PHYSICS
NCERT based graphs – Class XII
Electric field
Field of a point charge.
(a) due to a charge Q (b) due to a charge –Q
Field lines due to some simple charge configurations.
4 0) m–1] (blue curve) and field with r [ in units
Variation of potential V with r [in units of (Q / 4πε
4 0) m–2] (black curve) for a point charge Q.
of (Q / 4πε
For a single charge q (a) equipotential surface are spherical surfaces centred at the charge, and
(b) electric lines are radial, starting from the charge
charge if q > 0.
Equipotential surfaces for a uniform electric field.
Some equipotential surfaces for (a) a dipole.
(b) two identical positive charges.
The dashed line represents the linear ohm’s law.
The solid line is the voltage V versus current I for a good conductor.
Characteristic curve of a diode. Note the
different scales for negative and positive
Variation of current versus voltage for GaAs
values of the voltage and current
Resistivity ρT of copper Resistivity ρT of nichrome as Temperature dependence of
as a function of a function of absolute resistivity for a typical
temperature T. temperature T. semiconductor
Shows a plot of the magnitude of B with distance r from the centre of the wire
The direction of the field is tangential to
Right Magnetic lines are completely confined
within a toroid.. Nothing wrong here in field
lines forming closed loops, since each loop Right. These are field lines outside and inside a
encloses a region across which a current bar magnet. Note carefully the direction of field
passes. Note, for clarity of figure, only a few lines inside. Not all field lines emanate out of a
field lines within the toroid have been shown. north pole (or converge into a south pole).
Actually, the entire region enclosed by the
windings
ndings contains magnetic field.
Behaviour of magnetic field lines near
diamagnetic paramagnetic substance
The magnetic hysteresis loop is the B-H
B H curve for ferromagnetic materials.
Illustration of Lenz’s law
(i) The magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abed increases, due to the motion of the loop
into the region of magnetic field, the induced current must flow along the path bcdab so that it
opposes the increasing flux.
(ii) Due to the outward motion, magnetic flux through the triangular loop abc decreases due to
which the induced current flows along bacb, so as to oppose the change in flux.
(iii) As the magnetic flux decreases due to motion of the irregular shaped loop abcd out of the
region of magnetic field, the induced current flows along cdabc, so as to t oppose change in
flux. Note that there are no induced current as long as the loops are completely inside or
outside the region of the magnetic field.
The induced emf is expected to be constant only in the case of the rectangular loop. In the case of
circular loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its passage out of the filed region is not
constant, hence induced emf will vary accordingly.
The polarity of plate ‘A’ will be positive with respect to plate ‘B’ in the capacitor.
An alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field.
In a pure resistor, the voltage and current are in phase
The minima. Zero and maxima occur at the same respective times.
(a) A phasor diagram for the circuit (b) Graph of v and i versus ωt
(a) A Phasor diagram for the circuit (b) Graph of v and i versus ωt
(a) A Phasor diagram for the circuit (b) Graph of v and i versus ωt
Variation of im with ω for two cases: (i) R = 100 Ω, (ii) R = 200 Ω,, L = 1.00 mH.
A linearly polarised electromagnetic wave, propagating in the z-direction
z direction with the oscillating
electric field E along the x-direction
x and the oscillating magnetic field B along the y-direction.
y
The electromagnetic spectrum, with common names for various part of it
The various regions do not have sharply defined boundaries.
Prisms designed to bend rays by 90°
90 and 180° or to invert image without changing
changin its size make
use of total internal reflection.
Plot of angle of deviation (δ)
( ) versus angle of incidence (i) for a triangular prism.
Rainbow: (a) The sun rays incident on a water drop get refracted twice and reflected internally by
a drop: (b) Enlarged view of internal reflection and refraction of a ray of light inside a drop
forming primary rainbow: and (c) secondary rainbow is formed by rays undergoing internal
reflection twice inside the drop.
Refraction of a plane wave by (a) a thin prism (b) a convex lens,
(c) Reflection of a plane wave by a concave mirror.
Intensity distribution and photograph of fringes due to diffraction at single slit 369
(a) Polarisation of the blue scattered light from
from the sky. The incident sunlight is unpolarised (dots
and arrows). A typical molecule is shown. It scatters light by 90°
90 polarised normal to the plane of
the paper (dots only). (b) Polarisation of light reflected from a transparent medium at the Brewster
angle (reflected ray perpendicular to refracted ray).
Variation of photocurrent with collector plate
Variation of photoelectric current with potential for different intensity of incident
intensity of light radiation
Variation of photoelectric current with collector plate
potential for different frequencies of incident radiation
Variation of stopping potential V0 with frequency v of incident radiation
for a given photosensitive material
Experimental data points (shown by dots) on scattering of α-particles
particles by a thin foil at different
angles obtained by Geiger and Marsden using the setup shown in the figures. Rutherford’s nuclear
model predicts the solid curve which is seen to be in good agreement with experiment.
Line spectra originate in transitions between energy levels
The binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number.
Difference between energy bands of (a) metals, (b) insulators and (c) semiconductors
Diode under equilibrium (V = 0) Barrier potential under no bias
p-nn junction diode under forward bias (b) Barrier potential (1) without battery, (2) Low battery voltage, and
(3) High voltage battery.
Input ac voltage and output voltage waveforms
Half-wave
wave rectifier circuit
from the rectifier circuit
(a) A Full-wave
wave rectifier circuit: (b) Input wave forms given to the diode Di at A and to the diode D2 at B;
(c) Output wave from across the load RL connected in the full-wave
wave rectifier circuit.
(a) An illuminated photodiode under reverse bias. (b) I-V
I V characteristics of a photodiode for
different illumination intensity I4 > I3 > I2 > I1.
(a) A typical illuminated p-n junction solar cell;
(b) I-V characteristics of a solar cell.
