PDHonline Course H148 (2 PDH)

An Introduction to Hydraulic Design of

Culverts

Instructor: J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A., Fellow ASCE, Fellow AEI

2020

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An Approved Continuing Education Provider

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An Introduction to Hydraulic Design of Culverts

J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A.

CONTENTS

1. GENERAL
2. INLET CONTROL
3. OUTLET CONTROL
4. PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION OF CULVERT SIZE
5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF INLET-CONTROL NOMOGRAPHS
6. INSTRUCTION FOR USE OF OUTLET-CONTROL NOMOGRAPHY
7. CULVERT CAPACITY CHARTS

(This publication is adapted from the Unified Facilities Criteria of the

United States government which are in the public domain, have been
authorized for unlimited distribution, and are not copyrighted.)

(Figures, tables and formulas in this

publication may at times be a little
difficult to read, but they are the best
available. DO NOT PURCHASE
THIS PUBLICATION IF THIS
LIMITATION IS NOT ACCEPTABLE
TO YOU.)

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1. GENERAL.

1.1 THIS PUBLICATION PRESENTS diagrams, charts, coefficients and related

information useful in design of culverts. The information largely has been obtained
from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
(formerly, Bureau of Public Roads), supplemented or modified as appropriate by
information from various other sources and as required for consistency with good
design practice.

1.2 LABORATORY TESTS AND FIELD OBSERVATIONS SHOW two major types of
culvert flow: flow with inlet control and flow with outlet control. Under inlet control, the
cross-sectional area of the culvert barrel, the inlet geometry and the amount of
headwater or pending at the entrance are of primary importance. Outlet control
involves the additional consideration of the elevation of the tailwater in the outlet
channel and the slope, roughness, and length of the culvert barrel. The type of flow or
the location of the control is dependent on the quantity of flow, roughness of the
culvert barrel, type of inlet, flow pattern in the approach channel, and other factors. In
some instances the flow control changes with varying discharges, and occasionally the
control fluctuates from inlet control to outlet control and vice versa for the same
discharge. Thus, the design of culverts should consider both types of flow and should
be based on the more adverse flow condition anticipated.

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2. INLET CONTROL. The discharge capacity of a culvert is controlled at the culvert

entrance by the depth of headwater (HIV) and the entrance geometry, including the
area, slope, and type of inlet edge. Types of inlet-controlled flow for unsubmerged and
submerged entrances are shown at A and B in figure 1. A mitered entrance (fig lC)
produces little if any improvement in efficiency over that of the straight, sharp-edged,
projecting inlet. Both types of inlets tend to inhibit the culvert from flowing full when the
inlet is submerged. With inlet control the roughness and length of the culvert barrel
and outlet conditions (including depths of tailwater) are not factors in determining
culvert capacity. The effect of the barbarrel slope on inlet-control flow in conventional
culverts is negligible. Nomography for determining culvert capacity for inlet control
were developed by the Division of Hydraulic Research, Bureau of Public Roads. (See
Hydraulics of Bridge Wateways.) These nomography (figs 2 through 9) give
headwater-discharge relations for most conventional culverts flowing with inlet control.

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3. OUTLET CONTROL.

3.1 CULVERTS FLOWING WITH OUTLET CONTROL can flow with the culvert barrel
full or partially full for part of the barrel length or for all of it (fig 10). If the entire barrel is
filled (both cross section and length) with water, the culvert is said to be in full flow or
flowing full (fig 1OA and B). The other two common types of outlet-control flow are
shown in figure 1OC and D. The procedure given in this publication for outlet-control
flow does not give an exact solution for a free-water-surface condition throughout the
barrel length shown in figure 1OD. An approximate solution is given for this case when
the headwater, HW, is equal to or greater than 0.75D, where D is the height of the
culvert barrel. The head, H, required to pass a given quantity of water through a
culvert flowing full with control at the outlet is made up of three major parts. These
three parts are usually expressed in feet of water and include a velocity head, an
entrance loss, and a friction loss. The velocity head (the kinetic energy of the water in
the culvert barrel) equals V2/2g . The entrance loss varies with the type or design of
the culvert inlet and is expressed as a coefficient times the velocity head or K0(V2/2g) .
Values of K0 for various types of culvert entrances are given in table 1. The friction
loss, Hf, is the energy required to overcome the roughness of the culvert barrel and is
usually expressed in terms of Manning’s n and the following expression:

Hf = ([29n2L]/R1.333)(V2/2g)

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Figure 1
Inlet control

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Figure 2
Headwater depth for concrete pipe culverts with inlet control

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Figure 3
Headwater depth for oval concrete pipe culverts,
long axis vertical, with inlet control

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Figure 4
Headwater depth for oval concrete pipe culverts,
long axis horizontal, with inlet control

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Figure 5
Headwater depth for corrugated metal pipe culverts with inlet control

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Figure 6
Headwater depth for structural plate and standard corrugated metal pipe
arch culverts with inlet control

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Figure 7
Headwater depth for box culverts with inlet control.

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Figure 8
Headwater depth for corrugated metal pipe culvert
with tapered inlet-inlet control

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Figure 9
Headwater depth for circular pipe culverts
with beveled ring inlet control

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Figure 10
Outlet control

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Table 1
Entrance loss coefficients, outlet control,
full or partly full, He = Ke (V2/2g)

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Adding the three terms and simplifying, yields for full pipe, outlet control flow the
following expression:

H = (1 + Ke + [29n2L/R1.333])(V2/2g) (eq 1)

This equation can be solved readily by the use of the full-flow nomograph, figures 11
through 17. The equations shown on these nomographs are the same as equation 1
expressed in a different form. Each nomograph is drawn for a single value of n as
noted in the respective figure. These nomographs may be used for other values of n
by modifying the culvert length. The value of H must be measured from some “control”
elevation at the outlet which is dependent on the rate of discharge or the elevation of
the water surface of the tailwater. For simplicity, a value hO is used as the distance in
feet from the culvert invert (flow line) at the outlet to the control elevation. The
following equation is used to compute headwater in reference to the inlet invert:

HW = hO + H - LSO (eq 2)

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Figure 11
Head for circular pipe culverts flowing full, n = 0.012

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Figure 12
Head for oval circular pipe culverts, long axis horizontal or vertical,
flowing full, n = 0.012

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Figure 13
Head for circular pipe culverts flowing full, n – 0.024

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Figure 14
Head for circular pipe culverts flowing full, n = 0.024

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Figure 15
Head for standard corrugated metal pipe arch culverts
flowing full, n = 0.024

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Figure 16
Head for field-bolted structural plate pipe arch culverts,
18 inch corner radius flowing full, n = 0.0327 to 0.0306

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Figure 17
Head for concrete box culverts flowing full, n = 0.012

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3.2 TAILWATER ELEVATION AT OR ABOVE THE TOP OF THE CULVERT

BARREL OUTLET (FIG 1OA). The tailwater (TW) depth is equal to hO, and the
relation of headwater to other terms in equation 2 is illustrated in figure 18.

3.3 TAILWATER ELEVATION BELOW THE TOP OR CROWN OF THE CULVERT

BARREL OUTLET. Figure 1OB, C, and D are three common types of flow for outlet
control with this low tailwater (TW) condition. In these cases hO is found by comparing
two values, TW depth in the outlet channel and (d c+ D)/2 and setting hO equal to the
larger value. The fraction (dc+ D)/2 is a simplified mean of computing hO when the
tailwater is low and the discharge does not fill the culvert barrel at the outlet. In this
fraction, dc is critical depth as determined from figures 18 through 23 and D is the
culvert height. The value of dc should never exceed D, making the upper limit of this
fraction equal to D. Figure 19 shows the terms of equation 2 for the cases discussed
above. Equation 2 gives accurate answers if the culvert flows full for a part of the
barrel length as illustrated by figure 23. This condition of flow will exist if the
headwater, as determined by equation 2, is equal to or greater than the quantity:

HW > D + (1 + Ke)(V2/2g)

If the headwater drops below this point the water surface will be free throughout the
culvert barrel as in figure 1OD, and equation 2 yields answers with some error since
the only correct method of finding headwater in this case is by a backwater
computation starting at the culvert

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Table 2
Manning’s n for natural stream channels
(surface width at flood stage less than 100 feet)

Figure 18
Tailwater elevation at or above top of culvert

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Figure 19
Tailwater below the top of the culvert

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4. PROCEDURES FOR SELECTION OF CULVERT SIZE. Select the culvert size by

the following steps:

Step 1: List given data.

a. Design discharge, Q, in ft3/sec
b. Approximate length of culvert in feet
c. Allowable headwater depth, in feet, which is the vertical distance from the culvert
invert (flow line) at entrance to the water surface elevation permissible in the
approach channel upstream from the culvert.
d. Type of culvert, including barrel material, barrel cross sectional shape, and
entrance type.
e. Slope of culvert. (If grade is given in percent, convert to slope in feet per foot.)
f. Allowable outlet velocity (if scour is a problem).

Step 2: Determine a trial-size culvert.

a. Refer to the inlet control nomograph (Fig. 2 thru 9) for the type of culvert selected.
b. Using an HW/D of approximately 1.5 and the scale for the entrance type to be used
find a trial-size culvert by following the instructions for use of these nomographs. If
reasons for greater or lesser relative depth of headwater in a particular case should
exist, another value of HW/D may be used for this trial selection. If the trial size for the
culverts is obviously too large because of limited height of embankment or availability
of size, try a HW/D value or multiple culverts by dividing the discharge equally for the
number of culverts used. Raising the embankment height or using pipe arch and box
culverts with width greater than height should be considered. Selection should be
based on an economic analysis.

Step 3. Find headwater depth for the trial size culvert.

a. Determine and record headwater depth by use of the appropriate inlet control
nomograph (figures 2 thru 9). Tailwater conditions are to be neglected in this
determination. Headwater in this case is found b y simply multiplying HW/D obtained
from the nomograph by D.

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b. Compute and record headwater for outlet control as instructed below:

(1) Approximate the depth of tailwater for the design flood condition in the outlet
channel. The tailwater depth may also be due to backwater caused by another stream
or some control downstream.
(2) For tailwater depths equal to or above the depth of the culvert at the outlet, set
tailwater equal to hO and find headwater by the following equation:

HW = hO + H - SOL

For tailwater elevations below the crown of culvert at the outlet use the following
equation to find headwater:

HW = hO + H - SOL

where hO = (dc + D)/2 or TW, whichever is greater. When dc (figures 20 thru 25)
exceeds rectangular section, ho should be set equal to D.
c. Compare the headwater found in Step 3a and Step 3b (inlet control and outlet
control). The higher headwater governs and indicates the flow control existing under
the given conditions.
d. Compare the higher headwater above with- that allowable at the site. If headwater
is greater than allowable, repeat the procedure using a larger culvert. If headwater is
less than allowable, repeat the procedure to investigate the possibility of using a
smaller size.

Step 4: Check outlet velocities for size selected.

a. If outlet control governs in Step 3c, outlet velocity equals Q/A, where A is the cross-
sectional area of flow at the outlet. If dC or TW is less than the height of the culvert
barrel, use cross-sectional area corresponding to dC or TW depth, whichever gives the
greater area of flow.
b. If inlet control governs in Step 3c, outlet velocity can be assumed to equal normal

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velocity in open-channel flow as computed by Manning’s equation for the barrel size,
roughness, and slope of culvert selected.

Step 5: Try a culvert of another type or shape and determine size and headwater by
the above procedure.

Step 6: Record final selection of culvert with size, type, outlet velocity, required
headwater, and economic justification.

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Figure 20
Circular pipe – critical depth

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Figure 21
Oval concrete pipe long axis horizontal critical depth.

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Figure 22
Oval concrete pipe long axis vertical critical depth

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Figure 23
Standard corrugated metal pipe arch critical depth

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Figure 24
Structural plate pipe arch critical depth

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Figure 25
Critical depth rectangular section

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5. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF INLET-CONTROL NOMOGRAPHS (FIGURES 2

THROUGH 9)

a. To determine headwater.
(1) Connect with a straightedge the given culvert diameter or height, D, and the
discharge Q or Q/B for box culverts; mark intersection of straightedge on HW/D scale
1.
(2) If HW/D scale 1 represents entrance type used, read HW/D on scale 1. If some
other entrance type is used, extend the point of intersection ((1) above) horizontally to
scale 2 or 3 and read HW/D.
(3) Compute headwater by multiplying HW/D by D.

b. To determine culvert size.

(1) Given an HW/D value, locate HW/D on scale for appropriate entrance type. If
scale 2 or 3 is used, extend HW/D point horizonally to scale 1.
(2) Connect point on HW/D scale 1 as found in (1) above to given discharge and read
diameter, height, or size of culvert required.

c. To determine discharge.
(1) Given HW and D, locate HW/D on scale for appropriate entrance type. Continue
as in b(1) above.
(2) Connect point on HW/D scale as found in (1) above and the size of culvert on left
scale and read Q or Q/B on the discharge scale.
(3) If Q/B is read, multiply by B to obtain Q.

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6.. INSTRUCTION FOR USE OF OUTLET-CONTROL NOMOGRAPHY.

a. Figures B–11 through B–17 are nomography to solve for head when culverts flow
full with outlet control. They are also used in approximating the head for some partially
full flow conditions with outlet control. These nomography do not give a complete
solution for finding headwater.

(1) Locate appropriate nomograph for type of culvert selected.

(2) Begin nomograph solution by locating starting point on length scale. To locate the
proper starting point on the length scale, follow instructions below:

(a) If the n value of the nomograph corresponds to that of the culvert being used, find
the proper Ke from table 1 and on the appropriate nomograph locate starting point on
length curve for the Ke. If a Ke curve is not shown for the selected Ke , and (b) below.
If the n value for the culvert selected differs from that of the nomograph, see (c) below.

(b) For the n of the nomograph and a Ke intermediate between the scales given,
connect the given length on adjacent scales by a straight line and select a point on this
line spaced between the two chart scales in proportion to the Ke values. For a different
value of roughness coefficient n1 than that of the chart n, use the length scales shown
with an adjusted length L1, calculated by the formula:

L1 = L(n1/n)2

(See subparagraph b below for n values.)

(3) Using a straight edge, connect point on length scale to size of culvert barrel and
mark the point of crossing on the “turning line.” See instruction c below for size
considerations for rectangular box culvert.

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(4) Pivot the straight edge on this point on the turning line and-connect given
discharge rate. Read head in feet on the head scale. For values beyond the limit of the
chart scales, find H by solving equation given in nomograph or by H = KQ2 where K is
found by substituting values of H and Q from chart.

b. Table 3 is used to find the n value for the culvert selected.

c. To use the box-culvert nomograph (fig 17) for full flow for other than square boxes:

(1) Compute cross-sectional area of the rectangular box.

(Note: The area scale on the nomograph is calculated for barrel cross sections with
span B twice the height D; its close correspondence with area of square boxes
assures it may be used for all sections intermediate between square and B = 2D or B
= 2/3D. For other box proportions use equation shown in nomograph for more
accurate results.)

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Table 3
Roughness coefficients for various pipes

(2) Connect proper point (see para 6b ) on length scale to barrel area and mark point
on turning line.

(3) Pivot the straight edge on this point on the turning line and connect given discharge
rate. Read head in feet on the head scale.

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7. CULVERT CAPACITY CHARTS. Figures 26 through 43 present headwater

discharge relations convenient for use in design of culverts of the most common types
and sizes. The solid-line curve for each type and size represents for a given length:
slope ratio the culvert capacity with control at the inlet; these curves are based
generally on model data. For those culvert types for which a dashed-line curve is
shown in addition to a solid-line curve, the dashed line represents for a given length:
slope ratio the discharge capacity for free flow and control at the outlet; these curves
are based on experimental data and backwater computations. The length: slope ratio
is L/100So given on the solid line curve and in each case is the value at which the
discharge with outlet control equals the discharge with inlet control. For culverts with
free flow and control at the outlet, interpretation and extrapolation for different L/100S o
values is permitted in the range of headwater depths equal to or less than twice the
barrel height. The upper limit of this range of headwater depths is designated by a
horizontal dotted line on the charts. Values of L/100So less than those given in the
chart do not impose any limitation; merely read the solid line curves. The symbol AHW
means allowable headwater depth. The charts permit rapid selection of a culvert size
to meet a given headwater limitation for various entrance conditions and types and
shapes of pipe. One can enter with a given discharge and read vertically upward to the
pipe size that will carry the flow to satisfy the headwater limitation of the design
criteria. The major restriction on the use of the charts is that free flow must exist at the
outlet. In most culvert installations free flow exists, i.e., flow passes through critical
depth near the culvert outlet. For submerged flow conditions the solution can be
obtained by use of the outlet control nomographs.

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Figure 26
Culvert capacity circular concrete pipe
groove-edged entrance 18” to 66”

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Figure 27
Culvert capacity circulur concrete pipe groove-edged entrance 6O'' to 18O''
.

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Figure 28
Culvert capacity standard circular corrugations metal pipe
projecting entrance 18” to 36”

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Figure 29
Culvert capacity standard circular corrugations metal pipe
projecting entrance 36” to 66”

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Figure 30
Culvert capacity standard circular corrugations
metal headwall entrance 18” to 36”

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Figure 31
Culvert capacity standard circular corrugations
metal headwall entrance 36” to 66”

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Figure 32
Culvert capacity standard corrugations metal pipe arch
projecting entrance 25” x 16” to 48” x 27”

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Figure 33
Culvert capacity standard corrugations metal pipe arch
projecting entrance 50” x 31” to 72” x 44”

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Figure 34
Culvert capacity standard corrugations metal pipe arch
headwall entrance 25” x 16” to 43” x 27”

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Figure 35
Culvert capacity standard corrugations metal pipe arch
headwall entrance 50” x 31” to 72” x 44”

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Figure 36
Culvert capacity square concrete box
90o and 15o wingwall flare 1.5 ‘ x 1.5’ to 7’ x 7’

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Figure 37
Culvert capacity square concrete box
30o to 75o wingwall flare 1.5 ‘ x 1.5’ to 7’ x 7’

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Figure 38
Culvert capacity rectangular concrete box
90o and 15o wingwall flare 1.5 ‘, 2.0’ and 2.5’ height’

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Figure 39
Culvert capacity rectangular concrete box
90o and 15o wingwall flare 3.0’ and 4.0’ height’

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Figure 40
Culvert capacity rectangular concrete box
90o and 15o wingwall flare 5.0’ and 6.0’ height’

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Figure 41
Culvert capacity rectangular concrete box
30o to 75o wingwall flare 1.5’, 2.0’ and 2.5’ heights

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Figure 42
Culvert capacity rectangular concrete box
30o to 75o wingwall flare 3.0’ and 4.0’ heights

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Figure 43
Culvert capacity rectangular concrete box
30o to 75o wingwall flare 5.0’ and 6.0’ heights

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