Stress can be defined as any force that when applied to a system cause some significant

modification of its form, where force can be a physical, psychological and social pressure.

Stress is usually due to the presence of some form of stressor, which it can be a one-off
stimulus or on-going factors. From this, we get acute stress for a short duration and chronic
stress for a long duration.

There are different stressor affect that effect stress includes, physical like, heat, cold,
noise, vibration and something damaging to health. Psychological, like emotional upset, worried
about real or imagined problem and reactive, such as event occurring in everyday life.

Example of environmental factors that affect stress includes, several workplace factors
that contribute to the development of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
High stress when doing the task and complacency. To reduced this factors, company needs to
provide a flexible schedule and invest in training and process.

Other than that, the illumination and noise of an environment are the most important. For
example, harsh lighting and loud noises can lead to feel anxiety. While dark and cold
environments can lead to feel de-motivated and hard to do the work. To reduced this factors,
company needs to provide a sufficient illumination to ease the work and the workers will feel
more comfortable.

Meanwhile, workers need to wear a safety and protective equipment such as earmuff and
earplug to prevent from hearing looses. When working with fluid or chemical substances in the
hazardous environment, workers need to wear respirators to prevent from inhaling a
dangerous chemical substance while at work.

To sum up, stress is the cause of malfunction for human in their life and this affect
psychology, work life and health. Stress is very dangerous as it can leads to a unhappy life.
 There are many types of error in maintenance tasks such as, slips, lapses and mistakes.
Slips occurs at execution stage, lapses occurs at memory stage and mistake occurs at planning
stage.

Slips occurs when an action is not done correctly as planned. Like, we plan to do the right
things but something happened that prevented us from doing it properly. For example, when
the pilot lands and inadvertently retracts the landing gear instead of flaps.

Lapses cause by omission and forgetting. For example, forgetting to do a checklist item in
the procedures. This usually happened when carrying out procedures in the busy hangar or in
line environments.

Mistake made by planning itself. He/she perceived it to be correct while it was wrong. For
example, switching off the wrong engine when operating the aircraft.

Violation are deviation from safe operating procedures, recommended practices and rules or
standards. Violation may become routines that is normally happened at the workplace.
Routine violations may be a short cuts for workers to get the job done more quick, easy and
efficient.

There are 2 types of error in context of visual inspection. Type 1 error and type 2 error.
Type 1 error are when a good item in incorrectly identified as faulty and type 2 error are
when a faulty item is missed. Type 1 error are not a safety concern per se, except that it
means that, the resources are not being use most effectively and time being wasted. Type 2
error are the most concern since, if the cracks remain undetected, it can cause a serious
consequences. For example, aloha airline where the cracks remained undetected.
 During a shift change while working on the aircraft, there are several factors need to be
considered such as, hardware, liveware, software and environment. This is to ensure the safe
and efficient operation of its system.

Software, the incoming team must be aware about any of the software running on the
aircraft and its current status such ad avionic system that contribute to the aircraft
operation. Any update or changes need to be communicate during the shift changes to ensure
the team in working with the latest version. The incoming personnel should communicate
effectively with the outgoing issues and maintenance performed.

Hardware, the incoming team needs to verify the condition of the specialised tools and
equipment required for ongoing task. This includes ensuring the tools are calibrated, properly
maintained, availability and proper functioning maintain their accuracy and safety when using
this helps to prevemt delays during the shift changes and interruptions due to the faulty
equipment.

Lifeware, effective communication between team member is crucial during the shift changes.
Any ongoing issues or potential hazards should be communicated clearly to the incoming team
for accurate work. Safety and fatigue management need to be prioritised at all time. Ensure
the personnel are well-rested, monitor the physical and mental health and fit for duty.

The environmental conditions are important in ensuring the safety and well being of aircraft
maintenance personnel during a shift changes. Adequate hearing protection such as earmuffs
and earplug need to be worn by technicians to prevent hearing damage due to the loud noise
engine. Other than that, proper ventilation should be in place to control and eliminate fumes
from the chemicals, paint amd others. Technicians should have access to wear appropriate
personal protective equipment such as safety boots, gloves amd coveralls. If maintenance task
are performed outdoors with open doors, adequate shelter and protection should be provided to
perform the tasks safely and efficiently.

By considering this 4 parameters, the aircraft maintenance team can maintain a safe and
productive working environment, leading to successful completion of the task on the aircraft.