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Simu Exp5

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15 views4 pages

Simu Exp5

Uploaded by

Ali Mhadat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 5

A/D and D/A Converters

Objective:
The design and performance of simple Analog-to-Digital (A/D) and Digital-co-
Analog (D/A) converters will be done using discrete components.

Equipment:
Dual-trace oscilloscope, dual DC power supply, 741 Op. Amp, LM339 Quad
comparator, four SPDT switches different resistors and 4 LEDS.

Theory:
A/D and D/A conversion circuits form an essential link between the analog world
of direct measurement and the digital world of numerical computations, data
transmission and storage. They are used in many industries in a wide variety of
applications, including data telemetry, automatic process control, test and
measurement, computer display, digital panel meters and multimeters. Such
converters are available commercially as IC'S with different resolutions and
accuracies.

D/A converters:
D/A converters accepts an N-bit binary signal input and generates an analog output
voltage proportional to the input digital signal. The resolution of the D/A converter is
the smallest increment of voltage that can be expressed. It is essentially the voltage
which corresponds to the LSB. Therefore the resolution is function of the number of
bits and the reference voltage VR. For an N-bit D/A converter with reference voltage
VR the voltage corresponds to the LSB is

Volt

Among the different techniques to implement the D/A converters are weighted
resistor, R-2R ladder and the inverted ladder. Fig. 1 shows a 4-bit inverted ladder D/A
converter. The output voltage Vo depends on the binary input (Sn-1, ...........S1, S0)

And VR is chosen such that

Where Vmax is the maximum output voltage


A/D converters:
A/D converters accept an analog input voltage and generate an N-bit binary digital
output which is proportional to the input voltage. In general, A/D converters are
complex and sophisticated systems compared to D/A converters. The most common
A/D conversion technique is the successive-approximation method which is used in
80% of all present-day applications. The dual-slope converter, which is used in digital
multimeters and digital paned meters, is the next popular A/D converter,
The third A/D conversion method is the parallel-comparator type, or flash, technique.
This is the fastest A/D converter. Fig, 2 shows 2-bit parallel-comparator type A/D
converter.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1 which is a D/A converter.

2. Set VR to 10 volt and using the SPDT switches to apply all possible digital inputs,
record the output voltage Vo and determine the converter resolution.

3. Calculate Vo theoretically for all possible digital inputs and compare it with step
2.

4. Change VR to 5 volt and repeat 2 and 3.

5. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 2 which is an A/D converter

6. Set VR to 10 volt and determine theoretically converter resolution.

7. Increase the input voltage slowly starting from zero until the 1st LED is on and
record this input voltage. Keep increasing Vi until the 2nd, ..........up to the 4th LED is
on.

8. Now choose any arbitrary input voltage and record the digital output

9. Design a decoder which converts the comparators output into 2-bit binary code

10. How many comparators are needed to design 10-bit- A/D converter.

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