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Sensors in Internet of Things: Pradeep Abeygunawardhana

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10 views47 pages

Sensors in Internet of Things: Pradeep Abeygunawardhana

Uploaded by

tharushiperera99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SENSORS IN

INTERNET OF
THINGS
Pradeep Abeygunawardhana
▪Why do we Need Sensors?
▪What can be Sensed?
▪What Sensors are Out There?
▪What can They do?
▪How Much do They Cost?
▪How Easy are They to Use?
▪Provides “awareness” of surroundings
▪ What’s ahead, around, “out there”?

▪Allows interaction with environment


▪ Robot lawn mower can “see” cut grass

▪Protection & Self-Preservation


▪ Safety, Damage Prevention, Stairwell sensor

▪Gives the machine capability to goal-


seek
▪ Find colorful objects, seek goals

▪Makes things “interesting”


▪ Light
▪ Presence, color, intensity, content (mod), direction
▪ Sound
▪ Presence, frequency, intensity, content (mod),
direction
▪ Heat
▪ Temperature, wavelength, magnitude, direction
▪ Chemicals
▪ Presence, concentration, identity, etc.
▪ Object Proximity
▪ Presence/absence, distance, bearing, color, etc.
▪ Physical orientation/attitude/position
▪ Magnitude, pitch, roll, yaw, coordinates, etc.
▪ How many
sensors are there
in this image?
▪ Active (emitting)
▪ Oscillator generates IR reflections off objects
▪ Filtered receiver looks for “reflections”
▪ Pulses may be encoded for better discrimination
▪ Typically frequencies around 40KHz
▪ Doesn’t work well with dark, flat colored objects

▪ Passive (sensor only)


▪ Pyro-electric (heat sensor)
▪ Look for IR emissions from people & animals
▪ Used in security systems & motion detectors
Beacon3
Beacon1
Sound Pulse
Sound Pulse
Light Pulse
Light Pulse

Robot
Sound Pulse
BEACON ROBOT Light Pulse
RF Receiver RF Transmitter
Beacon2
IR Emitter IR Receiver
Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Receiver
Emitter
From Kevin Ross’s “Getting Started Article (SRS Website)
▪ Active
▪ Emit pulses & listen for echos
▪ Times round trip sound travel (~1ft/mS)
▪ Reaches far fairly beyond robot (30-50 ft)
▪ Relatively simple, not cheap, analog output
▪ Directional, not everything reflects sound
▪ Noisy!!!!

▪ Passive (sensor only)


▪ Sensor listens to ambient sounds
▪ Filters or scans selected frequencies
▪ ADC measures conditioned signal amplitude
▪ CPU performs signal analysis on what it hears
▪ Passive (sensor only)
▪ Measures elec. resistance between objects
▪ Measure sensor that varies resistance
▪ Use absolute or differential readings
▪ Other ideas?
•Emit an electric field below the sensor.
•Nulled to a known “void” wall area.
•Detect capacitance difference due to
underlying material density.
• Passive
– Really doesn’t work (Needs
excitation)

• Active (emitting)
– Metals affect sensor
– Current flows through inductor
– Magnetic field mostly ignores non-
metals
– Inductance changes with metallic
proximity
– Short range applications (~cm or mm)
▪ Active (emitting)
▪ Camera with field of view illumination
▪ Looks for particular reflections
▪ Filter removes non-significant light sources
▪ Linear array senses single axis of motion

▪ Passive (camera only)


▪ Scans field of interest
▪ Looks for objects, artifacts, features of interest
▪ Processes digital data to simplified interpretation
▪ CMUCam
▪ Linear Optical Array
http://robotroom.com/ColorSensor.html
From HowStuffWorks.com & RadiologyInfo.org
▪ Rate Gyros
▪ Output proportional to angular rotation speed
▪ Integrate to get position
▪ Differentiate to get acceleration

▪ DC Accelerometer
▪ Output proportional to sine of vertical angle
Rate Gyro – Silicon Sensing Systems
Servo Accel – Sensorland.com
▪ Nubotics.com, $27
▪ Jun 98, Oct 2000 Encoder
▪ Track bearing & distance to determine position
▪ L: Parallax.com, $30
▪ R: Dinsmoresensors.com, $13-$37
▪ Passive – Senses electric field
▪ Fluke Electric Field Sensors
$23 $25

$24
▪ Smoke Detectors - Cheap, readily available, $5
▪ Oxygen concentration sensors - CO, H4S, CH4, pricey
▪ See HowStuffWorks.com
http://www.dinsmoresensors.com
http://www.fluke.com
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http:// www.lynxmotion.com
http://www.magnetometer.org
http:// www.nubotics.com
http:// www.parallax.com
http://www.raztec.co.nz
http:// www.robotics.com
http:// www.robotroom.com
http://www.sensorland.com
http://www.seattlerobotics.org/encoder
http:// www.solarbotics.com
▪ Short range radio communication
▪ Builds on specifications laid out for earlier RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification) technology2
▪ Usually operates within a 4 cm range, but specifications
allow for a range up to 20 cm2
▪ Uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz2
▪ Possible transfer rates are 106, 212, 424kbps15
NFC RFID Bluetooth Wi-Fi
Maximum 10 cm 3m 100 m 100 m
Operating
Range
Operating 13.56 MHz Varies1 2.4 GHz 2.4/5 GHz
Frequency (802.11n)
Directional Two way One way Two way Two way
Communication
Bit Rate 106/212/ Varies13 22 Mbps 144 Mbps
424 Kbps
Potential Uses e-Tickets, Tracking Communicat Wireless
Credit card items, EZ- e between internet
payment, Pass phones,
Membership peripheral
card devices
▪ Use phone like a
contactless credit card 11
▪ Also could work as a
coupon or gift card
▪ Apple patent (lower
image) shows ideas for
digital concert tickets,
coupons 10
▪ Can download tickets to
phone with NFC enabled
computer
▪ Smart posters/tags 12
▪ These tags can link to
relevant websites
▪ Can be used to perform
actions in applications
that are NFC enabled
▪ Could be used to
download and run a
guide program in a
museum

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