DAY THIRTY TWO

Atoms
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Scattering of α-particles u Bohr’s Model
u Rutherford‘s Model of an Atom u Energy Levels and Hydrogen Spectrum

Atom is the smallest particle of an element which contains all properties of element.
Molecule is a single atom or a group of atoms joined by chemical bonds. It is the smallest
unit of a chemical compound that can have an independent existence. Nuclei refers to a
nucleus of an atom, having a given number of nucleons. It is a general term referring to
all known isotopes–both stable and unstable of the chemical elements. Thus, O16 and
O17 are different nuclides.

Scattering of α-particles
In 1911, Rutherford successfully explained the scattering of α-particles on the basis of
nuclear model of the atom.
Number of α-particles scattered through angle θ is given by
Z2
N (θ) ∝
sin 4 (θ /2) K 2
where, K is the kinetic energy of α-particle and Z is the atomic number of the metal.
At distance of closest approach the entire initial kinetic energy is converted into
potential energy, so
1 1 Ze(2e)
mv2 =
2 4πε 0 r0
Ze2 4KZe2
⇒ r0 = =
mv2 πε 0 mv2 PREP
MIRROR
Rutherford’s Model of an Atom Your Personal Preparation Indicator

On the basis of scattering of α-particles, Rutherford postulated the following model of the u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
atom u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
●
Atom is a sphere of diameter about 10 −10 m. Whole of its positive charge and most of u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
its mass is concentrated in the central part called the nucleus. (Without referring Explanations)
●
The diameter of the nucleus is of the order of 10 − 5 m.
u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
●
The space around the nucleus is virtually empty with electrons revolving around the u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
nucleus in the same way as the planets revolve around the sun.
●
The electrostatic attraction of the nucleus provides centripetal force to the orbiting In order to expect good rank in JEE,
your Accuracy Level should be above
electrons. 85 & Prep Level should be above 75.
DAY THIRTY TWO ATOMS 351

●
Total positive charge in the nucleus is equal to the total ●
The total energy of the orbital electron is
negative charge of the orbiting electrons.  me 4 Z 2 
E = − 2 2 2 
●
Rutherford’s model suffers from the following drawbacks  8ε 0 h n 
(a) stability of the atomic model.
(b) nature of energy spectrum.  me 4  Z 2
= −  2 3  ch 2
 8ε 0ch  n

Bohr’s Model Z2 Z2
= − Rch 2
= −13.6 2 eV
n n
Bohr added the following postulates to the Rutherford’s model
of the atom me 4 Z 2 me 4 Z 2
KE = 2 2 2
, PE = −
●
The electrons revolve around the nucleus only in certain 8n h ε 0 4 n2 h2 ε20
permitted orbits, in which the angular momentum of the ●
The kinetic, potential and total energies of the electron
electron is an integral multiple of h /2 π , where h is the with r as the radius of the orbit are as follows
Planck’s constant
1  1 Ze2 
 nh KE =
 L = mvnrn =

 2  4πε 0 r 
2π 
The electrons do not radiate energy while revolving in the 1 Ze2
●
PE = −
permitted orbits. That is, the permitted orbits are stationary, 4πε 0 r
non-radiating orbits. 1  1 Ze2 
The energy is radiated only when the electron jumps from and E =−  4πε r 
2
●

 0 
an outer permitted orbit to some inner permitted orbit.
(Absorption of energy makes the electron jump from inner Therefore, they are related to each other as follows
orbit to outer orbit). KE = − E and PE = 2 E
●
If energy of the electron in nth and mth orbits be E n and E m 1 1
●
For a hydrogen atom, rn ∝ n2, vn ∝ and | E | ∝ 2
respectively, and when the electron jumps from nth to mth n n
orbit the radiation frequency ν is emitted, such that ●
The difference in angular momentum associated with the
E n − E m = hν. This is called the Bohr’s frequency equation.
electron in the two successive orbits of hydrogen atom is
h nh h
∆L = (n + 1) − =
NOTE • Radius of the orbit of electron in a hydrogen atom in its 2π 2π 2π
stable state, corresponding to n = 1, is called Bohr‘s radius.
Value of Bohr‘s radius is r0 = 0 . 529 Å ≈ 0.53 Å .
• The time period of an electron in orbital motion in the
Bohr’s orbit is
Energy Levels and Hydrogen
T=
2 π r 2 π × 0.53Å
= = 1.52 × 10 − 6 s Q v =
c  Spectrum
v c  137  Hydrogen spectrum consists of spectral lines classified as five
137 spectral series of hydrogen atom. Out of these five, Lyman
1
and the frequency of revolution is f = = 6.5757 × 10 15 cps series lies in the ultraviolet region of spectrum, Balmer series
T
lies in the visible region and the remaining three series, lie in
the infrared region of spectrum.
Some Characteristics of an Atom
n=∞
●
The orbital radius of an electron is 0
– 0.28 n=7
n2 h2 n2 n=6
rn = 4πε 0 2 2
= 0.53 Å – 0.38
Pfund
4 π Zme Z – 0.54 n=5
E (eV)

Brackett n=4
●
The orbital velocity of an electron is – 0.85
–1.51
Paschen n=3
2
1 2 Zπ e  c  Z 6 Z  Infrared
vn = =  = 2.2 × 10   m/s
4πε 0 nh  137 n  n Balmer n=2
–3.40
Visible light
●
Orbital frequency is given by
Lyman
1 v me 4 series
f = = = n=1
T 2πr 4 ε20 n3 h3 –13.60
Ultraviolet
Emission spectrum of H-atom
352 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY THIRTY TWO

Total number of emission spectral lines from some excited state 1  1 1

n, to another energy n2 (< n1 ) is given by = ν = R  2 − 2
λ (5) n 
(n1 − n2 )(n1 − n2 + 1)
where, n = 6, 7, 8, ...
2
n (n − 1) • Energy of emitted radiation,
e.g. total number of lines from n1 = n to n2 = 1 are . NOTE
2
 1 1  1 1
The five spectral series of hydrogen atom are given below ∆E = E 2 − E 1 = RchZ 2  2 − 2  = 136
. Z2  2 − 2 
 n1 n2   n1 n2 
1. Lyman Series ∆E  1 1
• Frequency, ν = = RcZ 2  2 − 2 
Spectral lines of Lyman series correspond to the transition of h  n1 n2 
electron from higher energy levels (orbits) ni = 2, 3, 4, … to
ground energy level (1st orbit) nf = 1.
Ionisation Energy and Potential
1  1 1
For Lyman series, = v = R 2− 2 Ionisation energy of an atom is defined as the energy
λ (1) n  required to ionise it i.e. to make the electron jump from its
where, n = 2, 3, 4, … present orbit to infinity.
It is found that a term Rch = 13.6 eV = 2.17 × 10 −18 J. The term Thus, ionisation energy of hydrogen atom in the ground
state = E ∞ − E1
Rch is known as Rydberg’s energy.
= 0 − (−13.6 eV) = + 13.6 eV
2. Balmer Series The potential through which an electron is to be accelerated
Electronic transitions from ni = 3, 4, 5, … to nf = 2, give rise to so that it acquires energy equal to the ionisation energy is
called the ionisation potential.
spectral lines of Balmer series.
For a Balmer series line, Therefore, ionisation potential of hydrogen atom in its
ground state is 13.6V.
1  1 1
= ν = R  2 − 2 z2 E
λ (2) n  In general, E ion = 13.6 2 eV or Vion = ion
n e
where, n = 3, 4, 5, …

3. Paschen Series Excitation Energy and Ionisation

Lines of this series lie in the infrared region and correspond to Potential
electronic transition from ni = 4, 5, 6,… to nf = 3. Excitation energy is the energy required to excite an
1  1 1 electron from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.
= ν = R 2 − 2 The potential through which an electron is accelerated so as
λ  (3) n 
to gain requisite ionisation energy is called the ionisation
where, n = 4, 5, 6, ... potential.
Thus, first excitation energy of hydrogen atom
4. Brackett Series
= E2 − E1
Spectral lines in the infrared region which corresponds to
transition from ni = 5, 6, 7, … to nf = 4. = − 3.4 − (− 13.6) eV
For Brackett series, = + 10.2 eV
1  1 1 Similarly, second excitation energy of hydrogen atom
= ν = R 2 − 2 = E3 − E1
λ (4) n 
= − 1.51 − (−13.6)
where, n = 5, 6, 7, …
= 12.09 eV
5. Pfund Series
NOTE • Total energy of a closed system is always negative and
It lies in the far infrared region of spectrum and corresponds to its magnitude is the binding energy of the system.
electronic transitions from higher orbits
• Kinetic energy of a particle can’t be negative, while the
ni = 6, 7, 8, ... to orbit having nf = 5. potential energy can be zero, positive or negative.
For a spectral line in Pfund series,
DAY THIRTY TWO ATOMS 353

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 An α-particle of energy 5 MeV is scattered through 180° 10 As an electron makes a transition from an excited state to
by a fixed uranium nucleus. The distance of the closest the ground state of a hydrogen like atom/ion
approach is of the order of ª JEE Main 2015
(a) 1Å (b) 10− 10 cm (a) its kinetic energy increases but potential energy and
(c) 10− 12 cm (d) 10−15 cm total energy decrease
(b) kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy
2 To explain theory of hydrogen atom, Bohr considered
decrease
(a) quantisation of linear momentum (c) kinetic energy decreases, potential energy increases but
(b) quantisation of angular momentum total energy remains same
(c) quantisation of angular frequency
(d) kinetic energy and total energy decrease but potential
(d) quantisation of energy
energy increases
3 For the Bohr’s first orbit of circumference 2πr, the
11 An electron jumps from the 4th orbit to the 2nd orbit of
de-Broglie wavelength of revolving electron will be
hydrogen atom. Given the Rydberg’s constant
1 1
(a) 2 πr (b) πr (c) (d) R = 107 cm −1, the frequency (in hertz) of the emitted
2 πr 4 πr
radiation will be
4 Which of the following transitions in hydrogen atoms emit 3 3 9 3
(a) × 105 (b) × 1015 (c) × 1015 (d) × 1015
photons of highest frequency? 16 16 16 4
(a) n = 2 to n = 6 (b) n = 6 to n = 2
12 In figure, the energy levels of the hydrogen atom have
(c) n = 2 to n = 1 (d) n = 1to n = 2
been shown along with some transitions marked
5 In the Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom, let r, V and E A, B and C. The transitions A, B and C, respectively
represents the radius of the orbit, the speed of electron represents
and the total energy of the electron, respectively. Which
Continuum 0 eV
of the following quantities is proportional to the quantum
number n? n=5 –0.54 eV
(a) E/ v (b) r/E (c) vr (d) rE n=4 –0.85 eV
C
6 The ratio of the kinetic energy to the energy of an n=3 –1.51 eV
B
electron in a Bohr’s orbit is n=2 –3.40 eV
(a) − 1 (b) 2
A
(c) 1 : 2 (d) None of these
7 If the atom 100Fm 257 follows the Bohr’s model and the n=1 –13.60 eV
radius of last orbit of 100Fm 257 is n times the Bohr’s (a) the first member of the Lyman series, third member of
radius, then find the value of n ? Balmer series and second member of Paschen series
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 4 (d) 1/4 (b) the ionisation potential of H, second member of Balmer
8 Taking the Bohr’s radius as a 0 = 53 pm, the radius of Li 2+ series and third member of Paschen series
ion in its ground state, on the basis of Bohr’s model, will (c) the series limit of Lyman series, second member of
be about Balmer series and second member of Paschen series
(d) the series limit of Lyman series, third member of Balmer
(a) 53 pm (b) 27 pm
series and second member of Paschen series
(c) 18 pm (d) 13 pm
13 The given diagram indicates the 2E
9 In a hypothetical Bohr’s hydrogen atom, the mass of the 4/3E
energy levels of a certain atom.
electron is doubled. The energy E 0 and radius r0 of the E
When the system moves from 2E
first orbit will be (a 0 is the Bohr radius)
level to E, a photon of wavelength 0
(a) E 0 = − 27. 2 eV ; r0 = a0 / 2 λ is emitted. The wavelength of
(b) E 0 = − 27. 2 eV ; r0 = a0 photon produced during its transition from 4E/3 level to E
(c) E 0 = − 13.6 eV ; r0 = a0 / 2 is
(d) E 0 = − 13 .6 eV ; r0 = a0 (a) λ / 3 (b) 3 λ / 4 (c) 4 λ / 3 (d) 3λ
354 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY THIRTY TWO

14 Energy E of a hydrogen atom with principal quantum 2 3

(a) r = (b) r =
13.6 3 4
number n is given by E = − 2 eV. The energy of a 1 4
n (c) r = (d) r =
3 3
photon ejected when the electron jumps from n = 3 state
to n = 2 state of hydrogen, is approximately 21 Energy required for the electron excitation in Li2+ from the
first to the third Bohr orbit is ª AIEEE 2011
(a) 1.5 eV (b) 0.85 eV (c) 3.4 eV (d) 1.9 eV
(a) 36.3 eV (b) 108.8 eV
15 The ionisation potential of H-atom is 13.6 V. When it is (c) 122.4 eV (d) 12.1 eV
excited from ground state by monochromatic radiations
of 970.6 Å, the number of emission lines on deexcitation 22 In hydrogen atom, if the difference in the energy of the
will be (according to Bohr’s theory) electron in n = 2 and n = 3 orbits is E, the ionisation
energy of hydrogen atom is
(a) 10 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 4
(a) 13.2 E (b) 7.2 E
16 In a hydrogen like atom electron makes transition from an (c) 5.6 E (d) 3.2 E
energy level with quantum number n to another with
quantum number (n −1). If n >> 1, the frequency of 23 Excitation energy of a hydrogen like ion in its first
radiation emitted is proportional to ª JEE Main 2013 excitation state is 40.8 eV. Energy needed to remove the
1 1 1 1 electron from the ion in ground state is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n2 n3 / 2 n3 (a) 54.4 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(c) 40.8 eV (d) 27.2 eV
17 Hydrogen atom is excited from ground state to another
state with principal quantum number equal to 4. Then, Direction (Q. Nos. 24-25) Each of these questions contains
the number of spectral lines in the emission spectra will two statements : Statement I and Statement II. Each of these
be ª AIEEE 2012 questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a),
(b), (c) and (d) given below
18 The wavelength of the first spectral line in the Balmer (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
series of hydrogen atom is 6561 Å. The wavelength of the correct explanation for Statement I
the second spectral line in Balmer series of single (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
ionised helium atom is ª AIEEE 2011 not the correct explanation for Statement I
(a) 1215 Å (b) 1640 Å (c) 2450 Å (d) 4687 Å (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
19 The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
hydrogen-like atom results in ultraviolet radiation. 24 Statement I Bohr had to postulate that the electrons in
Infrared radiation will be obtained in the transition from stationary orbits around the nucleus do not radiate.
ª AIEEE 2010
Statement II According to classical physics all moving
(a) 2 → 1 (b) 3 → 2 (c) 4 → 2 (d) 5 → 3
electrons radiate electromagnetic radiation.
20 Some energy levels of a –E
λ2 25 Statement I The different lines of emission spectra (like
molecule are shown in the –4/3E Lyman, Balmer, etc) of atomic hydrogen gas are
figure. The ratio of the λ1 produced by different atoms.
wavelengths r = λ 1 / λ 2 is given –2E
by ª JEE Main 2017 (Offline)
Statement II The sample of atomic hydrogen gas
–3E consists of millions of atoms.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 If the series limit frequency of the Lyman series is νL, the number of particles scattered through an angle of 60°
then the series limit frequency of the Pfund series is per minute by the same nucleus is
ª JEE Main 2018 (a) 28 per minute (b) 112 per minute
ν ν (c) 12.5 per minute (d) 7 per minute
(a) 25 νL (b) 16 νL (c) L (d) L
16 25 3 A hydrogen like ion having wavelength difference
2 In Rutherford’s experiment, the number of alpha particles between first Balmer and Lyman series equal 593 Å has
scattered through an angle of 90° is 28 per minute. Then, Z equal to
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
DAY THIRTY TWO ATOMS 355

4 The largest wavelength in the ultraviolet region of the 10 A hydrogen atom moves with a velocity u and makes a
hydrogen spectrum is 122 nm. The smallest wavelength head on inelastic collision with another stationary H-atom.
in the infrared region of the hydrogen spectrum (to the Both atoms are in ground state before collision.The
nearest integer) is minimum value of u if one of them is to be given a
(a) 802 nm (b) 823 nm (c) 1882 nm (d) 1648 nm minimum excitation energy is
(a) 2.64 × 104 ms −1 (b) 6.24 × 104 ms −1
5 Energy levels A, B and C of a certain atom (c) 2.02 × 106 ms −1 (d) 6.24 × 108 ms −1
corresponding to increasing values of energy i.e.
E A < E B < E C . If λ 1, λ 2 and λ 3 are the wavelengths of 11 In the Bohr’s model an electron moves in a circular orbit
radiations corresponding to the transitions C to B, B to A around the proton. Considering the orbiting electron to be a
and C to A respectively, which of the following circular current loop, the magnetic moment of the hydrogen
atom, when the electron is in nth excited state, is
statements is correct?
e  n 2h e n 2h
(a)  (b)   (c) 
e  nh
(d)  
e nh
C  
λ1  2m  π m 2π  2m  2 π m 2π
B
λ2 λ3
12 A diatomic molecule is made of two masses m1 and m2
which are separated by a distance r. If we calculate its
A rotational energy by applying Bohr’s rule of angular
λ1λ 2 momentum quantisation, its energy will be given by (n is
(a) λ 3 = λ1 + λ 2 (b) λ 3 =
λ1 + λ 2 an integer) ª AIEEE 2012
(c) λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3 = 0 (d) λ23 = λ21 + λ22 (m1 + m2 )2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2
(a) (b)
1 2
6 Hydrogen (1H ), deuterium (1H ), singly ionised helium 2m12m22r 2 2 (m1 + m2 )r 2
4 +
( 2He ) and doubly ionised lithium ( 3Li ) all have one 6 2+ 2 2
2n h (m1 + m2 )n 2h 2
(c) 2
(d)
electron around the nucleus. Consider an electron (m1 + m2 )r 2m1m2r 2
transition from n = 2 to n = 1. If the wavelengths of
13 In the Bohr’s model of hydrogen-like atom the force
emitted radiations are λ 1, λ 2, λ 3 and λ 4 respectively, then
between the nucleus and the electron is modified as
approximately which one of the following is correct?
e2  1 β
ª JEE Main 2014 F =  +  , where β is a constant. For this atom,
4πε 0  r 2 r 3 
(a) 4 λ1 = 2 λ 2 = 2 λ 3 = λ 4 (b) λ1 = 2 λ 2 = 2 λ 3 = λ 4
(c) λ1 = λ 2 = 4 λ 3 = 9λ 4 (d) λ1 = 2 λ 2 = 3 λ 3 = 4 λ 4 the radius of the nth orbit in terms of the Bohr’s radius
 ε h2 
7 The potential energy between a proton and an electron is a 0 = 0 2  is
 m πe 
e2 ª AIEEE 2010
PE = , then the radius of the Bohr’s orbit is (a) rn = a0 n − β (b) rn = a0 n 2 + β
4πε 0( 3R 3 )
(c) rn = a0 n 2 − β (d) rn = a0 n + β
4 π 2e 2m 6 π 2e 2m
(a) (b)
2 2
4 πε0n h 4 πε0n 3h 3 Direction (Q. Nos. 14-15) Each of these questions contains
e 2m 2 πe 2m two statements : Statement I and Statement II. Each of these
(c) (d) questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which
4 πε0h 3 4 πε0nh 3
is the correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a),
8 A small particle of mass m moves such that potential (b), (c) and (d) given below
1 (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
energy PE = mr 2ω 2. Assuming Bohr’s model of
2 the correct explanation for Statement I
quantisation of angular momentum and circular orbit, (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is
radius of nth orbit is proportional to not the correct explanation for Statement I
1 1 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a) n (b) n 3 (c) (d)
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
n n3
9 The electric potential between a proton and an electron 14 Statement I Balmer series lies in the visible region of
r electromagnetic spectrum.
is given by V = V0 ln , where r0 is a constant. Assuming 1  1 1
r0 Statement II = R  2 − 2  , where n = 3 , 4 , 5 ,……
λ 2 n 
Bohr’s model to be applicable, write variation of rn with n,
n being the principal quantum number. 15 Statement I The ionisation potential of hydrogen is found
1 to be 13.6 eV, the ionisation potential of doubly ionised
(a) rn ∝ n (b) rn ∝ lithium is 122.4 eV.
n
1 Statement II Energy in the nth state of hydrogen atom is
(c) rn ∝ n 2 (d) rn ∝ 2 13.6
n En = − 2 .
n
356 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY THIRTY TWO

ANSWERS

SESSION 1 1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (a) 7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (a)
11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (d) 14 (d) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (d) 18 (a) 19 (d) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (b) 25 (b)

SESSION 2 1 (d) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (b)

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 6 The kinetic energy and total energy of æ ö
11 n = c = c . R ç 12 - 12 ÷
an electron are related as, KE = -E
1 Here, 1 mv 2 = 1 1 2 l
q q è n1 n2 ø
2 4p e0 r KE 1 1
\ = -1 = 3 ´ 108 ´ 107 æç 2 - 2 ö÷
9 ´ 109 ´ (2e ) ´ (92e ) E è 2 4 ø
\ 5 MeV =
r æ 2ö 9
7 rm = ç m ÷ (0.53 Å ) = (n ´ 0.53) Å = ´ 1015 Hz
æQ 1 mv 2 = 5 MeV ö 16
ç ÷ è Z ø
è 2 ø
m2 12 A represents series limit of Lyman series,
9 ´ 109 ´ 2 ´ 92 ´ (1.6 ´ 10-19 )2 \ =n B represents third member of Balmer
Þr = Z
5 ´ 106 ´ 1.6 ´ 10– 19 series and C represents second member
m = 5 (for 100 fm257 the outermost shell)
of Paschen series.
. ´ 10- 14 m
r = 53 and Z = 100
-12 (5) 2 1 13 l µ 1
» 10 cm \ n= = DE
100 4 l¢ (2E - E ) 1
2 While proposing his theory of hydrogen \ = = =3
8 On the basis of Bohr’s model, l (4E /3 - E ) 1/3
atom, Bohr considered quantisation of
n2 l2 a0n2 \ l ¢ = 3l
angular momentum as the essential r = 2 2
=
4p mKZe Z
condition for the stationary orbits.
Let Li 2+ ion, Z = 3, 14 Given, E n = - 132.6 eV
n
3 According to Bohr’s first postulate, n = 1 for ground state. 13.6 13.6
nh E3 = - eV = - eV
mvr = Given, a 0 = 53 pm (3) 2 9
2p
53 ´ (1)2 and E2 = -
13.6
eV = -
13.6
eV
2pr = n æç
h ö r =
\ ÷ = nl 3 (2) 2 4
è mv ø
~ 13.6 æ 13.6 ö
For n = 1, l = 2pr - 18 pm So, DE = E3 - E2 = - - ç- ÷
9 è 4 ø
4 Emission spectrum would rises when 9 As, r µ 1 = 1.9 eV (approximately)
electron makes a jump from higher m
1 hc 12400
energy level to lower energy level. \ r 0 = a0 15 Using E = = eV = 1277 . eV
2 l 970.6
Frequency of emitted photon is
As, E µ m So, electron is excited upto n = 4
proportional to change in energy of two
\ E 0 = 2 (- 13.6) \ n2 = 4
energy levels, i.e.
æ1 = - 27.2 eV On deexcitation number of emission
1 ö
n = RcZ 2 ç 2 - 2 ÷ lines produced =
n (n - 1)
=6
è n1 n2 ø 10 As we know that, kinetic energy of an 2
electron is KEµ (Z /n )2 . When the
5 According to the Bohr’s postulate. 16 D E = hn
electron makes transition from an
Þ vr = n æç
nh h ö
mvr = ÷ excited state to the ground state, then n DE é 1 1 ù
2p è 2pm ø n= = Kê - 2ú
decreases and KE increases. We know 2
Þ vr µ n
h ë (n - 1) n û
that PE is lowest for ground state. K 2n 2K
Thus, vr is directly proportional to the = 2 =
Also, TE = - KE. TE also decreases. n (n - 1)2 n3
principal quantum number.
DAY THIRTY TWO ATOMS 357

17 In emission spectrum, number of bright 25 A single atom can have only one 36 4
593 = -
lines is given by transition at time, we are observing 5RZ 2 3RZ 2
n(n - 1 ) 4(4 - 1 ) different lines due to large number of 88
= =6 Z2 =
transitions taking place simultaneously 15R Dl
2 2
that occurred in different atoms of the
1 1 1 5R 88
18 = R æç - ö÷ = sample. =
6561 è 4 9 ø 36 15 (1.097 ´ 107 ) (593 ´ 10-10 )
1 1 1
= 4R æç - ö÷ =
3R ´ 4 SESSION 2
è 4 16 ø =9
l 16
1 Series limit occurs in the transition
l = 1215Å n2 = ¥ to n1 = 1 in Lyman series and ÞZ = 3

19 Infrared radiation corresponds to least n2 = ¥ to n1 = 5 in Pfund series. For

Lyman series, 4 The series in UV-region is Lyman series.
æ1 1 ö Longest wavelength corresponds to
value of ç 2 - 2 ÷, i.e. from Paschen, n2=∞
è n1 n2 ø minimum energy which occurs in
transition from n = 2 to n = 1.
Brackett and Pfund series. Thus, the hνL = Eg= E0 12 1
transition corresponds to 5 ® 3. 1 ∞ 1
= 13.6 eV \ 122 = R …(i)
20 We have, l = hc n1=1 1
-
1
DE
hn L = 13.6 …(i) (1)2 (2)2
\ So, ratio of wavelengths
In Pfund series The smallest wavelength in the infrared
æ4 E - Eö
ç ÷ n 2= ∞ region corresponds to maximum energy
l1 hc / DE1 DE2 è 3 ø 1
= = = = of Paschen series.
l2 hc / DE2 DE1 2E - E 3
13.6 1
hνp = E0 12 1
= 2
æ ö ∞
21 DE = 13.6Z ç 12 - 12 ÷
2 5 5 \ l=
1
R
1
…(ii)
è n1 n2 ø n1 = 5 -
2
(3) ¥
é æ1 1 öù 13.6
êQ DE = Rhc ç 2 - 2 ÷ ú hn p = …(ii) Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
ë è n1 n2 ø û 52
l = 823.5 nm » 823
1 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= 13.6(3)2 æç 2 - 2 ö÷ = 108.8 eV
è1 3 ø 25hn p = hn L 5 Let energy corresponding to state A, B
22 E3 - E2 = E n and C be E A, E B and EC .
\ np = L
25 So, from figure
E1 E1
or - =E ( EC - E B ) + ( E B - E A ) = ( EC - E A )
9 4 2 According to Rutherford’s scattering
or E1 = -72
. E formula, if the a-particles scattered at hc hc hc
or + =
an angle q is directly proportional to l1 l2 l3
\ Ionisation energy of hydrogen atom
1 K
is 7.2 E. , then N q =
sin 4 (q /2) sin 4 (q / 2) l1 l2
Þ l3 =
23 Excitation energy, l1 + l2
when q = 90° ,
1 1
DE = E2 - E1 = 13.6 Z 2 æç 2 - 2 ö÷ N q = 28 min -1 C
è1 2 ø
Þ 28 =
K
= 4K Þ K = 7 λ1
3
40.8 = 13.6 Z 2 ´ sin 4 (45° ) B
4 λ2 λ3
7
\ Z =2 Thus Nq = A
sin 4 (q / 2)
So, required energy to remove the
electron from ground state Hence, the number of a-particles 6 As we know that,
scattered at an angle of 60° per minute 1 1 1
=+
13.6 Z 2
= 13.6(Z )2 = 54.4 eV = RZ 2 æç 2 - 2 ö÷
7 7 l è1 2 ø
(1)2 is N q¢ = =
sin 4 30° (1 / 2)4 4
24 Bohr’s postulated that, electron instead l=
= 7 ´ 16 = 112 per minute 3RZ 2
of revolving in any orbit around the
nucleus, revolves only in some specific 1 æ1 1 ö 4 4
3 = RZ 2 ç 2 - 2 ÷, l1 = , l2 =
orbits. These orbits are called the l è n1 n2 ø 3R 3R
non-radiating orbits or the stationary 1 1
Dl = - 4 4
orbits. The electrons revolving in these 2 æ1 1ö 2 æ1 1 l3 = , l4 =
orbits do not radiate any energy. They RZ ç - ÷ RZ ç - ö÷ 12R 27R
è 4 9ø è1 4 ø
radiate only when they go from one
Þ l1 = l2 = 4l3 = 9 l 4
orbit to the next lower orbit.
358 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY THIRTY TWO

- dPE e2 mu2 e 2 æ r + b ö mv 2
7 F = =- = ç ÷= …(i)
dR 4pe0R 4 4 4p e0 è r 3 ø r
1 1 1
Þ
mv 2
=
e2
. mu = 13.6 æç 2 - 2 ö÷
2
h
4 è1 2 ø Also, mvr = …(ii)
R 4pe0R 4 2p
1 -27 2
nh (1.0078) (1.66 ´ 10 )u From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Also, mvR = 4
2p . ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19
= 102 e2 æ r + b ö mn2 h2
2 2 ç 3 ÷=
\
m æ nh ö = e Þ u = 6.24 ´ 104 ms -1 4p e0 è r ø 4p2 m2 r 3
ç ÷
R è 2pmR ø 4pe0R 4
e0n2 h2
4p2 e 2 m 11 As, i = e Þ r+b =
Þ R= T p me 2
4pe0n2 h2 and magnetic moment M = iA
Þ r n = a0n2 - b
- dPE (Q A = pr 2 )
8 F = = - mw2 r . æ e h2 ö
dr e çQ a0 = 0 2 ÷
\ M = × pr 2 …(i)
nh T è mp e ø
Since, mvr = 2pr
2p Now, T = 14 The wavelength in Balmer series is given
v
or 2
mr w =
nh
[Q v = rw] It becomes, by
2p e × pr 2 1 1 1
M = =
evr
…(ii) = R æç 2 - 2 ö÷, n = 3, 4, 5¼
nh l è2 n ø
Þ r2 = 2pr / v 2
2pmw 1 1 1 36
= R æç 2 - 2 ö÷ Þ l max =
nh
Also, mvr =
nh 2p l max è2 3 ø 5R
Þ r =
2pmw nh
vr = 36 ´ 1
2pm l max = = 6563 Å
Þ r µ n 5 ´ 1.097 ´ 107
Putting this value in Eq. (ii), we get
1 1 1
æ ö M =
e × nh and = R æç 2 - 2 ö÷
9 U = eV = eV 0 ln ç r ÷ 2 × 2pm l min è2 ¥ ø
è r0 ø
4 4
= æç
e ö nh
÷ l min = =
dU eV 0 è 2m ø 2 p R 1.097 ´ 107
and |F | = - =
dr r = 3646 Å
12 Rotational kinetic energy of the two
This force will provide the necessary body system rotating about their centre The wavelengths 6563 Å and 3646 Å lie
centripetal force. Hence, of mass is
in visible region. Therefore, Balmer
mv 2 eV 0 1
= RKE = mw2 r 2 , series lies in visible region.
r r 2
æ nh ö 2
2 15 From Bohr’s theory, the energy of
eV 0 1
or v = …(i) \ RKE = m×ç 2
÷ r hydrogen atom in the nth state is given
m 2 è 2 pmr ø 13.6
by E n = - eV. For an atom of atomic
nh æm = reduced mass = m1 m2 ö n2
Moreover, mvr = …(ii) ç ÷
2p ç m1 + m2 ÷ number Z, with one electron in the outer
nh 2
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), çL = = mω r ÷ orbit (singly ionised He or doubly
è 2p ø
we have 13.6 Z 2
n2 h2 n2 h2 lithium) we use. E n = - eV,
= = n2
mr = æç ö÷
nh m 8p2mr 2 2mr 2
è 2p ø eV 0 where Z is the atomic number. Hence,
(m1 + m2 )n2 h2
= ground state energy of doubly ionised
or rn µ n 2m1 m2 r 2
- 13.6 ´ 9
10 Momentum, mu = 2mv é here, h 2 = l ù lithium is = - 122.4eV
êë (1)2
u 4p úû
Þ v =
2 13 According to question, the force Ionisation potential (potential to be
2 between nucleus and electron provide applied to electron to overcome this
1 1
mu2 - (2m ) æç ö÷
u
DE = necessary centripetal force, energy) is 122.4 V.
2 2 è2ø