrial
automation. Its concise syntax and portability make it a preferred choice for embedded
software development, enabling efficient and robust code for resource-constrained
environments.
 PYTHON:
Our project utilizes Python as the primary programming language, and to facilitate
its development, several software components are required. First and foremost, we need
the Python interpreter, which serves as the core runtime environment for executing
Python code. This can be obtained from the official Python website or through
distributions such as Anaconda, which provides additional libraries and tools. For
effective coding, we rely on an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like
PyCharm, Visual Studio Code with Python extension, or Spyder, offering features such as
code completion, debugging, and project management.
Additionally, we utilize package management tools like pip, the standard Python
package manager, for installing and managing project dependencies. Virtual
environments, created with tools like virtualenv or venv, are crucial for isolating project
environments and managing dependencies separately. Version control is facilitated by Git,
with hosting services like GitHub or GitLab for collaborative development and version
history tracking. Testing is integral to our project, and we employ testing frameworks
such as unittest, pytest, or nose for writing and executing automated tests. Continuous
Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) tools like Jenkins or Travis CI automate the
build, test, and deployment processes. To maintain code quality, we use code analysis
tools like Flake8, Pylint, and mypy for enforcing coding standards, identifying issues, and
performing static analysis. Dependency management is handled by tools like pip-tools,
pipenv, or poetry to manage project dependencies and ensure compatibility.Lastly,
documentation is generated using tools like Sphinx or MkDocs to create clear and

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comprehensive documentation from code comments and Markdown files.

PIN CONFIGURATION

1. ARDUINO UNO:

Fig:3.8 ARDUINO UNO

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CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
A methodology refers to a systematic approach or framework that outlines the
steps, procedures, and guidelines to be followed during the project's execution. It provides
a structured and organized way to plan, conduct, and complete the project successfully.
A methodology serves as a roadmap for the project, guiding the project team
through various phases, tasks, and activities. It helps ensure that the project is executed in a
disciplined and efficient manner, taking into account factors such as time constraints,
available resources, and project objectives.

HUB MODEL
IR Sensors

Accelerom
eter Zigbee

Arduino UNO

Rain Sensor Motor Gates

FIG 4.1 HUB MODEL

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VEHICLE MODEL

LCD Display

Buzzer Zigbee

ARDUINO UNO

FIG 4.2 VEHICLE MODEL

4.2EXISTING SYSTEM :
• Sensor-based Collision Avoidance:
Two Ultrasonic sensors are place data known distance on both side of the curve.
Ultrasonic sensors are used to determine the vehicle position. Sensor placed at two
distinct point, outputs high pulse when the vehicle passes near to them. The vehicle speed
is calculated by knowing the distance between those two points and time required by
vehicle to cover those points. When two vehicles approach the curve
simultaneously ,speed of both vehicles are calculated and vehicle with higher speed is
made to pass through the curve.

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Convex Mirrors: Convex mirror is a mirror whose reflective surface is bulged so that
the incident light rays gets reflected back at a different angle. This set up is widely
used in hilly regions which reflects the image of opposite vehicle approaching the
hairpin curve.
Headlights and Horns: Both Headlight sand Horns are extensively used while driving
in hairpin curves. Headlights can be used only during nighttime by flashing on high
beams.
Limitations of Existing Systems
• Sensor based Collision Avoidance: This method offers high disadvantages to the
vehicles, climbing uphill. Priority is always given to high speeding vehicles which
will not only results in traffic congestion but, also lacks in Effective traffic
management.
• Convex Mirrors: The major drawback of this system is reflective surface gets faded as
time passes and also it is seasonal. hence, it is not compatible during night time,
foggy environment and rainy season.
• Headlights: Headlights may not be efficient method during day time.
4.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
• Develop a real-time conflict avoidance system using Arduino Uno and IR sensors to
identify obstacles and potential conflicts on the road, especially in deep curves.
• Implement an ADXL sensor to monitor Land slides and provide drivers with
information on vehicle tilt and lateral acceleration in real-time.
• Detection of vehicles in curves and automating the vehicle operations
• Utilize an LCD display to present visual warnings and updates to the driver regarding
road conditions and potential conflicts.
• Establish a Zigbee communication network between vehicles to exchange critical
information about road conditions, obstacles, and potential landslide risks.

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CHAPTER 5
DESIGN
5.1 DATA FLOW :
Flow Diagram:
1. The DFD is also called as bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can
be used to represent a system in terms of input data to the system, various processing
carried out on this data, and the output data is generated by this system.
2. The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important modeling tools. It is used
to model the system components. These components are the system process, the data used
by the process, an external entity that interacts with the system and the information flows
in the system.
3. DFD shows how the information moves through the system and how it is modified
by a series of transformations. It is a graphical technique that depicts information flow
and the transformations that are applied as data moves from input to output.
4. DFD is also known as bubble chart. A DFD may be used to represent a system at
any level of abstraction. DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing
information flow and functional detail.
Level 0

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Level 1:

Level 2:
▶This diagram illustrates the data flow between various components of the system:
▶Sensors: Gather data about the surroundings such as distance, speed, etc.
▶ Arduino: The central processing unit which receives data from sensors, processes it,
and sends commands to signaling system and landslide detection system.
▶ Signaling System: Receives collision detection signals from Arduino and activates
signaling mechanisms accordingly.
▶ Landslide Detection System: Receives landslide detection signals from Arduino and
initiates appropriate actions.
▶Data Logger: Logs data for further analysis and monitoring.

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FIG 5.1 COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

5.2 USECASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram can identify the different types of users of a system and the
different use cases and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well.
While a use case itself might drill into a lot of detail about every possibility, a use case
diagram can help provide a higher-level view of the system. It has been said before that
"Use case diagrams are the blueprints for your system". They provide the simplified and
graphical representation of what the system must actually do.

FIG 5.2 USECASE DIAGRAM

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5.3Sequence Diagram:
Sequence diagrams are sometimes referred to as descriptions of actions or activities. It
shows the messages shared between them in the order in which they occur as parallel
vertical lines (lifelines), different processes or objects that exist continuously as horizontal
arrows.

FIG 5.3 Sequence Diagram

5.4 Activity Diagram:
The activity diagram is an UML diagram that describes the system’s dynamic aspects.
In fact, it is a flowchart that regulates the flow every event. The event can be described as
the operation of the system. The control flow shall be taken between operations.

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FIG 5.4 Activity Diagram

5.6 CLASS DIAGRAM
▶Arduino represents the Arduino microcontroller board with its pins and methods to read
sensors and send data.
▶ Collision Avoidance, Curve Detection, and Landslide Detection are classes
representing different functionalities/modules of the system.
▶ Each module has a composition relationship with the Arduino class, indicating that
each module is dependent on an Arduino instance for sensor readings and data

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transmission.
▶ Each module has methods to detect specific events (detectCollision(), detectCurve(),
detect Landslide()), and take actions accordingly (sendWarning(), signalCurve(), notify
Authorities()).

FIG 5.4 CLASS DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Yolo – Object Detection Algorithm:
Deep Learning consists of a very enormous number of neural networks that use the
multiple cores of a process of a computer and video processing cards to manage the
neuranetwork’s neuron which is categorized as a single node. Deep learning is used in
numerous applications because of its popularity especially in the field of medicine and
agriculture. Here YOLO deep learning technique is used to identify persons wearing and
not wearing face masks. Joseph Redmon et al. introduced You look only once also known
as YOLO in 2015. YOLO is a convolutional neural network (CNN) for doing object
detection in real-time.

The algorithm applies a single neural net5 work to the full image, and then divides
the image into regions and predicts bounding boxes and probabilities for each region.
These bounding boxes are weighted by the predicted probabilities. Some improvements
were done over years and YOLOv2 and YOLOv3 , v5 versions were introduced
respectively in 2016 , 2018.Our model uses YOLOv5 and it provides good results
regarding object classification and detection. In the previous version of Yolov3 Darknet-
19 is used. Yolov3 uses darknet-53. Darknet is a framework used for training neural
networks written in C language

Benefits
YOLO is a popular object detection algorithm because it achieves high accuracy
while it is also able to run in real-time. The algorithm “only looks once” at the image
means that it requires only one forward propagation pass through the neural network to
make predictions. After non-max suppression it then gives the recognized objects along
with the bounding boxes. In YOLO, a single CNN simultaneously predicts multiple
bounding boxes and class probabilities for those boxes. YOLO directly optimizes
detection performance since it trains on full images. YOLO has a number of benefits over
other object detection methods they are

YOLO is extremely fast

 YOLO scans the entire image during training and also during testing. So, it implicitly
encodes contextual information about classes as well as their appearance.

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 YOLO learns generalizable representations of objects so that when it is trained on

natural images and tested , the algorithm performs excellently when compared to
other top detection methods.

6.2 Configuration Module

First, we created a method to connect with user’s local network of cameras through
internet or use the internet accessible IP cameras. For our solution we have made use IP
cameras but we can make use of other types cameras as well with slight changes to the
code. Each camera has its own instance and it will leverage all the features discussed in
this paper and process for each instance will be the same as shown in Fig (1). To connect
cameras to the application, users have to provide their camera IPs/or anything equivalent
to it like RTSP URL, etc. These IPs will be saved in database for reuse.

6.3 Classification Using Yolo

We use the IPs stored in the database as input for object detection module and we
use OpenCV for any image processing related tasks. For object detection we are using
pretrained YOLOv5 model trained on COCO dataset because of its high accuracy. As
showed by [8] YOLOv5 is better than previous proposed algorithms hence it is our
preferred choice of object detection model. YOLO recognizes objects more precisely and
faster than other recognition systems. It can predict up to 80 classes. It can be easily
trained and deployed in a production system. YOLO is based on a single Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN). The CNN divides an image into regions and then it predicts the
boundary boxes and probabilities for each region.
It simultaneously predicts multiple bounding boxes and probabilities for those classes.
YOLO sees the entire image during training and test time so it implicitly encodes
contextual information about classes as well as their appearance. The real-time
recognition system will recognize multiple objects from an image. The backbone of
YOLOv5 is CSPDarknet-53.
Darknet is an open-source neural network framework written in C and CUDA and it
is used to train new YOLO models and run the existing ones. After the training is done the
results are stored in a .weights file. We have converted this darknet model which is
in .weights format to a TensorFlow model in .pb format. We use this saved model for
object detection. YOLOv5 sends us the coordinates of detections along with confidence
score which we then use as input for OpenCV to draw bounding boxes on the detections

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and count these detections. We count detections on every frame and the process repeated
for each frame. We also able to selective counting with help of detection boundary which
discussed below.
6.4 Data Annotation
To train YOLO we need to annotate images for object detection models. Our dataset
should be well annotated. There are different types of annotations available. Here a
bounding boxes method is used. It creates a rectangle area over images that are present in
our dataset. Since Annotation needs more time we are using a tool called LabelIMG to
annotate our data. 3.3.3 YOLOv5 Configuration The YOLOv5 configuration involved the
creation of two files and a custom Yolov5 cfg file.

6.5 YOLOv5 configuration

first creates a ”obj.names” file which contains the name of the classes which the
model wanted to detect. Then a obj.data file which contains a number of classes in here is
2, train data directory, validation data, ”obj.names” and weights path which is saved on
the backup folder. Lastly, a cfg file contains 2 classes. figure 3.2 shows the configuration
steps involved. Next is training of our YOLOv3 in which an input image is passed into
the YOLOv5 model. This will go through the image and find the coordinates that are
present. It divides the image into a grid and from that grid it analyzes the target objects
features. Here 80 percent data is used for training , and remaining 20 percent is used for
validation. Now weights of YOLOv5 trained on the dataset are created under a file. Using
these trained weights now we can Detect and count the crowd.

Algorithm (Step by Step Execution)

Step 1: Start the program. Step Step 2: Input image is loaded .

Step 3: YOLOv5 trained weights are loaded from the disk.

Step 4: Vehicle Detected and marked by means of object detection algorithm. Step step 5:

After detection resultant image is displayed.

Step 6: Classify the Type.

6.6 Yolo V 5 Training:

There is an existing implementation using YOLOV5 in github however the model
is incomplete and also doesn’t support additional architectures due to which is not

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published. We used this as reference and built a YOLOv5 social distancing model which
is capable of working on multiple architectures used in the YOLOv5 model as well on our
custom architecture (modified backbone CSP). By doing this, we have successfully
implemented the first working social distancing model based on YOLOv5 and other
supporting architectures based on YOLOv5.

Implementation of Social Distancing on YOLOv5 Models Our key objective is to

implement a working YOLOv5 based social distancing model using YOLOv5s,
YOLOv5s6, and YOLOv5s6 modified bottleneck CSP architecture. There is no existing
social distancing working model based on the above YOLOv5 architectures. From the
screenshots below the model’s sample output can be seen which clearly indicates the risk
category based on centroid distance calculations. Parameters for High, Medium, and Low
risk: High Risk: Distance between people less than 200 units. Medium Risk: Distance
between people between 200 - 250 units. 11 Low Risk: Distance between people more
than 250 units.

Modules:
Capture the image

Identify the Vehicle from the image Recognize the Vehicle.

Classify

Communicate by operating traffic signal

PseudoCode

 Capture the Image.

 Read the video by dividing it into a number of frames.

 Else, detect vehicle in each frame and get the bounding boxes around them
with the help ofYOLOv5.

 If it reaches to EOF, stop..

 While detecting Vehicle, detect their shape size.

 With the help of bounding boxes on the Vehicle .

 Create a results board on top of the image and display the results.

 Create an output stream and then show the results.

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 Do this for every frame till it reaches to end of file.

 Change traffic signal status based on vehicle detected.
Source code:

Landslide Hub :
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial Serial1(6,7);
int m1=2;
int m2=3;
int m3=14;
int m4=15;
int ir1=4;
int ir2=5;
int a=0;
int k=1;
int red1=8;
int red2=10;
int green1=9;
int green2=11;
//int buzzer=17;
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>
#include <Adafruit_ADXL345_U.h>
Adafruit_ADXL345_Unified accel = Adafruit_ADXL345_Unified();
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial1.begin(9600);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.clear();

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pinMode(ir1,INPUT);
pinMode(ir2,INPUT);
pinMode(m1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(m2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(m3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(m4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(red1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(red2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green2,OUTPUT);
// pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);
Serial.println("LANDSLIDE MONITORING");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" LANDSLIDE ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" MONITORING ");
delay(500);
if(!accel.begin())
{

Serial.println("No valid sensor found");

delay(100);

while(1);

}
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
GREEN();
}

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void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
ADXL();
RAIN_CHECK();
IR_CHECK();
serial_read();
}
void ADXL()
{
sensors_event_t event;
accel.getEvent(&event);
float X_val=event.acceleration.x;
float Y_val=event.acceleration.y;
float Z_val=event.acceleration.z;
Serial.print("X: "); Serial.print(event.acceleration.x); Serial.print(" ");
//
Serial.print("Y: "); Serial.print(event.acceleration.y); Serial.print(" ");
//
Serial.print("Z: "); Serial.print(event.acceleration.z); Serial.print(" ");
//((X_val>0.5 && X_val<2.0))
delay(500);
if(k==1 && (X_val>-1.5&&X_val<2))
{
a=1;
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);

}
else if(a==1 && ((X_val<-7.50)||(X_val>7.5)||(Y_val<-7.50)||(Y_val>7.5)))
{
k=0;
a=0;

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Serial1.println('L');
Serial.println("$LANDSLIDE DETECTED#");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" LANDSLIDE ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" DETECTED ");
// digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GATES CLOSING");
Serial.println("$GATES CLOSING#");
// digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
delay(1000);
RED();
// lcd.clear();
// lcd.setCursor(0,0);
// lcd.print("GATES OPENING");
// digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
// digitalWrite(m2,HIGH);
// digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
// digitalWrite(m4,HIGH);
// delay(500);

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// digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
// digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
// digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
// digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
// delay(1000);
}
else if(k==0&&(X_val>-1.5&&X_val<2))
{
k=1;
a=1;
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GATES OPENING");
Serial.println("$GATES OPENING#");
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
delay(1000);
GREEN();
}
}
void RAIN_CHECK()
{
int rainval=analogRead(A2);
Serial.print("Rain:");
Serial.println(rainval);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);

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lcd.print("Rain:");
lcd.setCursor(6,0);
lcd.print(rainval);
delay(500);
if(rainval<700)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("RAINFALL IS MORE");
Serial.println("RAINFALL IS MORE");
Serial1.println('R');
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GATES CLOSING");
// digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
RED();
delay(5000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GATES OPENING");
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,HIGH);

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delay(500);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m3,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
delay(1000);
GREEN();
}
else
{
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m2,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
digitalWrite(m4,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
}
void IR_CHECK()
{
int irval=digitalRead(ir1);
int ir2val=digitalRead(ir2);
if((irval==LOW))
{
Serial.println("ROAD1 CLEAR");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("ROAD1 CLEAR");

ROAD1();
delay(1000);
GREEN();
delay(1000);
}
else if((ir2val==LOW))

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{
Serial.println("ROAD2 CLEAR");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("ROAD2 CLEAR");
ROAD2();
delay(1000);
GREEN();
delay(1000);
}
serial_read();
}

void ROAD1()
{
digitalWrite(red1,LOW);
digitalWrite(red2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(green1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(green2,LOW);
delay(2500);
}
void ROAD2()
{
digitalWrite(red1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red2,LOW);
digitalWrite(green1,LOW);
digitalWrite(green2,HIGH);
delay(2500);
}
void RED()
{
digitalWrite(red1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(green1,LOW);

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digitalWrite(green2,LOW);
}
void GREEN()
{
digitalWrite(red1,LOW);
digitalWrite(red2,LOW);
digitalWrite(green1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(green2,HIGH);
}

void serial_read()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
char ch=Serial.read();
Serial.println(ch);
delay(500);
if(ch=='A')
{
Serial.println("GIVEN PRIORITY FOR TRUCK");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("PRIORITY FOR");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("TRUCK GIVEN");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" TRUCK CAN ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" MOVE AHEAD ");
delay(1000);

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if(ch=='B')
{

Serial.println("GIVEN PRIORITY FOR BUS");

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("PRIORITY FOR");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("BUS GIVEN");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" BUS CAN ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" MOVE AHEAD ");
delay(1000);
}
}
}
Landslide Receiver:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
int rs=13,en=12,d4=11,d5=10,d6=9,d7=8;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs,en,d4,d5,d6,d7);
int buzzer=2;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin(9600);
// Serial1.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("VEHICLE MODEL");
Serial.println("LANDSLIDE VEHICLE MODEL");
delay(1000);

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}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
char ch=Serial.read();
Serial.println(ch);
delay(500);
if(ch=='L')
{
Serial.println("Landslide Detected");
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" LANDSLIDE ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" DETECTED ");
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(500);
}
if(ch=='R')
{
Serial.println("MORE RAINFALL");
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("MORE RAINFALL");
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(500);
}
}
}

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CHAPTER 7
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
7.1Challenges and Decision Making:
During the implementation and the execution of the proposed work, we had faced a
number
of challenges that were overcome with time. The list of all these challenges are outlined
below:

Sensor Reliability: One of the primary challenges is ensuring the reliability and accuracy
of sensors deployed for conflict detection and landslide monitoring. Decision-making
processes must account for potential sensor failures or inaccuracies to prevent false
alarms or missed events.

Data Fusion: Integrating data from multiple sensors and sources poses challenges in
terms of data fusion and synchronization. Decision-making algorithms need to effectively
combine heterogeneous data streams while minimizing latency and computational
overhead. Dynamic Environment: The dynamic nature of road environments, including
varying traffic conditions, weather patterns, and geological factors, presents challenges
for decision-making algorithms. Adaptability and robustness are essential to address
changing conditions in real time.

Uncertainty and Noise: Uncertainty and noise in sensor data can affect the reliability of
conflict and landslide detection algorithms. Decision-making processes must incorporate
mechanisms to handle uncertainty, filter out noise, and provide probabilistic assessments
of risks.

Resource Constraints: Limited computational resources, bandwidth, and power

availability in roadside infrastructure pose constraints on decision-making algorithms.
Optimization techniques are required to ensure efficient utilization of resources while
maintaining decision quality.

Human Factors: Incorporating human factors such as driver behavior, preferences, and
situational awareness into decision-making processes adds complexity. Decision support
systems need to account for human factors to provide context-aware recommendations
and alerts.

Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with regulatory standards and guidelines for

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road safety and hazard mitigation imposes constraints on decision-making algorithms

and system design. Decision-making processes must adhere to legal and regulatory
requirements while maximizing safety and efficiency.

Scalability and Maintenance: Ensuring scalability and ease of maintenance for decision-
making systems deployed across large-scale road networks is a significant challenge.
Decision- making algorithms should be scalable, modular, and resilient to facilitate
seamless expansion and maintenance.

7.2 Project Analysis

Performance Evaluation: Conduct a thorough analysis of the system's performance

metrics, including detection accuracy, false alarm rate, response time, and scalability.
Compare these metrics against predefined benchmarks and industry standards to assess
the effectiveness of the system.

Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing the conflict

avoidance and landslide update system compared to potential benefits such as reduced
accidents, improved traffic flow, and minimized infrastructure damage. Consider factors
such as initial investment, maintenance costs, and potential cost savings from hazard
mitigation.

Risk Assessment: Identify potential risks and uncertainties associated with the project,
including technical challenges, regulatory compliance issues, and stakeholder acceptance.
Assess the likelihood and impact of these risks and develop mitigation strategies to
address them proactively.

User Feedback and Stakeholder Engagement: Gather feedback from end-users,

stakeholders, and domain experts regarding their experiences and perceptions of the
system. Analyze user satisfaction, usability issues, and areas for improvement to refine
the system's design and functionality.

Operational Impact: Evaluate the operational impact of the conflict avoidance and
landslide update system on existing transportation infrastructure, traffic management
procedures, and emergency response protocols. Assess how the system enhances
operational efficiency, resilience, and safety in real-world scenarios.

Scalability and Expansion: Assess the system's scalability and potential for expansion to
accommodate future growth in road networks, traffic volumes, and technological

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advancements. Analyze the system's ability to adapt to changing requirements and

leverage emerging technologies to enhance its capabilities.

Environmental Impact: Consider the environmental impact of implementing the conflict

avoidance and landslide update system, including factors such as energy consumption,
carbon emissions, and ecological sustainability. Evaluate how the system contributes to
environmental conservation and sustainable transportation practices.

Social and Ethical Implications: Examine the social and ethical implications of
deploying the system, including concerns related to privacy, data security, and equitable
access to transportation services. Address ethical dilemmas and social equity issues to
ensure the system benefits all members of society.By conducting a comprehensive project
analysis, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into the system's performance, viability,
and impact, enabling informed decision-making and continuous improvement throughout
the project lifecycle.

Integration with Existing Infrastructure: Evaluate the integration of the conflict

avoidance and landslide update system with existing transportation infrastructure,
including compatibility with roadside signage, traffic lights, and communication networks.
Assess the ease of integration and interoperability with legacy systems.

Emergency Response Coordination: Analyze the system's capability to coordinate with

emergency response agencies and first responders in the event of accidents, natural
disasters, or other emergencies. Assess how the system facilitates timely communication,
resource allocation, and incident management.

Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with relevant laws, regulations,
and standards governing road safety, hazard mitigation, and data privacy. Evaluate the
system's adherence to regulatory requirements and its ability to facilitate compliance
through transparent data handling and reporting practices.

Long-Term Sustainability: Consider the long-term sustainability of the conflict

avoidance and landslide update system in terms of technological obsolescence, funding
availability, and organizational support. Assess strategies for ensuring ongoing
maintenance, upgrades, and enhancements to sustain system effectiveness over time

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7.3Impact of Engineering Solutions

Safety Enhancement: The implementation of the conflict avoidance and landslide update
system significantly improves road safety by minimizing the risk of accidents and
collisions in deep curves. By providing real-time alerts and adaptive control mechanisms,
the system enables drivers to navigate challenging road conditions more safely and
confidently.

Reduced Traffic Congestion: The proactive measures taken by the system to prevent
conflicts and hazards in deep curves contribute to smoother traffic flow and reduced
congestion on roadways. By minimizing the occurrence of accidents and delays, the system
helps optimize traffic movement and enhance overall transportation efficiency.

Prevention of Landslide-Related Incidents: The system's capability to monitor

geological conditions and detect signs of impending landslides allows for timely
preventive actions, such as road closures and traffic diversions. This proactive approach
helps mitigate the risk of landslide- related accidents and infrastructure damage, ensuring
the safety of motorists and road users.

Enhanced Emergency Response: The system facilitates more effective emergency

response and rescue operations by providing timely information about road conditions,
hazards, and potential conflicts. Emergency responders can use this real-time data to
prioritize and allocate resources efficiently, leading to faster response times and improved
outcomes in critical situations.

Optimized Transportation Planning: Data collected by the system can be utilized for
transportation planning and infrastructure development initiatives. Insights gained from
the analysis of traffic patterns, road conditions, and safety hazards help inform decision-
making processes related to road design, maintenance prioritization, and future
infrastructure investments.

Improved Public Perception and Confidence: The deployment of advanced

engineering solutions for road safety and hazard mitigation enhances public perception
and confidence in the transportation infrastructure. By demonstrating a commitment to
proactive risk management and safety enhancement, authorities can instill trust and
credibility among road users and stakeholders.

Cost Savings: While the initial investment in deploying the conflict avoidance and

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landslide update system may be significant, the long-term cost savings associated with
accident prevention, reduced traffic congestion, and infrastructure preservation outweigh
the upfront costs. By minimizing the occurrence of accidents and their associated costs,
the system delivers substantial economic benefits over time.

Environmental Benefits: By optimizing traffic flow and reducing the likelihood of

accidents and delays, the system contributes to environmental sustainability by
minimizing fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, and carbon footprint associated with
transportation activities. This indirect environmental impact underscores the system's
broader societal benefits beyond This indirect environmental impact underscores the
system's broader societal benefits beyond

7.4 Contemporary Issues Addressed

Road Safety: The conflict avoidance and landslide update system directly addresses
contemporary concerns related to road safety by proactively identifying and mitigating
hazards such as collisions and landslides in deep curves. By leveraging advanced sensing
technologies and real-time data analysis, the system helps minimize the risk of accidents
and enhance overall road safety for motorists and pedestrians.

Traffic Management: In urban and rural areas alike, effective traffic management is a
pressing issue exacerbated by increasing vehicle volumes and limited infrastructure
capacity. The system contributes to contemporary traffic management challenges by
optimizing traffic flow, reducing congestion, and preventing accidents in critical road
segments, thereby improving overall transportation efficiency.

Natural Disaster Preparedness: With the rise in extreme weather events and geological
hazards, the need for effective natural disaster preparedness measures has become
paramount. The system's ability to monitor geological conditions and detect signs of
landslides enables proactive measures to mitigate the impact of natural disasters on
roadways, infrastructure, and public safety.

Infrastructure Resilience: Aging infrastructure and inadequate maintenance pose

significant challenges to the resilience of transportation networks. By providing early
warning and preventive measures against hazards such as landslides and road conflicts,
the system helps safeguard infrastructure integrity and resilience, reducing the risk of
disruptions and costly repairs.

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Data-driven Decision Making: In the era of big data and analytics, leveraging data-
driven decision-making processes is essential for optimizing transportation systems and
improving safety outcomes. The system exemplifies contemporary efforts to harness real-
time sensor data and advanced analytics to inform proactive decision-making in managing
road hazards and mitigating risks effectively.

Smart Transportation Systems: The emergence of smart transportation systems

represents a paradigm shift in how we approach mobility and urban planning. The system
aligns with contemporary trends in smart transportation by integrating advanced sensing
technologies, communication networks, and decision support systems to enhance road
safety, optimize traffic flow, and improve overall transportation efficiency.

Equitable Access to Transportation: Access to safe and reliable transportation is a

fundamental issue that affects communities' economic opportunities, social mobility,
and quality of life. By enhancing road safety and reducing the risk of accidents, the
system contributes to efforts aimed at ensuring equitable access to transportation for all
members of society, regardless of their location or socioeconomic status.

Environmental Sustainability: With growing concerns about environmental degradation

and climate change, promoting sustainable transportation practices has become a global
priority. The system's ability to optimize traffic flow, reduce emissions, and minimize the
environmental impact of accidents aligns with contemporary efforts to foster more
sustainable and eco-friendly transport system.

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CHAPTER 8

SNAPSHOTS
HUB MODEL:May face limitations regarding real-time data accuracy and

potential connectivity issues in remote areas. Additionally, ensuring

seamless integration with existing vehicle systems covuld be challenging.

FIGURE 8.1 HUB MODEL

VEHICLES HUB:The vehicle model proposed likely incorporates sensors
for real-time data collection and analysis, enabling proactive measures for
conflict avoidance and landslide updates in deep curves.

FIGURE 8.2 VEHICLES HUB

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WORKING OF HUB MODEL: It is a central communication point, collecting data

from sensors on vehicles and roadside infrastructure in real-time. It then processes this
data to identify potential conflicts or landslide risks, sending timely updates to vehicles to
enable proactive avoidance measures.

FIGURE 8.3 WORKING OF HUB MODEL

RAINFALL UPDATION :When there is a heavy rainfall, it sends data to a central hub
for analysis. The hub then updates vehicles with real-time information on areas prone to
landslides or increased risk, enabling drivers to adjust their routes accordingly.

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FIGURE 8.4 WORKING MODEL OF VEHICLES MODEL AND UPDATION OF

MORE RAIN FALL

LAND SLIDE DETECTED AND GATES CLOSED: This action aims to prevent
vehicles from entering or exiting the landslide-prone zones, mitigating the risk of accidents
or further damage

FIGURE 8.5 LAND SLIDE DETECTED AND GATES CLOSED.

LAND SLIDE DETECTED AND GATES CLOSED DISPLAYED IN LCD:LCD
displays "Landslide detected" and "Gates closed" in response to the identified hazard,
ensuring immediate awareness and safety measures.

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FIGURE 8.6 LAND SLIDE DETECTED AND GATES CLOSED DISPLAYED IN

LCD

MORE RAIN FALL DETECTED AND UPDATED IN VECHICLES:Here real-time

update informs drivers about worsening weather conditions, enabling them to adapt their
driving behavior accordingly for enhanced safety.

FIGURE8.7 MORE RAIN FALL DETECTED AND UPDATED IN VECHICLES

CONFLICT AVOIDANCE OF VEHICLES IN DEEP CURVE:
A picture depicting conflict avoidance of vehicles in deep curves likely showcases sensor-
equipped vehicles adjusting speed and trajectory to maintain safe distances, ensuring safe
navigation through challenging terrain.

FIGURE 8.8 CONFLICT AVOIDANCE OF VEHICLES IN DEEP CURVE:

HEAVY VEHICLES ARE GIVEN PRIORITY: Traffic management system where
larger vehicles are granted precedence, possibly due to safety concerns or logistical
considerations, ensuring smoother flow and reduced congestion on the road.

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FIGURE 8.9 HEAVY VEHICLES ARE GIVEN PRIORITY.

MESSAGE DISPLAYED IN LCD FOR HEAVY VEHICLES:Priority for heavy
vehicles displayed on the LCD informs drivers of larger vehicles about their precedence,
aiding in traffic management and ensuring smoother flow on the road.

FIGURE 8.10 MESSAGE DISPLAYED IN LCD FOR HEAVY VEHICLES.

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The "Conflict Avoidance and Landslide Update System for Vehicles in Deep Curves"
project utilizes Arduino Uno, IR sensors, ADXL sensors, LCD displays, and Zigbee
communication to provide real-time assistance and updates to drivers navigating
challenging terrains. This system aims to prevent accidents, improve road safety, and save
lives while optimizing traffic flow in areas prone to deep curves and landslides.

For the driver to easily observe a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction,
convex mirrors are utilised in the existing system at curves.

This system functions fine during the day but fails miserably at night. The suggested
method makes advantage of sensors at hairpin turns, which function incredibly well at
night.

We will be able to remedy the issue by placing the sensors on either side of the curves.
The sensor sends a signal that looks like this if the vehicle is 10 metres from the bend.
The various hazardous impact of landslides on environment where studied.An efficient
environment for analyzing and displaying results with powerful set of tools.

This project aims at avoiding collision in hair pin curves as much as possible.

This system was alsodesignedforreducingtrafficcongestionwhichaccountsforeasyvehicle

Movement in hilly areas.

The system is robust in nature which includes advanced cameras and complex
calculation switch provides realtime solution for collision avoidance and traffic
congestion.

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