Biology 0610

Biology 0610
 14 Coordination and response
14.1 Coordination and response

 1 State that electrical impulses travel along neurons in one direction

 2 Describe the mammalian nervous system in terms of:

(a) the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and the spinal cord
(b) the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of the nerves outside of the brain and
spinal cord

 3 Describe the role of the nervous system as coordination and regulation of body functions
 4 Identify in diagrams and images sensory, relay and motor neurons
 Responding to our environment
Coordination in animals
 A stimulus is a change in the environment of an organism. Animals respond to a stimulus in order to
keep themselves in favorable conditions.
 An animal’s response to a stimulus is coordinated by their central nervous system(CNS). Consists of
the brain and the spinal cord.

Examples of this include:

 moving to somewhere warmer if they are too cold
 moving towards food if they are hungry
 moving away from danger to protect themselves

The pathway:
 The Human Nervous System
 Central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) (nerves & receptors)

 PNS divides into somatic nervous system (movement of voluntary muscles) and the autonomic nervous
system (controls the connections between the brain, spinal cord and organs/glands)
 Neuron
 Carry impulses in the form of electrical signal that pick by Dendron and give to cell body
then to Axon which will pass these impulses to other neuron

 Dendrites are branched extensions Receive impulses/electrochemical.

 Soma/ cell body is the round part containing the cell nucleus and other organelles.
 Axon/ nerve fiber. Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body and transfer to
another neuron (Dendrites)

 Myelin sheath A layer of protein and lipid (fat)

 Protecting the nerves
 speeding the time it takes for a nerve to cross an axon.
 Work as a insulator for neuron to carry impulses more faster (with 100 metres/sec while
without myelin sheath 5 metres/sec)
 Types of Neurons
 Three types on the base of their function
 14.1 Coordination and response
 5 Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of: receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor
neuron and effector
 6 Describe a reflex action as a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and
coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands)
 7 Describe a synapse as a junction between two neurons
 8 Describe the structure of a synapse, including the presence of vesicles containing
neurotransmitter molecules, the synaptic gap and receptor proteins

 9 Describe the events at a synapse as:

(a) an impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the
synaptic gap
(b) the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap
(c) neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neuron
(d) an impulse is then stimulated in the next neuron

10 State that synapses ensure that impulses travel in one direction only
 Reflex action and reflex arc
A reflex action is an involuntary, rapid, quick and sudden response towards a stimulus. its
protective responses against harmful stimuli.
Very useful by getting information/impulses from receptor to effector
For ex: If we touch a hot plate we retreat our hand immediately to prevent it from getting
burnt. This immediate and unconscious response is called reflex
Reflex arc
 The path travelled by an impulse during a reflex response is called a reflex arc.
 A reflex arc begins from the receptors passes through the sensory neuron, then
interneuron to the motor neuron and then to the effectors.
  Synapses
 A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a small gap across which
impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
 synapses ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

 Neurotransmitter
 A chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve (axon) by the
arrival of a nerve impulse
 Diffusing across the synapse or junction, effects the transfer of the impulse to
another nerve ending (Approximately 30 – 100 different neurotransmitter have been identified
Only 10 work 99%)

 Events at a synapse as:

1. an impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles
into the synaptic gap
2. the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap
3. neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neuron
4. an impulse is then stimulated in the next neuron
 14.2 Sense organs

 1 Describe sense organs as groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light,
sound, touch, temperature and chemicals
 2 Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the eye, limited to: cornea, iris, pupil,
lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot
 3 Describe the function of each part of the eye, limited to:
(a) cornea – refracts light
(b) iris – controls how much light enters the pupil
(c) lens – focuses light on to the retina
(d) retina – contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colors
(e) optic nerve – carries impulses to the brain
 4 Explain the pupil reflex, limited to changes in light intensity and pupil diameter
 5 Explain the pupil reflex in terms of the antagonistic action of circular and radial muscles in
the iris
 6 Explain accommodation to view near and distant objects in terms of the contraction and
relaxation of the ciliary muscles, tension in the suspensory ligaments, shape of the lens and
refraction of light
 7 Describe the distribution of rods and cones in the retina of a human
 8 Outline the function of rods and cones, limited to:
 (a) greater sensitivity of rods for night vision
 (b) three different kinds of cones, absorbing light of different colours, for colour vision
 9 Identify in diagrams and images the position of the fovea and state its function
 Antagonistic Muscle
 A muscle that opposes the action of another; e.g. biceps and triceps are antagonistic
muscles or circular and radial muscles in the eye

 Antagonist: a muscle that relaxes while another contracts; e.g. when bending the elbow
the triceps are the antagonist

 Sense organ: groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound,
touch, temperature and chemicals.
 The Eye (The sense organ responsible for sight)

 Cornea: refracts/ bend light/ Allows for the passage of light into the eye (onto retina)
and work as a fixed lens.
 Pupil: Black hole / middle gap in iris (Increase/ decrease in size)
 Iris: controls how much light enters pupil/ contain pigment to absorb light
 Lens: focuses light onto retina
 Retina: contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours
 Optic nerve: carries impulses to the brain
 Rods and Cones

 RODS
 Provide low detail, black & white images, good for seeing in low intensity light (at
night).
 Packed most tightly around edge of retina so you can see things most clearly when
not looking directly at them.
 CONES
 Provide detailed, coloured images; they work in high light intensity.
 Most tightly packed at centre of retina, so objects are seen most clearly when
being directly looked at.
 Fovea:
 o Part of the retina where the receptor cells are pushed most closely together
 o Where light is focused when you look straight at an object
 Pupil Reflex (Adjusting for high and low light intensity)

Circular muscle relax Radial muscle relax

Accommodation (Adjusting for near and distant objects)
 Blind Spot (Optic Disk) (Activity)

 Close your right eye and look directly at the number 3.

 Can you see the yellow spot in your peripheral vision?

 Now slowly move towards or away from the screen. At
some point, the yellow spot will disappear.
 14.3 Hormones

 1 Describe a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the

blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

 2 Identify in diagrams and images specific endocrine glands and state the hormones they
secrete, limited to:
(a) adrenal glands and adrenaline
(b) pancreas and insulin
(c) testes and testosterone
(d) ovaries and oestrogen

 3 Describe adrenaline as the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations and its effects,
limited to:
(a) increased breathing rate
(b) increased heart rate
(c) increased pupil diameter

 4 Compare nervous and hormonal control, limited to speed of action and duration of effect
 5 State that glucagon is secreted by the pancreas
 6 Describe the role of adrenaline in the control of metabolic activity, limited to:
(a) increasing the blood glucose concentration
(b) increasing heart rate
The endocrine system
Hormone Source Role Effect

Stimulates liver
Maintains normal
Adrenal to change
Adrenaline blood pressure.
glands glycogen to
Fight or flight
glucose

Regulates Excess glucose

Insulin Pancreas blood glucose stored in the
levels liver

Development
male sex
Testosterone Testicles of male sexual
hormone
characteristics

Female Prepares body for

Progesterone Ovaries menstrual cycle conception and
and pregnancy pregnancy

Development of
female sex female sexual
Oestrogen Ovaries hormone characteristics
Control of response in humans

Nervous system Endocrine system

Electrical impulses Chemical messages

Very fast Slower

Short lasting Longer lasting

E.g.. Muscle E.g. insulin

 14.5 Tropic responses

 1 Describe gravitropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away

from gravity
 2 Describe phototropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away
from the direction of the light source

 3 Investigate and describe gravitropism and phototropism in shoots and roots

 4 Explain phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot as examples of the chemical control

of plant growth

 5 Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth, limited to:

(a) auxin is made in the shoot tip
(b) auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip
(c) auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity
(d) auxin stimulâtes cell élongation
 A growth response of a plant to directional stimuli is called a tropism.

 Grows towards stimuli – POSITIVE

 Grows away from stimuli – NEGATIVE
Positive Geotropism
 POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM
Stems grow upwards

NEGATIVE GEOTROPISM
Stems grow upwards

NEGATIVE PHOTOTROPISM
Roots grow downwards

POSITIVE GEOTROPISM
Roots grow downwards
Copyright © 2014 Henry Exham

AUXIN = growth hormone produced by plants

PRODUCED AT:
Tip of the shoot – diffuse downwards

ROLE OF AUXIN:
It causes cell elongation & division.
Copyright © 2014 Henry Exham

The shaded side

1. 2. 3. elongates faster
Auxin is
Auxin diffuses than the
produced at
illuminated side
the tip of the AWAY from the light
and the shoot
shoot and into the shadowed bends towards
causes it to side the light
grow.
 14.4 Homeostasis

 1 Describe homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment

 2 State that insulin decreases blood glucose Concentration

 3 Explain the concept of homeostatic control by negative feedback with reference to a
set point
 4 Describe the control of blood glucose concentration by the liver and the roles of insulin
and glucagon

 5 Outline the treatment of Type 1 diabetes

 6 Identify in diagrams and images of the skin: hairs, hair erector muscles, sweat glands,
receptors, sensory neurons, blood vessels and fatty tissue

 7 Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in mammals in

terms of: insulation, sweating, shivering and the role of the brain
 8 Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in mammals in
terms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying skin surface capillaries
The SKIN
 • Temperature falls
• Muscle work &Metabolism
• Contraction & relaxation to produce heat
• Speed up chemical reaction, more energy
• Hair stand
• Erector muscles in skin contract, pulling hairs up (goose pimples)
• Vasoconstriction
• Narrowing of blood vessels (shunt) to reduces blood flow to skin and helps
retain heat
• Temperature rises
• Sweat
• Sweat gland will work, cooling of the body
• Hair lies flat
• Erector muscles in skin relax
• Vasodilation
• Widening of blood vessels (shunt) to increases blood flow to the skin and
helps the animal lose some of its extra heat
 Feedback mechanism

 Negative feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in

response to some kind of stimulus. Output will be reduced

 Positive feedback mechanism is the opposite of a negative, the output

increases the original stimulus
 Diabetes (Hyperglycemia)

 Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes

 Chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin to allow
sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy

Symptoms

 Fatigue, thirst, increased urination / glucose in urine / fruity breath / flushed face
 weight loss, nausea/ vomiting / abdominal pain / hunger
 blurred vision (glaucoma)
 Behavioral changes / confusion / unconscious / dizzy / rapid breathing / deep
breathing
 slow (wound) healing / poor circulation

Treatment

 Taking Insulin by injection / insulin pump

 Regular blood glucose tests and Regular meals/ controlled diet and Exercise
 Past Paper Reference

P-42 2019 M/J Q-4 and 5

P-42 2019 F/M Q-3
P-42 2018 O/N Q-4
P-42 2017 O/N Q-6 (b)
P-41 2017 O/N Q-4
P-41 2017 M/J Q-3
P-42 2017 F/M Q-3
P-41 2016 M/J Q-2
P-42 2016 M/J Q-6
P-41 2016 O/N Q-4 (d,e) Q-5(b)