Msce Social Studies (3&4)

MSCE SOCIAL STUDIES
GGK PRODUCTION 2018 EMAIL: [email protected] 0999357824, 0882993955

AUTHOR:
The author Mr Godfrey Goodluck Kazumbe Mhango is a well-qualified and experienced teacher in
Social and Developmental Studies. He holds a Bachelor of Arts (Education) Degree, and has more
than eight years of Secondary School teaching experience in Social Studies. He also held the position
of a Senior Examiner and Item Writer for Malawi National Examination Board (MANEB) from 2010
up-to 2017, in related subjects such as Life Skills. He is the author of other books such as “MSCE
LIFE SKILLS,” JCE LIFE SKILLS and “MSCE GEOGRAPHY”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 I wish to thank my mother Angella and my late father Mr Wilson Mhango for their
encouragements to go to school where I got the knowledge of preparing this piece of work
 Let me also thank my children Bright, Holice, and Tendai for their patience and allowing me
time to concentrate on this piece of work
 May I thank my dear wife, Violet for her support both morally and materially during the
entire time I was working on this book
 My young brother Yaurunga Mkalawa Mhango for his untiring encouragements and support
 Members of staff especially Mr Andrew Zabuya and students of Nsanje secondary school for
their support
 Lastly let me thank Mr Samuel Kalea of Bookmate publisher and Kenneth Mtambalika of
Claim Bookshop for their encouragements
 Above all, I wish to thank The Almighty God for the precious life he gave me and for
reshaping my life
FOREWARD
This book has been written in a straight foreword and easy to understand Social and
Developmental studies. Students and teachers preparing for their MSCE exams shall find it very
helpful in their preparation. Each major topic begins with specific objectives, summaries notes
addressing the objectives case studies students’ activities and then review questions, to check
mastery of the content covered. However, students and teachers are advised to read other
recommended Social and Developmental studies textbooks in addition to this book in order to be
able to tackle Essay questions with ease.
CONTENT
TOPICS PAGE NUMBER
 Western & Eastern Culture

 Cultural preservation
 Rights of special groups
 Taxation
 Employment
 Development
 Population change
GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 2

 Prejudice and discrimination
 Gender issues in Malawi
 Systems of government
 Elections
 Peaceful co-existence
 International conflicts
 Refugee crisis in Africa and the world
 Technological development
 Social-economic problems
 Inter-dependence in the ecosystem
 People and the environment
 Courtship and marriage
 Security
 Corruption and Law
 Social injustice in Africa
 Social services
 Gender issues in Africa
 Climate change
 Disaster risk management
 Global issues and challenges
 Form 4 work
 Multiculturalism
 Union & Associations
 National service
 International organizations that foster development
 International convention on human rights
 Institutions that Deal with Human Rights
 Sustainable development
 Developing Nations
 International Labor laws
 Economic policies
 Economic sustainability
 Personal finances
 Population policy
 Population growth
 Discrimination
 Government of Malawi
 Good governance
 Taxation
 Gender and development
 Population & Social Behaviour HIV/AIDS
 Responsible parenthood
 Universal Moral and Values
 International Peace Initiative
 Social Justice
 Social Service
 World Cooperation

CULTURE AND CHANGE
IMPACT OF WESTERN AND EASTERN CULTURE ON MALAWI AND AFRICA
Success criteria
 Examine the impact of western and eastern culture on Malawi and Africa
 Identify different culture and religions
 Explain the influence of culture on religion
CULTURE:-
 Its’ something that is socially learned and shared by members of the society
 Its’ the way of life of a group of people or the society
CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN CULTURE
1. Family Structure
 Extended families are common
 In some areas joint families where more than one couples live in the same
house are common.
2. Food
 Herbs and spices part of everyday cooking.
3. Hospitality and Greetings
 Emphasise importance of honouring guests.
 Guests are served with food in excessive quantities.
 Greeting a female with kiss not acceptable, some areas not even a hand.
4. Marriage Practice
 Arranged marriages where relatives play a role in identifying a partner are
common.
 Public display affection is not usual.
5. Major Common Religions
 Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism
6. Dressing Styles
 Varies, but in predominantly Muslim society’s women cover the body
including their faces and hair and men wear long sleeved robes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN CULTURE
1. Family Structure
 Nuclear family is common
 Single parent families are also common
2. Food

 Common foods are rice, bread, meat, vegetables
 People like to eat out; in restaurant, hotels and other places
3. Hospitality and Greetings
 Respect privacy and strangers are treated with caution
 Visitations are normally upon invitation
 When invited to a dinner everyone pays on their own
 Greeting with a kiss is common
4. Marriage
 Arranged marriages are not acceptable
 Public display of affection is common
5. Major Common Religions
 Multicultural Common religion is Christianity, some people do not believe in
God
6. Dress Styles
 Men wear trousers, shirts, or suits; women wear skirts , blouses, dresses,
suits, and trousers.
7. Language
 There are many languages including English, French, German, Dutch
IMPACT OF WESTERN CULTURE ON AFRICA AND MALAWI
1. Change in Family Structure

 Traditionally extended families are common in Africa and Malawi.
 With the coming of Western cultures people are opting for nuclear families
2. Coming of Christianity
 People from the West brought Christianity to Africa and Malawi
3. Copying of Western Languages
 English has become a common language in business and schools
 Other Western languages such as French, Portuguese are also used
4. Copying Western Ways of Dressing
 Men are now wearing trousers, shirts, suits and women are wearing dresses,
skirts, blouses, trousers and suits just as in the West.
5. Copying of Western Music and Dance
 Western music such as Jazz, Country and Western is popular among Africans
today
 Many Africans are using Western musical instruments
6. Dissolution of African Religions
 Coming of new religions such as Christianity led to significant reduction of
the following of African Traditional Religions
7. Review of Certain Beliefs and Practices
 Western culture challenged African beliefs and practices
 This has led Africans to abandon or modify some beliefs and practice
8. Copying Western Ways of Living
 The role of a woman has changed from a house keeper and worker in the
field to a co-provider with the man.
 She is in paid employment and active in business unlike in the past.
 Arranged marriages that were common in the past are rare today.
 A child is given some liberty
 Education is valued by many
9. Copying Western Ways of Preparing Food

CASE STUDY
Ishmael went with his wife to work in Dubai (Saudi Arabia) they carried with them their one year old
baby. The family worked for ten years in Dubai without going back home. While there the family got
two other children making a total of three children. Their children started attending school while
there. When the family came back home to Malawi, their children had difficulties in speaking to their
friends. They could not speak Malawian language, one of their daughters could not expose her face to
the public, she wore a long black robe, covering the whole body including the head except for eyes.
Activity
1. Discuss with a classmate aspects of Malawian culture that were missing in the children
2. Explain what Ishmael was supposed to do to his children to learn Malawian culture
3. Discuss the impact of eastern culture on Ishmael’s family
IMPACT OF EASTERN CULTURE ON AFRICA AND MALAWI
1. Introduction of Islam
 Arabs from Asia brought Islam to Africa and Malawi
 Islam is common in Africa today especially in West and North Africa
2. Dissolution of African Traditional Religion
 In areas where Islam is dominant the following of African Traditional
Religion has been reduced significantly.
3. Review of Certain Beliefs and Practices
 Just as Christianity Islam condemns some African beliefs and traditions
 This has led to changes in such beliefs and traditions
4. Dress
 In areas where Islam is dominant women are required to cover the whole
body including the face and hair. Men wear long robes.
5. Ways of Preparing Food
 Many Africans are growing and consuming different spices.
DIFFERENT CULTURE AND RELIGIONS BROUGHT TO AFRICA
Foreign culture has brought into Africa different religions that were aspects of their culture such as
 Islam
 Buddhism
 Hinduism
 Christianity
All these religions were foreign before the Western and Eastern people came to Africa
HOW CULTURE INFLUENCE RELIGION
The way people behave in the society is very much influenced by their religious teachings
 Religion influence how people interpret their universe or other phenomenon

 Religion influences the way we communicate or spend time
 Sometimes religion influence the type of food we eat

 Dressing too may be influenced by religion for instance putting on long robes
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the influence of foreign culture on African traditional religion

2. Explain the impact of foreign culture on Malawian society
CULTURAL PRESERVATION
Success criteria;
 Explain the meaning of cultural preservation and cultural heritage

 Describe the strategies used to preserve culture
 Explain the importance of preserving culture
 Describe the constraints faced with countries in the process of preserving culture
 Explain the relationship between culture and development
CULTURAL PRESERVATION :-
 It’s taking care of cultural heritage for it’s sustenance in the society
 Use of deliberate steps to keep alive aspects of a people’s culture.
 Keeping our culture alive
Cultural Heritage:-
 Its an expression of the way of living developed by a community and passed on from
generation to generation
 The legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that
are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the
benefit of future generations
IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING CULTURE
(a) Promotes cultural sustenance

 Help extend the life of tangible cultural heritage such as arts, building and
intangible such as beliefs, customs, and norms
(b) Allows the passing of culture to future generations
(c)Promotes understanding
 People have a better understanding of their culture as well as other cultures.

 As people interact they are aware of each other’s customs, values, beliefs, and
traditions; this helps them understand one another.
(a) Promotes tourism
 Cultural aspects such as music and dance, works of art attract tourists.

(b) It promotes individual identity
(c) Promotes a sense of pride in one’s own cultural heritage
STRATEGIES FOR PRESERVING CULTURE
1. Establishment of Cultural Infrastructure such as Museum, Theatres, and Art galleries

 Museum is a building used for storage and exhibition of objects illustrating the
past
 Art galleries used to house and exhibit works of art
2. Education and Awareness
 Curriculum can help teach learners importance of culture
 Civic education can create awareness among the general public
3. Books, Magazines, Manuscripts, Videos, Audio Recordings
 These can be used to keep, disseminate, and promote aspects of culture
4. Policy and Legislation
 Help control amount of imported cultural products thereby protecting domestic
culture
 Promote exhibition of domestic culture on cinema, television
 Copyright laws preserve artefacts
5. Songs, Music and Dance
 When performed they are kept alive e.g. Ingoma, Ndolo, malipenga etc.
 They also contain other aspects of culture such as norms, beliefs, and values
6. Folk Tales, Proverbs, Poetic and other Forms of Narrative
 They keep alive aspects of culture such as customs, beliefs, values
7. Arts and Craft
 Through arts and craft, beliefs, values, and norms are expressed and kept.
8. Cultural Events
 Wedding, funeral, inauguration of traditional leaders are used to display and
promote various aspects of culture.
9. International Cooperation
 Exchanging cultural visits between countries preserve and promotes culture
 Working with international organisations such as UNESCO can also help
preserve culture.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Beliefs, food, language, dressing, buildings, religion, marriage, livelihood, crafts, music, folktales,
laws, customs, habits, arts, morals, knowledge etc
CONSTRAINTS FACED IN PRESERVING CULTURE
1. Modernisation
 Western way of life which is considered modern has led to changes in people’s lives
in a way that traditional culture is challenged.
2. Resistance of new Generations
 New generations often resist some cultural practices and beliefs because they think
are old fashioned.
3. The Media

 Through the media information flows quickly and in large volumes.
 People know what is happening in other areas and begin to adopt such things
dropping their culture.
4. Need for Change
 Societies change with time and this necessities change in culture
5. Change in Ideologies
 Ideas change from time to time and generation to generation
 New ideas may contradict traditional culture making it difficult to preserve it.
6. Lack of resources;
 Lack of financial resources to employ people in museum and print books to
preserve culture have been a great challenge
CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
 It promotes unity that help people to come together for development

 Promotes tourism industry that helps to generate foreign exchange for investment
 Promotes employment opportunities in hotels and marketing of arts and crafts that
enhance economic development
 Promotes the spirit of tolerance that encourages peace needed to participate in
development
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Give the meaning of cultural preservation

2. Explain strategies Malawians are using in preserving culture
3. What is the importance of preserving culture in the country
4. Explain constraints the society is facing in preserving culture
5. How does culture enhances development in the Malawi
HUMAN RIGHTS
RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS
Success criteria:-
 Identify special groups in the society

 Describe rights of special groups
 Explain the importance of observing the rights of special groups
 Suggest ways of promoting social justice and fairness to special groups
 Describe cases of violation of human rights for special groups world-wide
HUMAN RIGHTS: these are the entitlements one has from birth.
SPECIAL GROUPS :

 These are people who have certain characteristics, biological, social among others
that need special consideration if they are to compete well with others.
SPECIAL GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN SOCIETY
 Children and women, because of their biological status

 Prisoners and accused people, because of their legal status
 Disabled people, because of their physical status
 Refugees, because of their geographical location
 Minority groups, because their number
 Migrant labor, because of their geographical location
RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS
1. The right to education

2. The right to work
3. The right to access medical facilities
4. The right to access courts
5. The right to be protected by law
6. Freedom of worship
7. The right to fair treatment before the law
8. Right to fair wages
IDENTIFYING SPECIAL GROUPS IN THE SOCIETY
(a) Women and girls

 Can be sexually abused
 Can be harassed sexually
 Are subject to biasness
 Often discriminated at work
 Often denied education due to sex preference
(b) Children
 Prone to sexual exploitation
 May be enticed to forced labor
 May be victim of divorce and orphan-hood
 Denied opportunities to contribute to family decisions
(c) People with disabilities
 Often denied job opportunities
 Denied access to education
 Often denied marriage opportunities
(d) Refugees
 Often subject to abuse sexually
 Victims of forced labor
 Victims of forced marriage
 Exposed to poor education, and health care
(e) Prisoners/accused persons
 Often denied food
 Exposed to torture

 Barred to see relatives
(f) Immigrant workers
 Victims of low wages
 Unfair dismissal
 Work under bad environment
PROMOTING SOCIAL JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS OF SPECIAL GROUPS
 Observing rights and freedoms of special groups

 Applying principles of natural justice to enhance fairness
 Protecting them from bad cultural practices
 Promoting the spirit of tolerance among members of the society
IMPORTANCE OF OBSERVING RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS
a) Promotes cooperation and unity among people

 Increases the spirit of love and togetherness as they feel respected in the society
b) Enhances participation in development
 Encourages the spirit of ownership of development hence take part.
c) Improves the image of the country world-wide
 Countries where rights of special groups are respected gets recognized and assisted
d) Reduces acts of terrorism world-wide
 Terrorism will be reduced since people are open minded and views are respected
e) Reduces poverty and human suffering globally
 People in need receives timely support regardless of their socio-culture background
CAUSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION
1. Poverty
 If those in need end up stealing or being engaged in corrupt practices
2. Strong desire for power
 If competitors end up eliminating each other to secure a position
3. Ignorance
 Lack of knowledge of rights of others may result in violation
4. Poor governance
 A government that does not respect rights of citizens as enshrined in the
constitution
5. Intolerance
 In a society where people do not tolerate each other violence is common
CASE STUDY
At the beginning of every year at Sanje Secondary School the form two students were always eager to
welcome the form one students at their school. However, the welcoming of the form ones at the school
was not in good faith. The form two students were eager to engage in teasing and bullying the form
ones at the school campus.
Activity

1. Discuss with a classmate the rights that were violated by the form two
2. Explain any two effects of such acts to the form ones at the school
3. Role play welcoming the form ones at your school in an acceptable manner
CASES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION
(a) Genocide
 One that took place in Rwanda and Burundi against the Tutsi and Hutu people
(b) Discrimination
 South Africa’s racism where the black were being discriminated against in all social
activities
(c) Child labor
 Buying of disabled children to use them for begging during pilgrimage in Saudi
Arabia
(d) Forced prostitution
 Where young girls are abducted to western countries under cover of lucrative jobs
but end-up in bars as prostitutes
(e) Torture of prisoners
 During the 1st and 2nd world wars political prisoners were being exposed to great
torture once they were captured
(f) Female genital mutilation (FGM)
 A case that was greatly denounced by the media in Malawi in 2011 of certain elderly
women in Nkhata Bay district who amputated the genital parts of a young girl to
reduce her sexual activities
TOPIC : TAXATION
Success criteria;
 Identify institutions responsible for taxes

 Describe the stages followed in formulating and charging taxes
 Describe how different taxes are collected
INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR TAXES
 Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA)

 Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM)
 Ministry of Finance
 National Assembly (Parliament)
 Ministry of Justice
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR TAXES
MRA:
Empowered to collect taxes on goods and services offered by individuals and companies operating
within Malawi

RBM:
 Charges interest on money lent to commercial Banks and other financial institutions
operating in Malawi
Ministry of Justice:
 Charges fines on offenders in courts of law, for failing to abide by tax laws
Parliament:
 Determine taxes on goods and services rendered in the country
Ministry of finance:
 Receives taxes from civil servants
STAGES FOLLOWED WHEN FORMULATING & CHARGING TAXES
 Developing of an idea:
It is done by the general public through the media, public service, companies, individuals,
government, NGOs and the Civil Society Organizations
 Debate by interested groups:
Such as the MRA, Revenue Policy Division of Ministry of Justice on the viability of the idea
before it is taken to Ministry of Justice for consideration
 Discussions by cabinet:
The Ministry of Finance takes the idea to the cabinet for inclusion in the budget statement
to parliament
 Drafting of the Bill by the Ministry of Justice:
The Ministry of Justice prepares a bill on the idea for presentation to parliament
 Debate & adoption by parliament:
Once a bill on the idea has been adopted by the MPs then it is sent to the Head of State for
ascent or approval to become a law
 Implementation by the MRA:
The MRA starts using the idea as a Law once it is gazette or published
ROLES OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN FORMULATING & CHANGING TAXES
 MRA: submits tax proposal to the Ministry of Finance for consideration

 MCCI: proposes changes to different taxes by making written submissions to the Ministry of
Finance for consideration
 Ministry of Justice: drafts tax bills to send to parliament for debate and adoption into law
 National assembly: debates and adopts or rejects proposed tax laws
Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM), Ministry of Finance, Malawi Confederation of Chambers of

Commerce and Industry (MCCCI)
ROLES OF CITIZENS IN FORMULATING AND CHARGING TAXES
 Giving correct information on goods and services offered

 Submitting correct documents for taxation
 Depositing taxes into the taxation body’s accounts timely
 Keeping relevant documents for taxation
DIFFERENT WAYS TAXES ARE COLLECTED
 Pay as you earn (PAYE)

A method of collecting taxes by deducting from one’s salary and submit to MRA by the
employer
 Withholding tax
Its’ the amount of tax retained by one person when making payments to another person in
respect of goods supplied or services rendered by the payee
 Cooperate taxes
It is the tax placed on the taxable profits of a firm, fixed at 30% in Malawi
 Value added tax (VAT)
It is a consumption tax that is levied on taxable goods and services imported into or
supplied in Malawi
 Custom duty
These are taxes that are levied on imports and sometimes on exports by the customs
authority in order to raise revenue or protect domestic industries from strong competitors
abroad
 Anti-dumping duty
These are taxes that are levied on foreign industries that tend to sell their goods below
market value, so as to protect local industries
 Turn-over tax
It is a simple tax charged on the gross income of small business and such businesses are
exempted from VAT and it is calculated at 2%
 Others include:
Fringe Benefit tax, Non Resident tax, Excise Duty, Import VAT, Export Duty, Dumping Duty
TOPIC: EMPLOYMENT
Success criteria:
 Describe the meaning of the term pension

 Identify different types of pension
 Describe the difference between Defined Benefits and Defined Contributions Pension
scheme
 Identify the necessary procedures in Defined Contribution Pension scheme
 Explain the importance of Pension Schemes
 Explain the conditions in transferring pension benefits
 Describe the conditions for accessing pension benefits
 Identify the key provisions in the pension Act
 Describe the rights and responsibilities of pension beneficiaries
PENSION:

It is a regular payment made to a person following retirement or through fragilities such as death,
disability and ill health
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PENSION SCHEME
 State Pension
 Workplace Pension
 Personal Pension
STATE PENSION:
It’s where one receives a pension from the State upon reaching State retirement age of 60 or 65
WORKPLACE PENSION:
It’s where one receives pension following retirement from service of the employer eg NGOs
PERSONAL PENSION:
It’s where one receives a pension upon maturity of retirement policy to which premium
contributions were made over an agreed period eg Old Mutual Insurance Company
THE DIFFERENCE BETWE EN “DEFINED BENEFITS ” & “DEFINED CONTRIBU TION”

PENSION SCHEME
FUNCTIONS DEFINED BENEFITS DEFINED CONTRIBUTIONS

Pension amount Pension amount is known in Pension amount not known in advance
advance
Employer It’s variable depending on the It is fixed as defined in the value of the
contribution rate advance made scheme
Investment risk Employer take the risk of Risky is equally carried by members of the
investment eg NICO company
Valuation Needs an actuary to evaluate the An actuary is not needed
scheme periodically to ascertain
funding by the employer
Early withdrawal Early withdrawal benefits not Early withdrawal benefits will depend on
attractive as they are low contributions and investment income
PROCEDURE IN DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PENSION SCHEME
 Both the employee and the employer make contributions to the pension scheme plan based
on the annual earnings of the employee
 Each individual has a separate account to which he or she makes contributions
 While a member is working the funds are usually invested in stocks and shares
 Upon retirement the employee can take part of his money as a lamp sum and convert the
balance as regular payment

IMPORTANCE OF PENSION SCHEME
(a) It provides regular income to members on retirement and financial security

(b) It pools retirement savings which provides an employee to participate in larger investments
(c) It release pressure on government social services since the person will be able to pay for his
or her own healthy bills as well as education for his children
(d) It is a form of forced savings by Law through the pension Act
(e) A pool of pension may be used for infrastructure development such as construction of
Hotels, shops and other buildings
CONDITIONS FOR TRANSFERRING PENSION BENEFITS
 If the Pension Scheme is being wound –up (closed)

 If the employee would wish to place all his employment Pension Benefits under one
umbrella
 If the employee is going to live over-seas and would wish his benefits transferred to that
country
 If there is divorce and funds are being relocated to another Pension Scheme
 If the employee would wish to seek for a Pension with higher benefits
CONDITIONS FOR PAYMENT OF BENEFITS THROUGH THE PENSION ACT
 When members retires on the basis of years of service eg 65 years

 When a member is incapacitated as certified by medical personnel
 When members reaches retirement age eg 20 to 30 years
 When a member is about to leave or left the country permanently
 When members claim payment of the benefits under section 2 of the Pension Act
CONDITIONS IN ACCESSING PENSION BENEFITS
 Upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 30

 When a member retires on the basis of years of service
 When a member is incapacitated as certified by medical doctor
 When a member is about to leave or has left the country permanently

 When a member dies benefits are paid to the dependants
 When a member has just decided to quit the job
CONDITIONS IN TRANSFERRING PENSION BENEFITS FROM ONE SCHEME TO

ANOTHER
 If your pension scheme is being closed or you are changing jobs

 If you have informed both your pension scheme administrators both new and old of your
intention
 If you are not retiring within the year
 If you have taken a professional advice from a neutral expert before doing anything
 If you have considered the benefits you will give-up and those that you stand to gain in the
new scheme
 If you have the knowledge that transferring out of a pension scheme to another is only done
once and you may not be allowed to return to the previous scheme
 Note: A trustee shall credit Pension Benefits in a member’s Account specifying

employer’s contribution, employee contribution, additional voluntary contributions
and Investment increase on contribution
 A trustee shall transfer actuarial fair value of Pension Benefits accrued in respect of
member transferring the funds
 A member shall sign an exit declaration by a trustee
KEY PROVISIONS IN THE PENSION ACT 2011
 All employees to be on Pension Scheme

 Contributory Pension Scheme approach is that the minimum contribution rate for employee
should be 5% while that of employer should be 10%
 Employer and employee have an opportunity to adjust the contribution upwards
 The employer should provide a one-time insurance cover on annual pensionable
emolument
 Employee have an opportunity to transfer pension benefits to an institution of their choice
RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF PENSION BENEFICIARIES
 Right to transfer pension benefits at least once in every 2 years without giving reasons
 To receive pension, death or disability benefits when they fall due
 To access meaningful and accurate information for the pension scheme
 To nominate beneficiaries for his or her death benefits
 To be represented on a trustee board
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE EMPLOYER
 To place all employees on workplace pension

 To make contributions each month as directed by the law
 To place all employee on life insurance policy
 To pay for the costs of running the pension fund

DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the term development

 Explain the importance of development to a nation
 Identify aspects of development
Development:-
 Its’ a sustained elevation of an entire society and social system towards a better and more
human life
 The elimination of Malnutrition, diseases, illiteracy, slum, unemployment and inequality in
the society
IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENT
(a) It promotes the availability of basic life sustaining goods

 These include things such as food, shelter, and clothing.
(b) Widens the distribution of above life-sustaining goods
 Promotes fair accessibility to technology available in the country e.g. electricity
(c) Ensures change of life for the better in all spheres
 An improvement in political, socioeconomic and technological development
(d) Improves the standard of living for individuals
 Citizens are able to acquire descent houses, nutritious food, better employment etc
AGENTS OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Individuals;
 An individual who works hard to acquire basic needs such as food, goods, shelter
and clothing becomes an agent for development
2. Family;
 A family that works hard to improve its’ living standards is an agent for
development
3. Community;
 A community that works hard together to improve its’ social services through self-
reliance is an agent for development
4. Government and private sectors;
 A government that coordinates public and private sectors’ efforts to achieve its’
developmental goals is an agent for development
5. International community;
 A community that provides loans, grants and other donations to various
developmental projects in the country is an agent for development
CASE STUDY

Mr Chapasi and Vyandekha were both disabled people who lived in Mweneronga village. Chapasi
earned his living by arms provided to him by passers-by who sympathized with his condition. Mr
Vyandekha on the other hand got money from handcrafts he used to sell to the community in his area.
Activity
1. Discuss with a classmate the one who is an agent of development in the village between
Chapasi and Vyandekha. Give a reason for your answer.
2. Suggest two reasons that made Mr Chapasi to rely on arms in the community
ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
These are four;-
(a) Political
(b) Social
(c) Economic
(d) Technological
NOTE: Development is multi-dimensional in nature and may require a wide approach to be

achieved. It may require a combination of political, social, economic and technological efforts to be
achieved
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain how a community becomes an agent of development in the society

2. Describe the importance of development to Malawians
3. Mention aspects of development
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of political development

 Describe indicators of political development
 Explain how political development affects the lives of citizens
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:-
 Its’ how power, control and authority are acquired and exercised so as to benefit the
majority of those who are governed
 Its’ an improvement in the way a country is governed e.g. from dictatorship to
democratic
INDICATORS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

(a) The presence of political institutions such as a parliament
(b) Frequent parliamentary sessions where MPs discuss crucial issues on the country’s
development
(c) Political awareness on the knowledge of citizen’s rights and responsibilities
(d) Level of tolerance and acceptance of other political ideas by citizens
(e) Ability to choose own leader and government
(f) Control of abuse of power by those in authority through critique
(g) The presence of multiparty system of government where elections are conducted regularly
(h) Respect of human rights and freedom of expression
(i) The ability to obey rules and the constitution of the country
(j) Exercising transparency and accountability, where government actions becomes
predictable by the general public i.e. doing things openly
EFFECTS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT ON CITIZENS (IMPORTANCE)
1. Promotes people’s awareness of political affairs through civic education

2. Promotes people participation in developmental work through sensitization
3. Promotes people’s participation in parliamentary and local government elections since
become are aware of the importance of voting
4. People know their rights and the rights of others too
5. It enhances the spirit of tolerance in cultural and political diversity
6. Help the government to make well informed decision and help people/citizens better as it is
accountable to their needs.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain factors that indicate political development in the country

2. Describe how political development affects the lives of citizens
3. Explain the meaning of political development
4. What is the importance of political development
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the term social development

 Describe indicators of social development
 Identify a social developmental initiative in your community
 Assess the impact of social development initiative on the lives of people in the community
and the nation
 Explain how social development affects the lives of people
Social development:-

Its’ the general well-being of people within a social setting eg good houses, schools, roads, markets
etc
INDICATORS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
(d) Educational indicators;

 Adult literacy rate i.e. the percentage of people who are able to read and write, if
it is high then it is good for development
 School enrolment ratio ie the number of pupils officially enrolled in the school
against those not registered, if there is high enrolment it indicates social
development
 School dropout rate ie if the percentage of school dropout is high, it indicates
lowering of social economic development
(e) Health indicators;
 Percentage of population with access to safe water, if it is high it indicates social
development
 Percentage of the population with access to sanitation eg toilets and wastes disposal
 Infant mortality rate ie the infants who die before reaching the age of one per 1000
live births
 Maternal mortality rate ie the number of women who die in pregnancy or child birth
expressed as a 100,000
 Life expectancy at birth ie the probability of number of years one is expected to live
(f) Other s include;
 Crime rate ie high crime rate may indicate lowering of socio-economic
development
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL INITIATIVE
 Building a school block

 Building a bridge across a river
 Building roads
 Establishing a village polytechnic
 Establishing community policing
 Building a Health Centre or Police Post
IMPACT OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL INITIATIVE
 reduces illiteracy in the area (school block)

 reduces the danger of crossing flooded river during rainy season (bridge)
 Villagers access markets with their farm produce (roads)
 School leavers obtain survival skills such as carpentry, bricklaying, sewing etc (polytechnic)
 Cases of theft and robbery goes down (community policing)
 The health of the villagers improves (health centre)
HOW SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS THE LIVES OF PEOPLE

 People have access to markets where they buy or sell their products hence improve their
living standards
 People have access to schools that help reduce illiteracy
 People have access to better healthy facilities and hence improved health
 People’s life-span increases hence live longer due to better living standards
 There is reduced criminal activities since people have access to better jobs
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is social development

2. Identify indicators of social development in the country
3. Mention a social developmental initiative in your community
4. Explain how social developmental initiative in 3, above have improved people’s lives in your
community
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of economic development

 Describe indicators of economic development
 Identify factors that contribute to economic development
 Explain how the factors contribute to economic development
 Explain how economic development affects the lives of people
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT :-
 This involves increasing wealth, ensuring fair distribution of the wealth created as
well as enjoyment.
 Its’ an improvement in the wealth and standard of living of people in the society
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
These are things that show the existence or absence of economic development.
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP):

 GDP is the value of all goods and services produced within the boundaries of a
country in a certain period of one year regardless of who produce them.
 GNP is the value of goods and services produced by nationals (citizens) of a country
in a period of one year regardless of where they are produced and established.
 Higher GNP shows economic growth and development.
2. GNP Per Capita

 This is the share of an average citizen of the GNP
 It is arrived at by diving GNP by the total population
 Size of the population, therefore, affects GNP per capita
 Higher GNP per capita indicates economic growth.
3. Infrastructure
 Include investments like roads, railways, schools, hospitals, hotels, stadiums.
 Existence of good infrastructure shows economic development is taking
place.
4. Standard of Living
 Refers to quality of life
 When people have good food, water, shelter, health care, transport among
others, it points to the existence of economic development.
5. Crime Rate
 High crime may indicate lack of development which may cause some people
resort to criminal activities to find their needs.
 Low crime may indicate economic development which satisfies people hence
no incentive to indulge in criminal activities
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. Availability of Resources
 Resources such as land, water, forests, minerals, animals are used to create
wealth.
 People are also an important resource since they convert resources to
wealth.
2. Good Management of Resources
 Poor management of resources can lead to degradation of natural resources
and misallocation of financial and material resources.
 Good management makes natural resources sustainable and allocation fair.
3. Market Liberalisation and Privatisation
 Market liberalisation is the removal of barriers (obstacles) to trade
 Barriers to trade can take the form of unnecessary laws that hinder trade.
 Privatisation is the moving of activity from the public sector to the private
sector.
 The two encourage competition thereby making businesses efficient and
effective that in turn lead to economic development
4. Taxation
 Through taxation a government raises money to finance its activities
 However, when taxes are perceived to be too high by businesses, investment
is reduced since money given to government as tax will affect profit.
 Low taxes may encourage investment.
5. Industrialisation and Urbanisation
 Industrialisation is the expansion of the economy to produce secondary
goods and services.
 The goods and services produced generate income when they are sold.
 Urbanisation is the growth of towns and cities usually following
industrialisation which are centres for consumption of goods and services.
6. Import Substitution
 Imports are goods and services bought from other countries.

Import substitution is the replacement of imports by goods and services
produced within a country.
 Selling more domestic goods and reducing imports increases income.
7. Peace and Stability
 Investors establish their businesses where there is security; insecurity
resulting from conflicts and wars scare away investors.
 Conflicts and wars may also destroy infrastructure and human resource
 Peace and stability are very important to economic development.
8. Policy and Legislation
 Government must put in place laws and policies that encourage investment
and sustainable use of the environment.
HOW ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS THE LIVES OF PEOPLE

IN A COUNTRY
(a) Availability of resources such as finances in a country enables people to use them to
generate abundant wealth
(b) Good management of resources could make resources to be used by several generations
(c) Market liberalization and privatization encourages competition and hence improved service
delivery to the people
(d) Low taxes may be an incentive for people to invest more in business and hence improve
their living standards
(e) Industrialization following economic development will enable people to find better job and
hence reduce unemployment in the country
(f) Production of secondary goods due to growth of industries will help people to improve their
standard of living and save foreign currency
(g) Improved standard of living among the people following economic development will help
enhance people’s life span
(h) Good infrastructure such as roads, railways, air transport will help people market their
goods and hence increase their wealth
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mention factors that indicate economic development in the country

2. Explain ways of enhancing economic development in Malawi
3. Explain the meaning of economic development
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
POPULATION AND CHANGE
Success criteria:-
 Explain characteristics of population change

 Explain factors that lead to population change
 Describe the impact of population growth on development

 Examine the effects of population decline
 Explain the effects of population growth in a country
POPULATION CHANGE :-
It’s the increase or decrease of people in the growth of people living in a specific area.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION CHANGE:
(a) it can change by increasing due to increased birth rate and reduced death rate
(b) it can change by decreasing due to increased death rate and decreased birth rate
(c) it can change by distribution where certain places have high population concentration than
others due to other pulling and pushing factors
FACTORS THAT LEAD TO POPULATION CHANGE
(a) Birth rate;

 This refers to the number of live birth in one year for every 1000 people
 High birth rate causes population increase while low birth rate cause reduced in
population
(b) Death rate;
 Refers to the number of death in a year per 1000 of people
 High death rate reduces population while low death rate lead to population increase
(c) Other factors include;
1. Epidemics;
 Diseases that kill large number of people within a short period of time eg.
HIV/AIDS
2. Natural disasters;
 Accidents where human beings have little or no control over them such as
floods, volcanic eruption earthquake
3. Unemployment;
 This can result in decrease of population in areas that lack employment
opportunities
4. Wars;
 Reduces the population of a country or region as people flee or die from
conflicts.
5. Migration;
 People may move to new country of origin
 Movement of people away from a country is known as emigration while
movement of people into a country is known as immigration
6. Accessibility to financial resources;
 People will always move to places where they can find financial resources
and jobs
7. Political and religious reasons ;
 People may move way from a country due to religious or political
oppression eg Jehovah’s Witness fled Malawi to Zambia during the regime
of Dr. Kamuzu Banda

EFFECTS OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
(a) Pressure on resources;

 High population growth exerts pressure over land, forests and water.
 It also exerts pressure over social services eg Schools, hospital markets etc
(b) Promotes poverty;
 As people experience shortage of land due to growing population many people are
likely to suffer leading to poverty.
(c) Unemployment;
 Increased population would mean increasing demand for employment and not all
people may secure jobs leading to unemployment
(d) Overcrowding;
 Social services are greatly affected by the growing population and this may lead to
too many people than what a social service may accommodate
(e) Increasing crime;
 Crime rate are likely to increase with population growth because many people
resort to criminal activities in order to survive.
EFFECTS OF POPULATION DECLINE
Positive effects:-
 It help reduce pressure over resources eg land, water, vegetation, social services etc
 It helps create employment opportunities
 It leads to improved standards of living as people access better social services
 It leads to reduced conflicts over resources
Negative effects:-
 Reduces manpower needed for development

 Resources remain idle as they are not utilized
 Intruders or foreigners may take advantage to engage in a war in order to take up some
resources
 The country will lag behind in terms of development
IMPACT OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH ON DEVELOPMENT
1) Lowers the quality of service that people could receive and hence affect development
 Cause pressure over social services
2) Promotes loss of peace and people may not participate well in development as they spend
time fighting
3) It leads to poverty, as such poor people may not invest in developing their country
4) Promotes illness due to poor sanitation, as such people with poor health lacks the capacity
to participate effectively in development
5) Leads to environmental degradation as farmers cultivate on steep slopes due to shortage of
land and hence affect crop production and development

REVIEW QUESTIONS
4. What are the characteristics of population change

5. Mention factors that leads to population change
6. What are the effects of population growth to Malawian
7. Explain the impact of population growth on development in the country
PREJUDICE &DISCRIMINATION
Success criteria
 Explain the relationship between prejudice and discrimination

 Identify the causes of prejudice and discrimination
 Examine the effects of prejudice and discrimination
THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXIST BETWEEN PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATION
PREJUDICE:
 It’s the desire to disassociate with someone without justification or reasons behind
 It is normally based on generalization of information or misconception over
something in the society
DISCRIMINATION;
 It is the actual disassociation for reasons well known to the perpetrator (one
involved)
 It is the unequal treatment of equal.
RELATIONSHIP (prejudice & discrimination):

 Prejudice normally breeds (leads to) discrimination in the society where people
might be living peacefully.
 Prejudice lays foundation for discrimination in the society
CAUSES OF PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATION IN THE SOCIETY
 Socialization of people regarding themselves special and looking down on others

 Feelings of competition that one might lose something he values when a certain group or
party is accepted
 Conforming to rules of a certain group one belongs would force one to practice prejudice
and discrimination
 Traditional and religious belief of people
 Effects of ethnicity and regionalism
EFFECTS OF PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATION
1. It may lead to reduced participation in development

2. It may lead to unfair distribution of resources
3. It may lead to poverty and suffering as those discriminated are denied resources
4. It may lead to increased feeling of hate and conflict in the society

5. It may lead to feeling of stress and anxiety among those discriminated
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the factors that enhances discrimination in the society

2. Explain regional case studies of discrimination world-wide
3. What are the effects of discrimination to the society
4. Describe ways that are being used to curb-down discrimination world-wide
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
GENDER ISSUES IN MALAWI
Success criteria:
 Identify laws and policies that are gender biased in Malawi
 Identify laws and policies that have been revised to ensure gender equality
and gender equity in Malawi
 Identify institutions in Malawi that promotes gender equity and gender
equality
 Describe conventions on gender in Malawi
 Identify gender issues in Malawi
 Explain the effects of gender biases on development
 Suggest ways of achieving gender balance in Malawi
GENDER ISSUES IN MALAWI
1. Refusing girls readmission if expelled due to pregnancy

2. Giving out loans to males and refusing women access to loans
3. Male child having access to land ownership than female child
4. Female employee losing jobs after getting pregnant at work
5. Denying women access to employment opportunities in some field of employment regarded
special for males eg military
6. Admissions to access high education gives boys a higher percentage of intake than
girls
7. Household core is dominated by females than males
8. Certain professions such as law, engineering, military are dominated by males while nursing
is regarded female jobs
9. Male regarded head of a family and final decision maker
REVISED LAWS RULES AND REGULATIONS IN MALAWI
The constitution of the country was revised in 1995 to give men and women equal rights.

EXAMPLES OF REVISED LAWS RULES AND REGULATIONS
(a) Will and inheritance Act.

 This was revised to improve women access to her dead husband’s property.
 In patrilineal family (husband headed) system widows get all household belongs
and 2/5 of the rest of the property, while in matrilineal (female headed) system a
widow is entitled to ½ of property as well as ½ of household belongings
(b) Dress Act:
 This act make it possible for women to put on dressings suitable for the job or task
they are undertaking
(c) Equity in Education:
 This ensures equal access of boys and girls to education.
 This is being achieved through;-
(i) Return of girl to school after she has delivered a baby
(ii) Abolishing of school fees for girls for a period of 2 years
(iii) Scholarship fund for girl in secondary school
(d) Rights Act.
 The government of Malawi has entered into a number of agreement;
(i) Convention on the Elimination and discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW)
(ii) Setting up a number of institutions to guard against violation of rights of
women and children. eg Ministry of Gender and Community Development
(iii) Nongovernmental organizations focusing on a number of issues relevant to
women and children eg FAWEMA, NABW and WLSA.
INSTITUTIONS PROMOTING GENDER EQUITY & EQUALITY IN

MALAWI
 NGO Gender Co-ordination Network

 Association of Progressive Women
 Gender Support Programme
 National Women’s Lobby and Rights Group
 Centre for Alternatives for Victimized Women & Children
 Financing Company (FINCA)
 National Association of Business Women (NABW)
 Forum for Women Educationalist in Malawi (FAWEMA)
 Women and the Law of Southern Africa (WLSA)
 Gender 50/50 campaign
 Women legal Aid (WOLEP)
CONVENTIONS ON GENDER IN MALAWI
 Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

 Beijing Declaration and Gender Platform of Action in Malawi
 Women and the law of Southern Africa (WLSA)
 SADC Gender and Development Protocols
 The African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality

WAYS OF ACHIEVING GENDER BALANCE
a. Promoting equal opportunities in politics

b. Promoting equal opportunities in education
c. Promoting equal opportunities in employment
d. Abolishing bad cultural practices against women
e. Lobbying for review of laws that promote gender imbalance.
f. Promoting policy of equal pay for equal work
g. Changing cultural attitude towards female inheritance and early girl child marriage.
CASE STUDY
The government of Malavi issued a circular to all security departments, to be sensitive to gender
equity when recruiting officers. This made more women who were previously denied to the
department to find employment opportunities.
Activity
1. Discuss the importance of the directive to issues of gender in the society

2. Explain how the policy would improve development of the country
GOVERNMENT
Success criteria:-
 Describe the duties and roles of the State

 compare systems of government
GOVERNMENT:
It refers to a group of people governing the state according to a given constitution.
CONSTITUTION:
A constitution is a legal document that describes how a country or state should be governed.
STATE:
It’s an organized community normally under one government and its territorial boundaries eg
Malawi
ROLES OF THE STATE
1. Social Welfare
 The State adopts and implements laws and policies aiming at improving lives of the
people.

2. Economic Development
 The state ensures that a conducive environment is created for generation of wealth
and its fair distribution
 Policies are designed and implemented with the aim of achieving economic
development.
 Malawian examples: Poverty Alleviation Programme implemented in 1990s, Malawi
Economic Growth Strategy (2004-2006), Malawi Growth and Development Strategy
I (2006- 2011) & II (2012-),
3. Gender Equality
 It strives to achieve equality of men and women in all spheres of life
 The Malawi Government has a policy on gender.
4. Nutrition and Health
 Aims to achieve adequate nutrition and health care for all its citizens.
 It provides nutritious food to malnourished children, run public hospitals
5. Education
 It is the duty of the state to provide quality education for all through provision of
adequate resources and expanding access to education especially higher education.
 The state should also ensure that awareness is created among the people on various
issues affecting them.
 A Malawian example is the Quota System of selecting students to the public
universities as well as the gender 50-50 campaign.
6. Environment
 It is the duty of the state to ensure proper management and utilisation of natural
resources to prevent degradation
 Malawi government has laws and policies that guide in the utilisation of natural
resources such as the Forest Act.
7. Public Trust and Good Governance
 This is done by ensuring that institutions of the state are responsive to the needs of
the people in a transparent, accountable, respecting rule of law, and corrupt free to
strengthen public confidence.
8. International Relations
 The State makes agreements with other states and international organisations on
behalf of the people.
 It chooses and sends representatives (diplomats) called high commissioners or
ambassadors to foreign countries.
THE DUTIES AND ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT
1. Head of State and Government

 The president is the leader of the executive arm of government, and in this capacity
the president must provide leadership in the interest of national unity.
 Appoints cabinet ministers and deputy ministers, and convene as well as chair
cabinet meetings.
2. Commander in Chief
 The president is the Commander in Chief of the Malawi Defence Force (MDF),
Malawi Police Service and Malawi Prison.
 In this capacity the President appoints and removes senior MDF, police and prison
officials’ subject confirmation of National Assembly in some cases.
3. Representative of the People
 Represents the people of the country at the international level.

 Negotiates signs and enters into international agreements on behalf of the people.
 Appoints ambassadors (called High Commissioner in the Commonwealth) who are
official representatives of Malawi to foreign countries.
 Receive ambassadors, high commissioners and other diplomatic officers of other
countries to Malawi.
4. Confers Honours
 Recognises the contribution made by brave and hardworking people
5. Pardon Convicted Offenders
 The president may order release of convicts, reduction of sentences, or remit
sentences.
6. Assent to Bills Passed by the National Assembly
 The president assents to (signs) a bill passed by the National Assembly so that it
becomes a law.
7. Open Parliamentary Session before Consideration of Annual National Budget
 Address the Parliament on the state (how things are) of the nation.
 State future policies of the Government at that time.
 Report on policies of the previous year.
 Responds to questions.
8. Defend and Uphold the Constitution as the Supreme Law

 Being the first citizen of the nation the president has the duty to respect and follow
provisions of the Constitution and other laws.
CASE STUDY
People of Mwakasungula village in T/A Kasowa lost their properties from flash floods that took place
along a nearby river in their area. When it was reported by the media of the pathetic condition of
people in the village, the government through the office of the District Commissioner in the area went
to assess the damage and needs of the people affected so that they could get the help they need.
Activity
1. Discuss with a classmate some of the needs that people affected by floods may need in
Mwakasungula village
2. Explain an advice the government needs to give to people of the area to avoid such damages
SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENTS
Apart from categorising governments depending on who has power, how the power is got, and
exercised; governments can also be classified based on how they are structured. This classification
focuses on the levels of government and the powers and functions given to each level. In this
classification there are three systems namely unitary government, federal government, and
confederation.
1. Unitary system of Government

 The central or national government has superior power over regional or local
governments

 Local governments may exist but are subordinate to the central government
 Examples: Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya
2. Federal System of government
 Both central government and regional government are supreme regarding certain
power
 Constitutions set out which functions belong to each level of government
 The regional government may have their own executive leader usually called
governor, legislature, and judiciary.
 At the national level there is executive, legislature, and judiciary.
 The federal or national government is responsible for important issues such as
national security, foreign policy, and economic policies.
 This system is good for countries that are large and the central government must be
strong.
 Examples: U.S.A, Canada, Nigeria, Australia.
3. Confederation system of government
 A form of government where the central government is weak with more power
belonging to the individual states.
 This is where independent states come together to cooperate in certain ways.
 The states surrender some of its powers and functions to the grouping
 European Union is an example.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Distinguish a Federal system from a Unitary system of government

2. Give an example of a Monarchy system of government in the Southern African
ELECTORAL PROCESS IN MALAWI
Success criteria:-
 Describe the electoral process in Malawi

 Describe duties and functions of the electoral commission
 Explain the roles of voters in the elections process
ELECTIONS:-
These are procedures that are used for choosing officers or making a binding decision concerning
policy change by use of vote, of those formally qualified to participate
TYPES OF ELECTIONS
1. General Elections
 Election held throughout a country to make final choice among candidates for
all public offices to be filled at that time
 In Malawi general elections are held every five years since 1994.
 They were held in 1994, 1999, 2004, and 2009 in which people chose President,
and Members of Parliament.
 The next general elections in Malawi are expected in 2014.

2. Primary Elections
 Method by which political parties chooses nominees for public office
 Held within a party to allow members of the party choose a candidate who will
compete with nominees from other parties in an election.
3. Run-off Elections
 In some electoral systems, for a candidate to be declared winner must get at
least half of votes cast.
 Where none of the candidates gets at least half of the votes leading two
candidates compete for the second time.
 Run-off election is the election held the second time to find the most favoured
candidate by the majority.
4. By- elections
 Election held to fill a vacant public office that has been vacant either because the
incumbent has died, retired, resigned or because has joined another political
party.
 By-election is not held when the office president falls vacant, instead the vice
president assumes the presidency.
5. Local elections
 Elections held to fill offices at the local level -councillors in Malawi and to make
local policy decisions.
 In Malawi local elections were held once in 2000.
 Previously it was stipulated that local elections would be conducted the year
following general elections.
 This was changed and it is the president in consultation with the electoral
commission who decides the dates for local elections.
6. Referendum
 Election used to make a binding decision by allowing the general public to vote
on the issue at hand.
 In 1993 Malawi conducted a referendum on whether the country should adopt
multiparty system or continue with one party system
7. Direct elections
 Where each voter makes a choice on candidates or issues directly (in person).
8. Indirect election
 Elections are decided by vote of a special electoral body whose members are
usually directly elected by the people.
 Used in U.S.A where special electoral is called electoral college comprising
members of political parties.
 Every state has a designated number of electoral colleges
 Leading candidate in an electoral college takes all votes in that electoral college.
 Winner is determined by finding who wins in more electoral colleges
9. Presidential election
 An election held to choose the state president
 In Malawi this is conducted in a general election
10. Parliamentary election
 Election held to choose representatives to the national assembly
 In Malawi, Parliamentary election is conducted during a general election and the
representatives are called members or parliament.
THE ELECTORAL PROCESS IN MALAWI

Establishing of electoral commission
Establishing and demarcating constituency boundaries
Receiving Nominated candidates
Establishing of polling stations & designing ballot papers
Announcing Campaigning period
Tabulating, reporting and certifying voting results
Examining and deciding complaints and appeals
DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION
 Demarcating of constituency boundaries

 Determining electoral petitions and results
 Registration of voters
 Receiving of nominations of candidates
 Monitoring campaign news
 Establishing polling station
 Establishing voting booth at polling stations
 Ensuring security during elections and electoral materials
 Providing civic education to voters
 Ensuring that elections are free and fair
 Deciding on the number of constituencies
THE ROLES OF VOTERS IN THE ELECTIONS PROCESS
 To give accurate information during registration

 To avoid violence during elections
 To present themselves for registration as voters
 To attend to civic education going on in the area
 To make formal complaints to the elections staff in case of misconduct
 To go to the polling station and vote for a candidate of their choice
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Describe the process of elections in the country

2. What are the duties of the Malawi Electoral Commission in the country
3. Explain roles of citizens in the electoral process of Malawi
PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE
Success criteria:-
 Explain principles of peaceful co-existence

 Identify violence in homes, schools and community
 Describe ways of preventing violence in homes, schools and communities
INTERNATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE
 Mutual respect for each other’s territorial boundary hence no an authorized invasion into
other people’s political boundary
 Mutual non-aggression towards each other where the weak and strong countries co-exist
peacefully, hence no threats towards military weak countries
 Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs especially internal politics hence
foreigners may not compete political positions
 Equality and cooperation for the benefit of all countries concerned hence foreign trade is
meant to benefit both parties
 Peaceful co-existence as the basis of peace regardless of race or cultural background
VIOLENCE IN HOMES, SCHOOLS & COMMUNITIES
HOMES:
 Physical violence such as beating a wife

 Emotional abuse such as humiliating each other by saying words of insults
 Sexual abuse such as forced sex or infecting someone with STI/HIV
 Economic violence such as property grabbing
 Lack of respect of each other
SCHOOLS:
 Vandalism of school property

 Lack of respect of teachers and school authority
 Practicing bullying and teasing
 Lack of care of school property
 Staged riots by students
COMMUNITY :
 Gang robbery
 Football hooliganism
 Fighting over land issues
 Practicing racism
WAYS OF PREVENTING VIOLENCE IN HOMES, SCHOOLS & COMMUNITIES
a. Respecting the rights of self and others

b. Enjoying one’s rights responsibly
c. Avoiding racism and ethnicity
d. Practicing peaceful conflict resolution
e. Encouraging the culture of tolerance

f. Being faithful to one another
g. Showing love and care for one another
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AND RESOLUTIONS
Success criteria:-
 Identify causes of international conflicts

 Explain the effects of international conflicts on development
CONFLICT RESOLUTION :-
Its’ a process that is used to sort out differences between two parties that do not share the same
views.
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Disagreement within or among countries that may seek intervention of the international
community
CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
(a) Political differences

 The gulf war that took place because of Iraq’s occupation of Kuwait
(b) Religious differences
 The Jihad and Holy crusade between Christians and Moslems due to different beliefs
(c) Cultural differences
 The Tutsi and the Hutu people of Rwanda
(d) Individual power hungry
 Adolf Hitler (NAZI) in Germany wanted to have world influence
(e) Economic
 Need for a market to sell goods and obtain resources for industrial growth in Europe
led to a scramble for Africa by the Westerners
(f) Colonies
 Western countries fought to colonize Africa and expand their territory
EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS ON DEVELOPMENT
1. It leads to displacement of people and hence affect concentrate on developmental activities.

2. It leads to poverty as people lose investments during wars hence retards development
3. It leads to low industrial development as investors are being scared to invest due to
conflicts
4. It leads to the creation of a violent society where people may lack unity and cooperation
that are vital for development
5. It leads to increased widow and orphanage who may need support to participate in
development
6. It leads to Loss of life of people who could have contributed towards development

7. It leads to destruction of property and Infrastructure which are resources needed for
development
8. It leads to misuse of Funds as most financial resources meant for development gets
diverged towards purchasing of guns
9. It leads to limitation of human rights which is an aspect of political development
10. It leads to Refugee problem who exert pressure over limited resources meant for
development
STRATEGIES FOR RESOLVING INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
1. Contact and dialogue

 1st step face to face strategy, where conflicting parties may decide to meet and
discuss the issue at hand
2. Negotiation
 This is a long process where conflicting parties may consider other benefits or terms
to be put in place before a decision is made.
3. External mediation
 Conflicting parties may decide to invite other countries to intervene during the
discussions to find a lasting solution
 The invited party doesn’t act like a judge but listens carefully and suggest an
alternative solution
4. Use of sanctions and embargo
 This is normally used when conflicting parties does not abide by set rules of conduct
and behavior
 In this case other member countries may stop doing economic activities with the
country concerned to give it pressure to abide by set rules or policies
5. Use of peace keeping forces
 Countries that belong to an international body such as the UN may receive security
forces to avoid conflicts in the country.
 Security forces doesn’t fight any side but make sure that there is peace and conflicts
are avoided
REFUGEE CRISIS IN AFRICA & THE WORLD
Success criteria:-
 Identify areas of refugee concentration in the world

 Explain the meaning of the term refugee
 Describe the impact of refugees in the world
 Identify conventions for the protection of refugee and stateless people
 Explain challenges faced in the implementation of the conventions
WHO IS A REFUGEE
Its’ a person who is running away from his motherland for religious, political or economic
reasons and seeks refuge or protection in another country

AREAS OF REFUGEE CONCENTRATION
These include all areas around the world that are experiencing conflicts eg Mozambique,
Angola, DRC, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Sudan, Afghanistan, Liberia, Middle East etc
THE IMPACT OF REFUGEE IN THE WORLD
(a) Disintegration of families

 Families gets separated as members flee from wars/conflicts
 Others may get killed leaving behind orphans and widows
 As parents gets killed during conflicts children may live in poverty lacking care and
support
 It may also encourage prostitution as young girls seek for survival for a living
(b) Exerts pressure on land resources
 The coming of the refugee increases pressure over limited resources in the
environment eg land, water supply, trees etc
 Increasing pressure leads to environmental degradation
(c) Exerts pressure on social services
 Refugees may demand health care in the country of refuge and this may lead to
overcrowding in hospitals and health centre
 It may also lead to scramble over food, schools etc
 Shortage of medical facilities due to increasing pressure
(d) Loss of cultural identity
 Refugees move away from their original country leaving behind their cultural
environment
 They may not eat their desired food and perform traditional rituals due to lack of
appropriate resources etc
 Loss of their language as they learn new language in the new country of destination.
(e) Cross border criminals activities
 Learn criminal activities for survival
 Leads to armed robberies as those refugees may keep fire arms
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF SPECIAL GROUPS
(a) Protection of prisoners of war

 They are freed as soon as the war is over
 They are free to return to their original home at the end of the war
 They are not forced to reveal their identity
 Entitled to medical care and food
 Camps should be free to inspection by outside observers
 They may receive parcels and letters from relatives
(b) Convention on the protection of the rights of refugees
 Not forced to return home
 They have the right to work and get education
 They can access courts
 They have freedom of movement and religion
 Right to public relief

 Right to be given an identity and travel document.
CHALLENGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE CONVENTIONS
b. Lack of resources both financial and skilled human resources

c. Lack of cooperation between conflicting countries
d. Corruption on implementation of the agreed policies
e. Lack of monitoring and evaluation on the implementation of the agreed policies
f. Selfishness and greed
g. Lack of tolerance among people involved in wars
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term technological development

 Identify indicators of technological development
 Describe effects of technological development
 Identify factors that contribute to technological development
 Explain how these factors contribute to technological development
 Locate countries on the world map which are technologically advanced
 Describe the impact of technological development on the lives of the people.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:-
This refers to the application of scientific knowledge in order to increase productivity of resources
INDICATORS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Use of:-
Telephones, computers, money cards, airplanes, radios, of television, cell phones, cars etc
EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Positive:-
(a) It has eased communication;

 People are able to access information across the globe using telephones and internet
 People can see what is happening in other countries through televisions
 Masses of people are getting educated through internet and the radio
(b) It has improved transport system;
 People can travel to every part of the world with ease using aircrafts, cars etc
(c) It has improved trade;
 People now advertise their goods cross the world through computers (internet) and
also buy goods with ease using money cards

(d) It has also improved education ;
 People enroll to schools very far from their homes and study through e-learning
(computers)
(e) The health system has benefited from use of scanning and other diagnostic machines
(f) Technology has improved agriculture production and environmental management
 The use of irrigation has enhanced food security
Negative:-
(a) It has led to loss of jobs where intensive manual labor has been replaced by use of
machinery
(b) Technology is very expensive to acquire and maintain therefore inappropriate for most
poor African states
(c) It has led to reduced moral standards such as use of pornographic materials
(d) It has le to increased gap been the rich and the poor people
The rich people have enjoyed much of advanced technology than the poor people eg use of
cell phones, computers which poor people can’t afford etc
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
6. Availability of financial resources

 Financial resources enables a country to purchase/import the technology
7. Political will
 The willingness of policy makers such as the government to create favorable
conditions for investments such as reducing taxes on new kind of technology
8. Improved education and training
 The presence of vocational training and tertiary education imparts people with
relevant skills to manage technology
9. Market research
 Helps to identify the technological needs of business such as availability of capital
and skilled people
10. Creating a conducive environment for technological investment
 Such as reduction of heavy taxation and ensuring political stability
11. Strengthening global cooperation
 This encourages interdependence where countries share technology and expertise
12. Being innovative through industrial research and technology
 This helps countries to develop appropriate technology that can be sustained in the
country
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE
Positive:-
a. Improved transport system

o people are able to travel faster using cars, aircrafts etc
b. Improved communication
o distance between people is no longer hindrance to communication with use
of cell-phones, internets, televisions etc
c. Educate and entertain people

o The presence of internets, radios among others have helped people to access
education as well as getting entertained
d. Food preparation is done easier
o The presence of domestic electrical appliances has made cooking much
faster
e. Improved Trade and commerce
o Use of radio, television and internet adverts has improved business
f. Improved Diagnosis of diseases
o The presence and use of biomedical equipments such as microscope has
made Doctors to investigate diseases with ease
Negative:-
a. Televisions and internets have exposed the youth to immoral behavior and lowered the
moral standards of the society
b. Companies that can not access advanced technology due to lack of capital have lagged
behind in business competition
c. Some aspects of technology have raised ethical questions such as biotechnological
innovations on plants and animals to improve breeds
d. It has led to the development of weapons of mass destructions
e. It has also led to global warming due to the emission of fossil fuel
f. The radioactive from nuclear plants has affected people’s lives
g. It has also led to increased unemployment due to use of machinery
h. Technology is expensive to maintain and acquire
TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED COUNTRIES
Japan, USA, Britain, France, Australia, Canada, south Africa China etc
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the indicators of technological development in the country

2. Explain factors that have contributed to technological development in the country
3. Describe how technological development has enhanced Malawian lives
4. Mention the negative impact of technological development to citizens
SOCIAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of social economic problems

 Identify examples of social economic problems
 Explain the term devaluation
 Describe the causes and effects of devaluation
 Explain the meaning of over-indebtedness
 Describe the causes and effects of over-indebtedness
 Explain the roles of Credit Reference Bureaus (CRB) in controlling over-indebtedness
Social Economic Problems:

 These are serious issues that prevent a country from economic development
 Social economic problems are factors that also negatively influence an individual’s
economic activity and living standards
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
 Devaluation of currency
 Inflation
 Unemployment
 Over-indebtedness
 Budget deficit
 Depreciation
 Corruption
 Poverty
MEANING OF TERMINOLOGY IN SOCIAL-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Inflation:
It is loss the value of the currency against other major currencies on the financial market
Depreciation:
It is the loss of value of money or other valuable objects with passing time or due to wear and tear.
Unemployment:
It is a condition in a country whereby people are not employed due to low education, recession, low
industrial development or limited government department
Poverty:
It refers to a situation whereby people do not have access to basic needs such food, clothing, shelter,
health and education
Corruption:
It a situation whereby an individual decides to circumvent the law for personal gain
Budget deficit:
It’s a shortfall in the money meant to meet a certain activity
Over-indebtedness:
It a situation whereby an individual borrow more money than what he or she can pay back within a
specified period
DEVALUATION:
 It’s a deliberate move by the government or imposed on financial matters in country

to reduce strength of the local currency against other major currencies.

 It is sometimes imposed by the IMF in order to boost the country’s export base
 However a country may deliberately devalue its’ currency to increase its export
volume too
 Difference between devaluation and depreciation
 Devaluation may be decided by the government while depreciation may occur
automatically
ADVANTAGES OF DEVALUATION
 It improves the country’s balance of payment’s situation by boosting exports and reducing
imports
 It increases revenue for the country since exports are made to be more competitive and
appear to be cheaper to foreigners, cause a demand for export
 It result in higher economic growth due to increased exports revenue
 It leads to increased investment of foreign capital as foreigners find it cheaper to invest in
the country that has a devalued currency
 It discourages smuggling of money as well as goods as they appear to be too cheap
DISADVANTAGES OF DEVALUATION
 It make imports to be too expensive hence affect the growth of local industries that rely on
imported raw materials from foreign countries
 Domestic industries become less efficient with reduced competition against foreign
companies/ industries
 Higher exports may lead to inflation due to scarcity of goods locally as some traders may
prefer selling goods outside where they fetch more money than locally
 It may lead to high inflation due to expensive import on raw materials that cause cost-push
inflation
INFLATION
It is a rise in the prices of products in an economy such that the purchasing power of the currency is
negatively affected
CATEGORIES OF INFLATION
 Moderate inflation (less than 10%

 Running inflation (10-20%)
 Galloping inflation (20-100%)
 Hyper-inflation (100% and above)
CAUSES OF INFLATION
Demand-pull inflation:

 Caused by high demand of goods that are currently not enough on the market, due to
increased people’s expenditure (purchasing power) and investment
Cost-push inflation:
 Increase on the average wage of civil servants that may also make traders to increase costs
of their goods too
 It may be caused by an increase in the cost of raw materials used for processing of the
products
EFFECTS OR PROBLEMS OF INFLATION
 It discourages investment and financial savings

 The consumer buying power is greatly reduced
 Export prices fall and become competitive to foreigners while import prices rises and
become more expensive
 It leads to shortage of goods on the open market as traders decides to hoard their goods in
anticipation of higher prices later
 Extra resources are needed in order to cope with inflation
OVER-INDEBTEDNESS (unsustainable debts)
it is a situation whereby one borrows more than what he or she earns over specific period
CAUSES OF OVER-INDEBTEDNESS
 Low income to service a loan

 Wasteful expenditure such as wedding and other ceremonies
 Inherited debts in a family or government
 Low debt specific financial literacy
 Occurrence of uncertainties such as natural disaster
 Over-committing of oneself by buying more and spending more money
 Weak marketing system of banking facilities and services
EFFECTS OR PROBLEMS OF OVER-INDEBTEDNESS
 It leads to poverty and continued relying on others for survival

 It may lead to financial stress that may lead to health problems
 It may lead to dispossession as one sells his own property in order to pay for the debts
 It may lead to deterioration of economy as individuals fail to invest due to lack of income
 It may lead to growing poverty and economic hardship
 More financial resources are used to pay back loans than investments
 It leads to inadequate investment and limited ability to trade peacefully
ROLES OF CREDIT REFERENCE BUREAUS (CRB)
A CRB is an institution that compiles information on credit history of individuals or borrower and
provides it to potential lenders for purposes of proper decision making when giving out loans

A loan may be approved or not based on information from the CRB.
ROLES OF THE CRB
 To give accurate information in order to assist financial institutions in decision making

 To help individuals without collaterals to access a loan
 It leads to better payment behavior on the borrower in order to secure his reputation
 Processing of a loan by money lending institutions is make easier and faster
 It leads to more transparency and competitiveness between money lenders and hence leads
to cheaper loans
EXAMPLES OF CREDIT REFERENCE BUREAUS
(a) Credit Reference Bureaus Africa (Malawi)

(b) Credit data
INTER-DEPENDENCE IN THE ECOSYSTEM
Success criteria:
 Identify causes of inter-dependence among people, living and nonliving things in the
ecosystem
 Explain how people, living and nonliving things depend on each other
COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM
 People
 Land
 Air
 Water
 Vegetation
 Animals
INTER-DEPENDENCE AMONG PEOPLE, LIVING & NONLIVING THINGS IN THE

ECOSYSTEM
People need oxygen which is generated by plants or vegetation. On the other hand man releases
carbon dioxide through respiration, which is also needed by plants for its process of food making.
The land support plant growth by providing nutrients to plants, at the same time plants releases its
leave to the soil to decompose and improve soil fertility. Plants may need water in form of rainfall
to support its growth, on the other hand rainfall relies on evapotranspiration from plants and land
surface in order to be formed. Animals too need plants for their food, and in turn produces dung
(feaces) that improve soil fertility in order to support plant growth.

PEOPLE & THE ENVIRONMENT
Success criteria:
 Explain the effects of negative attitude towards the environment

 Describe the effects of positive attitude towards the environment
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE OF PEOPLE TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT
(a) Practicing air, water and land pollution

(b) Overfishing
(c) Deforestation
(d) Setting harmful bush fires
(e) Bad agriculture practices such as shifting cultivation
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF BAD ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES
 Drought conditions (aridity)

 Erratic rainfall
 Global warming
 Climate change
 Death or extinction of some endangered species
 Environmental degradation leading to desert conditions
POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT
 Proper wastes disposal

 Practicing afforestation and re-afforestation
 Proper land husbandry
 Avoiding harmful bushfires
 Keeping limited number of livestock
 Proper forests management eg creating a fire break
 Proper fish management eg practicing fish farming (fish pond)

EFFECTS OF POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT
 Reduced effects of global warming

 Increased agriculture production with timely rainfall
 A variety of plant and animal spices that encourages tourism
 Reduced environmental degradation hence no deserts
 Presence of water sources in the environment
COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term courtship

 Identify different ways of courting
 Explain the importance of courting
 Explain the meaning of marriage
 Describe factors to consider when choosing a marriage partner
 Describe ways in which people should prepare for marriage
 Identify different was through which people enter into marriage
 Identify factors which help to preserve marriage
 Explain the importance of marriage
 Describe factors that help promote good marriage relationship
COURTSHIP:
 It’s a period process of trying to know a prospective partner

 It’s a period of assessment of partners planning to enter into marriage
THINGS TO CONSIDER DURING COURTSHIP ASSESSMENT
(a) The likes and dislikes of partners

(b) The relatives of partners
(c) Educational background
(d) Social habits of a partner
(e) religious affiliation and beliefs
(f) Healthy status
(g) Age of the partner
(h) Cultural background
DIFFERENT WAYS OF COURTING
(a) Direct approach

 Its’ a face to face encounter of partners
 Partners propose love for each other
(b) Indirect approach
 Its’ the use of a third part such as a friend in proposing for love

i. A friend may ask for love on behalf of the other
ii. The Media
 Partners may decide to advertise themselves in magazine, newspapers, the
radio or internet describing themselves and the partner they wish to marry.
 If one gets interested, the two may start corresponding and may set a date of
face to face encounter
CASE STUDY
Bornrich has just completed his MSCE and is intending to get married to Rose one of his classmate at
Nyungwe secondary school. When he informed his parents of his plans to marry Rose, his parents
objected. However, Bornrich decided to sneak-out with Rose and got married without the knowledge
of both parents.
Activity:
1. Discuss the type of marriage that Bornrich was practicing

2. Suggest possible reasons that made Bornrich’s parents not to accept the marriage
3. Role-play arranging for a good marriage partner with your classmate
IMPORTANCE OF COURTSHIP BEFORE MARRIAGE
 partners happen to know the likes and dislikes of each other

 partners know one’s personality, values and beliefs well in advance
 partners know one’s goal in life
 partners know one’s relatives
 partners may have an opportunity to end the relationship if not interested in each other
 partners may happen to know one’s social habits
MARRIAGE
Marriage is a legal union between a man and a woman as husband and wife.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A MARRIAGE PARTNER
 character, personality and physical appearance

 religious affiliation
 educational background
 health status
 skills and knowledge
 emotional status
 sociability
WAYS OF PREPARING FOR MARRIAGE
a) Abstinence from premarital sex

 This would help prevent unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease

b) Long courtship period
 It would help partners to learn to know the likes and dislikes of each other that
would help them in decision making
c) Building a home
 It ensures readiness to be independent from parents
d) HIV testing
 This would assist in decision making and planning well for the marriage
e) Having a sound financial stand
 It ensures self-sufficient and being able to support oneself
f) Securing employment
 This would help reduce poverty in the family
DIFFERENT WAYS OF ENTERING INTO MARRIAGE
a. Traditional /customary celebration

 When a man finds a marriage partner he informs his uncle or aunt to make
arrangements of visiting each other’s’ relatives officially
b. Christian celebrations
 It’s a combination of traditional and religious celebration where one informs both
the pastor or a priest and his relative about the marriage partners to arrange for the
celebrations
c. Asiatic celebrations
 It’s done by non-Christians such as Muslims and the Hindu
 Its’ a combination of traditional and Asian laws
d. Civil marriage celebrations
 Involves the registrar of marriage at the civic council.
 It demands witness from both parents
OTHER WAYS OF ENTERING INTO MARRIAGE
(a) Elopement marriage

 A man and a woman may secretly decide to entre into marriage without the
blessings of relatives
(b) Co-habitation marriage
 A man and a woman may decide to live together and bear children with officially
getting into marriage
FACTORS THAT HELP TO PRESERVE MARRIAGE
1. honesty
 An honesty person will avoid extra-marital affairs
 She or he will always be frank and will not hide anything from the partner
2. Free choice of marriage partner;
 Free choice of marriage partner help one to be committed to the partner of his /her
choice
 It enhances a sense of ownership and responsibility of a partner
3. Fidelity

 This will help partners to be faithful to each other and avoid infection with
HIV/AIDS
 Infidelity may bring in the problem of marriage breakdown
4. Forgiving and forgetting spirit;
 Partners needs to discuss their conflict and learn to forgive each other
 Unforgiving spirit may contribute to divorce
5. Endurance/perseverance;
 Marriage must live until death and partners need to endure and avoid being taken
away by emotions
 This encourages the spirit of love and care under any circumstances
6. Mutual care;
 Partners need to learn to care for each other in sickness and in disability
7. Communication;
 Partners need to learn to be frank and speak to each other whenever something
goes wrong
IMPORTANCE OF MARRIAGE
(a) Procreation;
 It helps family members and human species to continue existing
(b) Child development and protection;
 It helps both partners to take the responsibility of taking care of the children
(c) Partnership;
 It helps partners to enjoy from each other sexually
(d) Nurturing;
 It helps members or partners to learn to take care of each other in a family.
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE GOOD MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIP
 Love and caring for one another

 Communication between partners
 Faithfulness to each other
 Spending time together
 Sharing ideas together
 Respect for one another
 Providing for the needs of each other
 Maintaining romantic love
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of courtship

2. Mention different ways of courting
3. Explain the importance of courtship
4. Define the term marriage
5. Give factors to consider when choosing a marriage partner
6. Explain different ways of preparing for marriage
7. Describe different ways of entering into marriage

8. Identify factors to consider in preserving marriage
9. What are the importance of marriage
SECURITY
Success criteria:
 Explain the term security

 Explain the roles of Police in the provision of internal security
 Explain the importance of security in the country
SECURITY:
It is the process of caring for one’s property and life in order to avoid loss or death
ROLES OF THE POLICE IN PROVISION OF INTERNAL SECURITY
 To protect public and private property from theft or damage

 To protect the life of individuals who are at risk of attack
 To provide security tips to individual on how best they can secure their property
 To conduct day and night patrols to in order to detect any public threat
 To provide evidence in a court of law (exhibit)
 To keep suspect while waiting for court proceeding
 To maintain law and order
 To investigate crime and arrest suspects
 To make people feel safe and secure
ROLES OF THE ARMY IN THE PROVISION OF SECURITY
 To uphold the sovereignty (right to self-government) and territorial integrity (legally

acquired space of living) of its country
 Guarding against threats to the safety of citizens by other forces
 Providing technical expertise and resources to assist the civilian authorities
 Performing any other duties outside the country as may be required of them by
international bodies
 Carrying out other duties as may be assigned to them from time to time
IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY IN THE COUNTRY
 It promotes socio-economic development by giving people freedom to invest without fear

 It promote freedom of movement without fear of any attack
 It enhances participation in development by citizens
 It promotes investment by foreign investors
 It encourages the growth of tourism industry
CORRUPTION & THE LAW

Success criteria:
 Explain the establishment of the ACB

 Describe function of the Anti-corruption Bureau ( ACB)
 Identify roles of the public in curbing down corruption
ANT-CORRUPTION BUREAU
It is an organization empowered to investigate cases of corruption in both public and private

sectors within Malawi
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU
It was established under the act of parliament in 1995
It came into existence in order to fight corruption in the country which was said to be worse in the
democratic society
It is headed by a Director and a deputy Director
The director of ACB is appointed by the State President and confirmed by the parliament
Other departments include:
(i) The operations Department

(j) Management and Support Service Department
FUNCTIONS OF THE ACB
 To take necessary measures for the prevention of corrupt practices in both public and
private sectors such as examining the practices of the body to determine corruption
 Receiving and handling cases of corruption from the general public
 Prevention of corruption and corrupt practices
 Investigate cases of corruption in public and private sectors
 Issues a warrant of arrest to those found guilty
 Educate people on the dangers of corruption
 To take measures to prevent corruption
ROLES OF THE PUBLIC IN CURBING CORRUPTION
 Report any case of corruption to the authority body

 Reject and resist any corrupt practice
 Educating others on the dangers of corruption
 Conducting their job with high sense of integrity
SOCIAL INJUSTICE IN AFRICA
Success criteria:-
 Explain causes of social injustice in Africa

 Compare social injustice in selected African countries
CAUSES OF SOCIAL INJUSTICE IN AFRICA
 Poverty, where people struggle for the limited resources

 Corruption, where people abuse offices to accumulate wealth
 Cultural and social practices, which may be oppressive to others eg. Cast System of India,
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa.
 Poor governance, especially those led by dictators.
 Greedy by some politicians or authorities
 Lack of respect of self and rights of others
 Power hungry by some politicians and authorities (desire to remain in office even if their
term of public office is over)
CASES OF SOCIAL INJUSTICE IN SOME PARTS OF AFRICA & WORLD
 Racism and apartheid in South Africa

 Civil wars in Angola and Mozambique
 Genocide in Rwanda and Burundi
 Child soldier in DRC and Mozambique
 Cases of bhokoham (kidnapping girls) in Nigeria
 Poverty in Africa while others are enjoying greatest wealthy
 The thangata system in Thyolo Malawi
 Cases of corruption in Malawi eg the Cash-gate
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INJUSTICE IN AFRICA
a) It has led to poverty;

Poverty normally comes in when some people are denied access to resources for a living
b) It has led to conflicts;
If individuals feels that they are being oppressed they usually protest and fight back
c) It has led to refugee problems;
Refugees are people who normally run-away from their country due to political or
economic problems and find refuge in a neighboring country
d) It has contributed to acts of terrorism;
Terrorism is a secret act of violence done by certain individuals who feels that they are
being oppressed by those in authority or power
e) It has reduced social economic development;
Those people who are being denied social justice cannot participate effectively towards the
development of the country
(a) It has led to unfair distribution of resources meant for development
SOCIAL SERVICES AND DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the term community participation in the provision of social services

 Identify ways of mobilizing community participation in the provision and care for social
services
 Compare the provision and care for social services in selected African countries
 Explain how the provision and care of social services contribute to socio-economic
development in selected African countries
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
It is the involvement of members of the community or beneficiaries in the implementation of a

community project such as building of a school block
MOBILIZING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
 Molding of bricks for the construction of a classroom block or any other social
infrastructure
 Providing security to a social service within the community by reporting theft to relevant
authority eg police
 Improving sanitation around the social service by weeping and keeping it clean
 Caring for the social service by providing maintenance work
 Contributing financial resources for the running of the social service
 Avoiding vandalism of the social service
Examples of social services and institutions
INSTITUTION SOCIAL SERVICE

School Education
Police Security
Churches Spiritual care
ESCOM Electricity
Hospital Health
Social Recreation/housing
MTL Communication
PROVISION AND CARE OF SOCIAL SERVICES
“Malawi is a small country but yet it is highly populated, if one compares the resources and
population available”
CASE STUDY
Study the data below and answer questions that follow in a comparison of Malawi with other
African countries on social service provision.
(a) Comparison in the provision of Education in some African countries
Country Pupil/teacher ration Pupil teacher ration GNP % Education

(PSLC) Secondary school
Malawi 59:1 22:1 5.4
Botswana 25:1 18:1 10.3
Kenya 30:1 15:1 6.5
Activity:
1. Identify a country that shows commitment to education in the sub-Sahara region

2. Explain the effects of high teacher/pupil ratio to the quality of education in Malawi
3. In pairs, suggest what the Malawian government should do to improve the education
system
(b) Comparison in the provision of health services in the selected three countries
Country Birth/health Doctor/ patient ratio Per capita health in

Personnel US $
Malawi 47 1:50,000 45.0
Botswana 78 1:5,300 54.87
Kenya 44 1:20,000 10.20
This means that Doctors in Botswana have lighter jobs to care for patients than in Malawi
and Kenya
(c) Provision of electricity and transport services

 Not many roads are tarmac and hinder accessibility of essential services
 In addition electricity is accessible to few people in Malawi as compared to some
countries in the same region
(d) Provision of housing services
A number of people in urban and rural areas live in bad houses that are leaking
CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO DEVELOPMENT
a) Improved living standards

 People acquire descent houses, electricity, good roads and bridges which enhances
the development of the country
b) Improved production
 Social services such as electricity provides energy that is vital in industrial
c) Acquisition of essential skills
 People acquire skills that are relevant in the development of the country such skills
may be obtained from schools
d) Improved health
 A society needs healthy people to participate in development; people’s health may
be improved by the health services of the country
e) Improved social economic development
 Social services such as markets and trade fairs help improve the socioeconomic
development of a country
THE IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON SOCIAL SERVICES

1) Increased pressure over limited social services
 There would be more people who need the social service than what the social
service can cater for
2) Lowers the quality of social services
 Due to high demand but limited services, some people may be left out or may not be
able to access adequate social services, resulting in poor social service delivery
3) Shortage of qualified doctors and teachers
 Every doctor or teacher has a specific number of patients or students he can
adequately serve, but if it goes beyond that limit then other people may not access
the service
4) Strain on ability to maintain peace and security by police
 Rapid population growth is often associated with increased criminal activities, this
would give pressure on the law enforcers to maintain peace and order
5) Shortage of transport, housing and medicine due to high demand
 Rapid population growth does not only affect only one aspect of social development
but has effects on all social service delivery where they would be inadequate to
cater for the population
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How does the provision and care for social services contribute to development
2. Describe how population growth affect the provision of social services
GENDER ISSUES IN AFRICA
Success criteria:-
 Identify gender issues in Africa

 Suggest ways of achieving gender balance in Africa
 Describe conventions on gender in Africa
 Explain the effects of gender bias on development
1. Gender, Education and Training

 Women and girls education in Africa is a problem compared to men and boys.
 Traditions, customs, practices favour males at the expense of women and girls.
2. Gender and Health
 Many women in Africa have limited power on decisions affecting their reproductive
health.
 Cultural practices and customs force girls into early marriages, and forced sex which
increases the risk of unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, HIV/AIDS and other
STDs.
3. Gender and Violence
 Violence against women is any act by men that result in physical, psychological or
sexual harm.
 This can occur in the home, school, and workplaces among others.
a. Sexual Abuse

o Include rape, unwelcome sexual comments, request for sexual
favours by people in authority to get favours e.g. a teacher
demanding sex to award a learner high marks.
b. Physical Abuse
o Attacking women by beating, chopping off limbs among others.
c. Psychological/emotional Abuse
o Calling women bad names make them feel bad about themselves,
making threats to them.
d. Economic Abuse
o Refusing women a job, snatching away property, denying women
access to credit.
4. Gender Power and Decision Making
 At all levels of society women have limited power and are not or are
underrepresented in decision making.
 In marriage a woman is expected to and is advised to be obedient to the husband
and be submissive to him.
 At the community level most important decisions are made by men, women are
expected to obey.
 Women are underrepresented at the national levels and their interests are
considered less important. For example the Malawi National Assembly has so far
been male dominated despite women making a bigger proportion of the population
than men.
5. Citizenship Laws
 The citizenship Act of Malawi and other African countries provides that upon
marrying a foreign man a woman loses her citizenship unless she renounces her
husband’s citizenship.
 Children born from such families are Malawians by virtue of their mother being
Malawian.
6. Inheritance Laws
 Customary (Traditional) laws put emphasis on extended families in terms of
inheritance and side-lines widows.
7. Religious Laws
 In some religions women are not allowed to take leading positions.
 In some cases followers of religions have misunderstood Holly Books and treat a
woman as a subordinate and not a partner to man.
8. Gender and the Environment
 Environmental degradation affects most African women negatively because of their
gender roles such as cooking, fetching water and fuel wood among others.
 However fewer women than men participate in making policies, projects, and
management decisions of natural resources.
9. Maternity Leave
 Laws in Malawi and other African countries permit women take paid maternity
leave; in the case of Malawi it is three months.
 Private sector is reluctant to observe this, and some tines women are not preferred
for employment fearing that maternity leave can affect productivity.
10. Suspension of Girls from School when Pregnant
 As soon as a girl is discovered pregnant she is suspended from school
 She loses the whole year and sometimes does come back when she needed few
months to deliver and then go back to school.
11. Marriage Laws
 Laws in many African countries permit a man to have more than one wives.

 Marriage law that recognises one legitimate wife would be fair.
12. Gender and Rights
 Much as many African constitutions recognises equal rights for men and women but
the latter suffer many violations of human rights.
 This is because few women are aware of their rights, and they are put on
disadvantaged position by their cultures such that some men treat them as objects.
WAYS OF ACHIEVING GENDER BALANCE IN AFRICA
 Promoting women’s rights at the highest political level

 Helping countries change and adapt their policies and laws
 Collect information on gender-sensitive issues
 Work with others to improve women’s sexual and reproductive health
 Care for those affected by gender-based domestic violence
 Promoting gender-balancing change in communities supported by men
CONVENTIONS ON GENDER IN AFRICA
 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

 The Beijing Platform of Action
 International Conference on Population and Development
 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women
 Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa
 Women’s Declaration and Agenda for a Culture of Peace
 The International Convention on Social and Cultural Rights
 The International Covenant on Civil and Political rights
 The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
 African Charter on Human and People’s Rights
 COMESA Gender Policy for Development
 SADC Protocol on Gender and Development
 Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa adopted by African Union Heads of States
EFFECTS OF GENDER BIAS ON DEVELOPMENT
a. Results in unequal participation and contribution of women and girls to development

activities
b. Limits what women can do in most African countries
c. It may result in an increased number of dependants, than active participants in the
d. Slow down development since human resource is not maximised with the side-
lining of women
e. Women do not have access to power structures that control society hence their
interests are compromised.
f. Women fail to access education particularly high education which limits their
chances of getting a well-paying job.

g. Limited access of women to economic opportunities such as loans
h. Low agricultural productivity because most women do not own land and other
factors of production.
i. Poverty especially in families headed by women because of the above factors
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mention laws, rules and regulations that were gender biased in the country
2. Explain laws, rules and regulations that have been revised to ensure equality and equity in the
country
3. Explain gender issues in most African countries
4. Describe ways of achieving gender balance in the country
5. What are the effects of gender bias on the development of a country
CLIMATE CHANGE
Success criteria:
 Explain the meaning of the term climate change

 Describe the socio-economic impact of climate change
 Identify climatic disasters in Malawi
Its’ a situation whereby the average weather condition changes negatively affecting agriculture
activities and the socio-economic status of the country
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
a. Reduced food production

b. Reduced tourism industry
c. Electricity production is reduced
d. Increased costs of food on the market
e. Malnutrition and death of people
f. Increased food imports
g. Inflation due to acceleration food costs
CLIMATIC DISASTER IN MALAWI
a. Increased drought condition

b. Increased floods and crop damage
c. Increased skin diseases due to the damage of ozone layer
d. Erratic rainfall which affects farming activities
e. Violence wind and pests infection

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
Success criteria:-
 Explain the terms Disaster, Risk and disaster risk management
 Explain types of disasters
 Identify common disasters affecting Malawi
 Describe the effects of disasters on individuals, communities and the Nation
 Suggest preventive and mitigation measures for different types of disasters
 Explain the advantages of managing disaster risks over managing disasters
A disaster is an uncertainty that may happen and affect one’s plan

RISK: these are activities or things that may lead to uncertainity in one’s life
TYPES OF DISASTER
a. Climatic disasters such as floods, droughts, famine etc

b. Geomorphological disaster such as earthquakes, volcanic eruption
c. Biological disasters such as weevils, grasshoppers, mice, insects, HIV/AIDS
d. Man-made disaster such as terrorism
COMMON DISASTERS AFFECTING MALAWI
1. Earthquake and earth-tremors

2. Drought especially the lower Shire and lake shore areas
3. Famine due to crop failure
4. Floods following climate change
5. Cyclones due to change in movement of wind within the tropic
6. Epidemic diseases such as HIV/AIDS
EFFECTS OF DISASTER ON INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES & THE

NATION
INDIVIDUALS:
 Loss of life
 Stress due to loss of property
 Starvation
 III health
COMMUNITY
 Loss of social services eg schools, roads, markets etc

 Reduced development due to death of people
 Re-location of villages
NATION

 Reduced socio-economic development
 Increased expenditure to replace the damaged property
 Importing of food products due to crop failure
 Political instability as people loss confidence in the government
PREVENTION & MITIGATION MEASURES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF

DISASTER
 Building strong and good infrastructure that can withstand heavy rains and earthquakes
 Afforestation and re-afforestation to reduce climate change
 Moving away from flood prone areas in order to avoid property loss
 Abstinence from premarital sex to avoid HIV infection
 Planting drought resistant crops to reduce famine
 Adhering to early warning signs
ADVANTAGES OF MANAGING DISASTER RISK OVER MANAGING A

DISASTER
 Managing disaster risk is less costly than managing a disaster itself

 Managing disaster may call for more resources than managing risk that can be done using
local resources such as tree planting
 Managing disaster may lead to loss of some people involved in rescue team, while managing
risk may not cost any life
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Success criteria:
 Identify global issues and challenges in 21 century

 Describe the implication of the issues and challenges on development
 Describe the efforts being made to deal with global issues and challenges
GLOBAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
a. Rapid population growth;

 The rapid population growth against limited resources in interfering with human
survival on earth
b. Poverty (living below 1US$)
 This shows lack of blood, clothing and shelter that interferes with human survival
c. Epidemics;

 Epidemic diseases such as the HIV/AIDS has caused high death and illness of people
across the world
d. Terrorism;
 Its’ unlawful practice of using violent and intimidating methods against persons or
property
 It’s the use of terror for political ends directed at civilians and innocent people
 Its’ done by a small group of people in secret to bring fear by killing people
e. The Arms Trade;
 Use of “land mines” that continue being dangerous even if the war is over
 Civil war in Angola and Mozambique have left thousands of “land mines”
f. Economic globalization;
This is favored by three factors:
 Advancement in technology eg use of internet, aircraft etc
 The willingness of individuals to take advantage of technology
 Political will to invest in technology
g. Refugee and economic migrants
 People flee their country due to war, religious oppression and political conflicts.
However others flee due to poverty
h. Environmental problems;
 Depletion of ozone layers, climate change air and water pollution are some of issues
that needs proper attention
CASE STUDY
On 11th September 2001 in the United States of America, terrorists organized a plane clash that led to
the death of a number of innocent people, when two aircrafts clashed into two twin tower s in New
York City killing thousands of people. The incident brought fear among Americans and the tourism
industry was greatly affected.
Activity
1. Discuss the effects of terrorism to the economy of the U.S.A

2. Explain ways of reducing acts of terrorism
3. In pairs, suggest immediate needs people of America could need following the tragedy
IMPLICATION OF GLOBAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ON DEVELOPMENT
1. Reduces trade and commerce

 Trading activities with countries that are involved in conflict is reduced hence
affects development globally
2. Exchange of ideas and skills affected;
 In places where there is racism and tribal conflicts sharing of ideas becomes a great
challenge
3. Foreign investment is hampered
 Investors may be afraid of losing their investment in warring countries hence may
withhold their capital
4. Tourism industry is hindered
 The movement of tourist may be restricted with conflicts in countries
5. Reduced participation
 Due to ill health caused by HIV/AIDS this may have an effect on development

6. Brain drain of skilled labor
 Skilled people from developing poor countries may travel and find better jobs
abroad
7. Developing countries does not compete well with developed countries on trade
 Developed countries will be dominating and monopolize trade hence developing
countries will be damping grounds of goods from developed countries which affect
development
EFFORTS MADE TO DEAL WITH GLOBAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
(a) Land-mines;
 Efforts are being made to demine land-mines in Angola and Mozambique
 Use of land-mines has been denounced worldwide
(b) Epidemic disease;
 Scientists are working around the clock to identify vaccines for Malaria and
HIV/AIDS
(c) Conflicts and civil wars;
 The United Nations organization has put in place measures to reduce conflicts and
maintain peace,
 Peace Keeping Forces are being used to maintain peace in DRC
(d) Economic disparities;
 Countries are forming regional groupings to safeguard their economy from the
effects of global trade eg COMESA, SADC, ECOWAS and European Union
(e) Environmental degradation/climate change;
 Government have agreed to ban the use of C.F.C gas
 At a conference in Toronto government agreed to reduce the release of carbon
dioxide in 1988
(f) Poverty;
 Donations and loans are bring made to poor countries by the World Bank and the
IMF to help reduce poverty
(g) Act of terrorism;
 Governments are making network to crackdown acts of terrorism eg the trapping of
Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan was the effort of a world body network
(h) Weapons of mass destructions;
 Conference and policies are being made to reduce and limit manufacturing and
trading on weapons of mass destructions such as nuclear bombs and atomic bombs
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mention global issues and challenges prevailing in the 21st century

2. Explain how global issues and challenges in 21st century are affecting development in the
world
3. Identify efforts being made to deal with global issues and challenges in the world
FORM FOUR WORK

MULTICULTURALISM
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term multiculturalism

 Describe factors that enhance multiculturalism
 Explain the impact of multiculturalism on development
 Explain the negative impact of multiculturalism
MULTICULTURALISM:-
 Its’ the recognition and appreciation of distinct cultural groups within a society
 Its’ having many cultures and managing them to the extent that diversity in
appreciated and ensuring unity in cultural diversity
FACTORS PROMOTING MULTICULTURALISM
(a) Modernity;
This has exposed people to new ways of life, with improvements in communication
(b) Religion;
This brings people together from different cultural background to a common belief of their
religion
(c) Race and ethnicity;
A country that has different races of people and ethnic groups living together peacefully
promotes unity and tolerance
(d) Migration;
As people from different parts of the world come together and interact peacefully it creates
a good environment for multiculturalism
(e) Trade;
Advancement in international trade has made people to interact freely in different place
whereby promoting multiculturalism
(f) Citizenship;
The freedom of people to acquire a citizenship of a country of their choice have enhanced
multiculturalism
(g) Intermarriage;
People of different groups meet and mix as they get married especially in towns and cities
IMPACT OF MULTICULTURALISM ON DEVELOPMENT
Positive:-
(a) It promotes unity and tolerance where people coexist peacefully.

(b) It improves a country’s image where people from different cultural background are tolerant
to each other
(c) Exchange of culture where people become familiar with each other’s culture
(d) Promotes exchange of ideas where people are in touch with trends and development
around the world

(e) Promotes exchange of skills where skilled labor from other countries may be required to
meet local demands
(f) Helps countries to take advantage of global market in a cultural diversity where new
products are being introduced
Negative:-
(a) It may lead to ethnic rivalry where certain ethnic groups believe in racial supremacy tend to
underrate others
(b) It may lead to dilution of other culture as people tend to share cultural beliefs where others
are damped.
(c) It may lead to economic exploitation of less influential groups where their qualification are
not recognized and hence denied job equivalent to their qualification
(d) It is expensive to maintain where new migrants may need space to settle and language
acquisition and medical care to settle
(e) It may lead to political tension where some minor groups may not be represented politically
FACTORS THAT CAN HELP MANAGE MULTICULTURALISM
(a) The nation and society should show equal respect and give people of all culture equal
opportunity to flourish in education, health, economy etc
(b) There should be social justice and equal access to political power
(c) Members of the society should be open minded on their cultural identity and ready to
share and respect other people’s culture
(d) Communication should be encouraged to preserve and transmit their cultural heritage
including language, historical and religion. As such this may give a sense of security and
gratitude or acceptance by others
(e) It is required that all people accept the basic structures and principles of the society as
enshrined in the constitution and rule of law
(f) There should be equal treatment in education, employment and promotion in public
appointments
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is multiculturalism
2. Explain factors that has enhanced multiculturalism in the country
3. Explain positive impact of multiculturalism on development
4. Give the negative impact of multiculturalism in the society
5. How can multiculturalism best be managed in a country
UNION AND ASSOCIATIONS
Success criteria:-
 Identify unions and associations for citizens

 Explain the role of unions and associations
 Explain the benefits of joining Union and Associations

UNION:
This is an organization formed by people of different professions or similar profession in order to

achieve a common purpose or goal eg Malawi Congress of Trade Union (MCTU), Teachers Union of
Malawi (TUM)
ASSOCIATION:
This is an organization formed by people with similar profession or occupation in order to

achieve a common goal or purpose.
Unions and Associations are legally registered and have a written constitution
EXAMPLES OF ASSOCIATIONS
 Tobacco association of Malawi

 Tea association of Malawi
 Coffee association of Malawi
 Employer consultative association of Malawi
 Consumer association of Malawi
 Herbalists association of Malawi
 Bee-keepers association of Malawi
EXAMPLES OF UNIONS
 Malawi congress of trade Union

 Religious Union
 Malawi Union of Savings and Credit Cooperation (MUSCCO)
 Teachers Union of Malawi
 Writer union of Malawi
 Civil Servants Trade Union
ROLES OF UNIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS
a. To unite workers as they bring them together into an organization

b. To influence government and other employers to help their employee
c. Help to create a friendly society where people live in trust
d. Provide leadership for members so that they can channel their grievances with ease
e. Provide training in negotiation and decision making skills
f. Express a united view of members to authorities
g. Promote and protect the rights of it’s members
h. Influence government and employers’ decision and policies change, on matters affecting
their members

BENEFITS FOR JOINING UNIONS & ASSOCIATIONS
a. Provide credit scheme to its members eg MUSCCO

b. Improve relationship between management and workers
c. Workers are free from exploitation by their employers
d. Workers have better welfare such as accommodation, sick and maternity leave benefits
from their employers
e. Workers are provided with legal assistance when a worker is victimized
f. Workers may demand Education and social welfare benefits from their employers
g. Access to fair prices of commodities
h. Improved salaries and other benefits
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Give examples of Unions and Associations in the country?

2. Explain roles played by Unions and Associations?
3. Describe the importance of Unions and Associations to workers in Malawi?
NATIONAL SERVICE
Success criteria:-
 Define the term national service

 Explain importance of national service
 Describe regional and national case studies on national service
 Explain ways in which citizens can participate in national service activities
National service:
Its’ a period of voluntary service to aspects of development for people’s own well-being
IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL SERVICE
1) Promotes the spirit of self-reliance as people work for themselves instead of relying on the
government or donors
2) Foster cooperation among communities as they come together to work
3) Promotes the spirit of hardworking as people work together for the common goal
4) Enhances national development with the election of infrastructure eg school blocks etc
5) Reduces government expenditure on developmental projects as citizens themselves
volunteer to do the work
6) Promotes a sense of patriotism of people to their own country
7) Improves sanitation if the work being carried out is directed at cleaning the surrounding
and construction of toilets
8) Reduces soil erosion if the work is directed at planting trees such as afforestation projects
NATIONAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES THAT CAN BE PUT IN PLACE
 Eradication of illiteracy

 Promotion of community hygiene
 Promotion of environmental conservation
 Maintenance of public infrastructure eg bridges, school blocks
WAYS IN WHICH CITIZENS CAN TAKE PART IN NATIONAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES
1. Providing of construction materials such as sand, bricks and water for the construction work
of a school block
2. Moulding of bricks in preparation for the establishment of a project
3. Preparation of pupils porridge during primary school “feed schools” projects
4. Sourcing revenue in order to initiate a developmental project
5. Providing security to physical facilities in their communities
6. Planting of trees along the river banks
7. Providing maintenance work to developmental projects
CASE STUDIES OF NATIONAL SERVICES IN MALAWI
a. The youth week

 This was a week long period during Kamuzu’s regime, where people dedicated
themselves to various developmental projects eg building bridges, school blocks etc.
b. The Malawi pioneers
 Their training base were meant to achieve the following;
1. Foster development
2. Encourage self reliance
3. Develop a hard working spirit
4. Spearhead development
c. Malawi social action fund (MASAF)
 Aimed at stimulating development at community level
 Its’ activities were based on volunteerism and communalism
 People could contribute by molding bricks and providing labor while MASAF could
finance the projects
REGIONAL CASE STUDIES OF NATIONAL SERVICES
a. Liberation movement in Mozambique

 During the freedom fighting between government forces and the rebels the
government of Mozambique trained and recruited a number of the youth in military
to defend their country from the rebels
 The freedom fighting took place between 1975 and 1992 and involved the FRELIMO
(ruling party) and the RENAMO (rebels)
b. Botswana National Service Program
 They were brigade for all school leavers who were just idle in the country
 The government of Botswana decided to train such school leavers into different
trades such as carpentry, basket weaving, welding etc and later recruit them into
different departments while others were left to employ themselves
 In so doing young people learned different skills of survival and trades
c. The Zambia Youth Service (1971)

Meant to equip the youth with various skills such as bricklaying, tailoring, domestic
science, leather work, agriculture in order to develop their country
d. National Youth Service Zimbabwe
It was meant to equip the youth with leadership skills for the development of the
Nation but however the Mugabe government turned it into a weapon against
opposition parties
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a National service?

2. Give the importance of a National service to a country?
3. Identify regional case studies of National service in Southern Africa?
4. Explain National service activities that can be put in place in the Country?
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT FOSTER DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:
 Identify international organizations that foster development

 Identify types of development work which international organizations undertake
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT FOSTER DEVELOPMENT IN MALAWI
a. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

 Reducing poverty
 Providing basic needs such as water and sanitation
 Promoting good governance and human rights
b. United State Agency for International Development (USAID)
 Increasing agriculture income
 Increasing use of renewable natural resources eg H.E.P, Solar energy etc
 Reducing fertility rate and HIV
 Increasing access to quality primary education
 Strengthening democratic structures
c. Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA)
 Increasing access to vocational training and Education
 Promoting telecommunication
 Promoting respect for human rights
d. Germany Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
 Promotes technical cooperation in health, education and natural resources and
agriculture
e. Department for International Development (DFID)
 Promotes Decentralization of government

 Promotes respect of human rights
 Promotes Sustainable development
 Safeguard environment
 Supply textbooks and provides building materials
 Promotes access to quality basic health and education
 Reduce poverty among people
 Reduce child death
 Improve the health of mothers
 combat HIV/AIDS
 protection of environment
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State international organizations than enhances development in the country

2. Explain developmental work that is being promoted by international organizations
HUMAN RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Success criteria:-
 Describe conventions for protecting human rights for special groups

 Describe institutions that deal with human rights for special groups
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
(a) The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against women(CEDAW):
 Agreed upon in 1980
 Malawi signed a treaty in 1987
 Some of the CEDAW recommendations include:-
1. To consider measures to improve the status of women
2. To ensure equal pay for equal work
3. To take special measures to protect disabled women
4. To protect legal rights for women
5. To encourage equal participation in decision making for women
(b) Convention on the Rights of a Child
 Agreed upon by all countries in 2000
 Set a committee to consider the following recommendations
1. Belief that all human beings are born with human rights
2. States that children have the same basic human rights
3. States that children have the right to be heard

4. Forbid child capital punishment
5. Obligate all member countries to provide legal representation for a child during
judicial disputes concerning their care
(c) Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE)
 Meant to improve girls and women access to education
 Sensitise parents and communities on the importance of a girl child
education
 Reinforce girl child education through partnership with other stakeholders
 Influence gender into integration of gender into national education policies
and plan
(d) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Meant to protect the enjoyment of rights by disabled people
INSTITUTIONS THAT DEALS WITH HUMAN RIGHTS FOR SPECIAL GROUPS
(a) Amnesty International (AI)

 It was established by a British lawyer in 1961 with the aim of freeing prisoners of
conscience
 It has membership world-wide
 It’s headquarters is based in London
 Issues annual reports in which it highlights human rights violation world-wide
(b) Human Rights Watch
 Based in New York (USA)
 Formed in 1988 from the emerging of Helsinki Watch (Russia) and American Watch
 Investigate Human rights violation and support the Rights of Children and women
 Protect the rights of prisoners and refugees
 Emphasizes on banning the child soldiers and use of landmines
(c) The International Red Cross and Crescent
 Formed in 1863 by Henry Dunant with the aim of helping those in war
 It focused on the following:-
1. Visiting prisoners in camps
2. Assist victims of conflict by providing medical care, food, shelter and clothing.
3. Tracing and re-uniting families separated by conflicts
4. Providing assistance to those disabled by war
(d) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
 Set up in 1951 by the United Nations
 Take a variety of actions to help refugees eg.
1. Provides food
2. Provides security
3. Provide clothing
4. Provide medication and education
(e) International Court of Justice
 An arm of the United Nations
 Provides justice to international violation of human rights
 It’s headquarters is based in the Hague of the Netherlands
 Focuses on the following;-
1. Borderline disputes
2. Occupation of other’s territory eg Iraq tempted to occupied Kuwait.

3. International criminals eg Osama Bin Laden.
(f) The Special Tribunals
 These are courts established by the United Nations Security Council to try suspect of
offenses against protection of persons and property
 It focuses on cases of:-
1. Willful killings
2. Torture and inhuman
3. Biological experiment on human beings
4. Extensive destruction of environment
(g) In Malawi they include the following:
 Office of the Ombusdman
 The Malawi Human Rights Commission
 The Federation of Disabled Organisation in Malawi (FEDOMA)
EXAMPLES OF SPECIAL TRIBUNALS
1. International criminal tribunals of former Yugoslavia

2. International Tribunal against the 1990 Rwandan genocide
3. South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain international intervention on the protection of rights of special groups

2. Mention institutions that protect rights of special groups
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Define the term sustainable development

 Explain the importance of sustainable development
 Describe essential conditions to ensure that a development initiative is sustainable
 Describe any two national or international development initiatives that are examples of
sustainable development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT :-
 It’s development that meets the needs of the people today without compromising
(hindering) the ability of the future generation from meeting their needs
 Development that is aimed at striking a balance between use of resources and the ability of
the resources to replenish itself
ISSUES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(a) Continued population growth exerting pressure on land resources

(b) Continued consumption of resources both renewable and nonrenewable with the growing
population

(c) Continued pollution due to continuous consumption of resources and industrial
development
(d) Unequal distribution of land and other resources for agriculture purposes
CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(a) Policy and legislative measure to safeguard resources and promote it’s sustainability
(b) Education and awareness on the importance of sustaining the environment
(c) Full participation of the government, private sectors and individuals in sustaining the
environment
(d) Responsibility and accountability where people will learn to take care of the environment
for future generation
(e) Availability of resources to support the growth and success of a project
(f) Gender equality to ensure sustenance of a project by both men and women
(g) Use of appropriate technology that can be sustained by local people
(h) Availability of market and reasonable prices offered which would support growth of a
project
IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Check population growth by improving the quality of life for human beings
 It helps ensure efficient use of resources both renewable and nonrenewable to avoid
extinction
 It help reduce wastes and pollution through recycling and waste reduction program
 Maximizes utilization of resources such as land, water and energy
 Enhances socioeconomic growth for all generation as people spend mindful of future
generation
 Improves the standard of living among the citizens as people learn to serve for the future
 Control climate change by encouraging use of resources that are environmentally friendly
EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(a) Malawi social action fund (MASAF);-

Based on :-
 Community participation
 Democratically elected project and community management
 Accountability and transparency
 Partnership with relevant NGOs’
(b) The Rainforest of Guyana in South America
(c) The Amazon Basin in South America
(d) The Congo Basin in Africa
(e) The Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE)
Zimbabwe
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the importance of promoting sustainable development in the country

2. Explain factors Malawians need to consider in promoting sustainable development

3. Describe challenges Malawians face in promoting sustainable development
4. Mention examples of activities of sustainable development
DEVELOPING NATIONS
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term Developing Nations
 Identify common characteristics of developing nations
 Describe developmental challenges facing Malawi in terms of agriculture, education,
health etc
 Describe the role of donors in Developing Nations
 Identify donor countries to Malawi
DEVELOPING NATIONS:-
Countries that lag behind in terms of development as compared to other developed countries based
on indicators of development
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
(a) They are poor because they lack a lot of economic resources to cater for the growing
population
(b) They are highly dependent on subsistence agriculture and are mostly food intensive
(c) They have a high population growth rate since children are used as a source of wealth
(d) Most of their exports are agro-based which are at risk of climatic change
(e) They have high level of debts which they obtain from the international community to
support their rapid growing population
(f) Political instability due to struggle over limited resources
(g) High level of unemployment
(h) Low level of productivity
(i) High illiteracy level
(j) Political instability
(k) Lack of experts and skilled people due to brain-drain
DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING MALAWI
(a) Challenges in education sector;

 High adult illiteracy rate
 High school dropout rate
 Lack of teaching and learning materials
 Migration of teachers to other department
 Low pass rate at MSCE and PSLC levels
 High teacher pupil ratio
(b) Challenges in agriculture sector;

 Shortage of land for subsistence farming
 Lack of faming equipment eg tractors
 Lack of financial resources to buy fertilizers
 Lack of market to sell agriculture products
 Poor soil and land degradation
 Lack of access to farm inputs and food security
(c) Challenges in the health sector;
 High infant mortality rate
 Lack of proper medical facilities
 Lack of qualified doctors
 Frequent outbreak of diseases
 Lack of nutritious food for under five children
(d) Challenges in trade and commerce;
 Its’ difficult to promote micro and medium business due to lack of finances
 High unemployment rate due to rapid growth of population
 Limited exports-base as the country mainly depends on tobacco
 Poor industrial development due to lack of capital
DEVELOPMENTAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF MALAWI
 Many primary school going children are enrolled with the help of school feeding and
free primary education
 District improvement in the availability of education with an increase in secondary
schools and number of universities
 Reduction in infant mortality rate from 133/1000 in 1995 to 104/1000 in the year
2000
 There is a reduction in the fertility rate from 6.7% in 1992 to 6.3% in the year 2000
 Most women are able to use contraceptive methods as seen from reduction in
fertility rate
 Widespread knowledge among farmers on improved agriculture techniques with
evidenced on food security
GENERAL CHALLENGES
 Estimates of 1995 show that 60% of people still live below the poverty line of less than $1
per day
 Life expectancy is still as low as 48
 Nearly 60% of the household do not have enough food all year round
 Some capable MSCE candidates do not access university education
 Gender discrepancy is still rocking the employment industry
THE ROLE OF DONORS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
Positive:
 Supplement the national budget and balance of payment

 Provide technical assistance and expertise
 Enhance human resources and development through sponsorship in education and training
 Promotes good governance through supporting election of leaders and heads of states
 Construct social services institutions eg school hospitals etc
 Fund developmental initiative in the country
Negative:
 Promote dependency syndrome as it undermines peoples’ ability to provide for themselves

 Perpetuates neo-colonialism where economically strong countries continue being
influential to recipient countries
 Dictates to recipient countries on how money needs to be spend hence channeling financial
resources to non-priority areas
 Problems of management and coordination of donor aid as the donor tend to overlap in
their work
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain common indicators of developing nations

2. Describe the developmental challenge facing Malawi in agriculture
3. Explain the roles donors play in addressing developmental challenges Malawians are facing
4. Mention developmental achievements of Malawi after its’ independence in 1964
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR LAWS
Success criteria:
 Identify key elements of the International Labour Law

 Explain the importance of international Labour Law
 Identify international Labour Agreement
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR LAWS KEY ELEMENTS:
1. Employment which should include freedom from forced labour

2. Individual employment relations that include compensation and dismissal procedure
adhered to
3. Wages and remuneration which includes protection from unfair deductions, and use of
minimum wage arrangement
4. Conditions for work which should include rest hours, and vacations
5. Healthy and safety welfare which should minimize exposure to dangerous environments
6. Social security which include care during sickness as well as retirement benefits
7. Trade unions and industrial relations, which support the formation of a body to defend
the rights of workers at work
8. The administration of labour law which should match operation of labour courts to avoid
contradictions
9. Special categories of workers, may needs special treatment on labour law based on their
work category such as those receiving annual salary, monthly, weekly may be handled
differently by labour laws

THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR LAWS
b. It’s a source of inspiration to workers to increase their performance

c. It enhances International cooperation as standards apply to all countries across the
borders
d. It encourages world peace due to reduced workplace conflicts such as strikes, riots that
may have a negative impact on the economy
e. In enhance social justice among people as they are treated fairly
f. It consolidates national labour legislation which encourages peace
g. They strategies of reducing poverty by increasing productivity in a country
h. Help reduce competition that could be to the disadvantage of workers
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR AGREEMENT
1. Cooperation between the employer and employee

2. Mutual consultation of stakeholders at all levels
3. Reciprocal presentation to ensure fairness
4. Exchange of information to encourage transparency
5. Operational activities that are free from health hazard
CORE ELEMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR LAWS
 Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining
 Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour
 Elimination of discrimination in the workplace
 Abolition of child labour
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Success criteria:
 Explain the meaning of the term economic policy
 Describe different types of economic policies
 Explain the importance of economic policies for a developing nation
 Explain the meaning of the term economic sustainability
 Describe the roles of citizens in economic sustainability
 Explain indicators of economic sustainability
Definition:
 These are rules that describes how wealth should be generated for the benefits of all
citizens
 It is a course of action that is intended to influence or control the behavior of the economy
 It is the medicine given in order to cure a sick economy
AREAS THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY AN ECONOMIC POLICY

 Ways of taxation
 Government budgets
 The supply of money and interest rates
 Labour market
 The redistribution of income from the rich to the poor
 National ownership of properties
TYPES OF ECONOMIC POLICIES
They are two:

 Macroeconomic policies
 Microeconomic policies
MACROECONOMIC POLICIES;
Actions taken by the government that may affect the whole economy
Examples includes:-
1. Fiscal policy:
It is a system whereby the government adjusts its’ spending levels and tax rates, in order to
monitor and influence a nation’s economy
2. Monetary policy:
It is a process through which the monetary policy such as the Reserve Bank of Malawi
controls the supply of money by manipulating the interest rates for the purpose of economic
growth and price stability
3. Exchange rate policy:
It is concerned on how the value of the domestic currency relate with other major currencies
MICROECONOMIC POLICIES
Actions taken by the government that may affect a specific area of economy
Example:-
1. Privatization policy:
It a policy that is meant to sale out or change ownership of property from government to
private ownership in order to boost economy and income level of its citizens
IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC POLICIES FOR A DEVELOPING COUNTRY
a. Helps country to graduate from poverty to prosperity thus economic growth

b. It helps the country to use resources properly for the benefits of the next generation
c. It help stimulate trade and investment in a country
d. It help reduce government interference on the market and encourage private competition
that stimulate growth eg The coming in of private buses replacing the United Transport of
Malawi (UTM buses)
e. Generation of economy doesn’t compromise environmental protection hence ensures
enhance ensures economic sustainability
f. It helps a country to achieve its’ economic goals
Examples of economic goals:
 Economic growth,
 Full employment opportunities,
 Price stability,
 Poverty reduction etc.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
Its’ the process of maintaining economic growth of a country by abiding to proper policies
ROLES OF CITIZENS IN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
 Preference of quality than quantity in order to access better services

 Reduction of economic wastes through recycling objects
 Leading a sustainable life style by enhancing production through use of limited resources
 Engaging in fair trade that does not cause harm to the environment
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
 Recycling of wastes and waste product

 Reducing waste production
 Re-using of product in order to obtain maximum benefits
 Reduced pollution in order to make the environment free from hazards
 Improved and increased infrastructure development
 Controlled population growth in order to limit consumption of resources
 Reduced land degradation in order to increase production
 Combating climate change in order to reduce natural disasters eg drought
 Lowering the rate of inflation in order to make basic needs accessible
 Reduction in public sector borrowing and debts
 Growth in the GDP and GNP
PERSONAL FINANCES
Success criteria:
 Explain the meaning of the term personal finances

 Describe ways of managing personal finances
This is the money that is used by an individual to carry-out his activities or projects
PERSONAL FINANCE MANAGEMENT
It’s the manner in which an individual or family plans and manages their monetary resources
through budgeting saving and investing for future events
WAYS OF MANAGING FINANCES

1. Budgeting:
Setting aside money for particular activity such as school fees for the children
2. Savings:
It involves putting money in a bank in order to use it when a need arise in future
3. Investments:
It involves putting money in a business in order to see it growing. However investments
could be inform of infrastructure or keeping livestock for sale. Others may include
investments in Capital markets and Money markets such as Collective Investment Schemes,
Treasury Bills, Treasury Notes, Treasury Bonds and Commercial Paper
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Success criteria:
 Explain the meaning of the term financial institution
 Identify financial institutions in Malawi
 Describe the services offered by financial institutions
 Explain factors that hinder prospective customers from accessing financial services
 Describe challenges people face when dealing with financial institutions in Malawi
 Assess their contributions to development in Malawi
 Describe the rights of financial service consumers
 Explain the responsibilities of financial service consumers
 Describe the procedures in lodging a complaint against a financial institution
 Explain the meaning of the terms market forces
 Explain how market forces affect the financial industry
Definition of financial institution:

It is an establishment that conducts financial transactions such as investments, loans and deposits
SERVICES OFFERED BY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 Saving account
 Current account
 Loan account
 Insurance policies
 Personal schemes
 Investments
 Facilitating monetary payment and transfers
 Internet banking
EXAMPLES OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
1. Commercial bank
2. Credit Reference Bureaus
3. Stock Exchange Market

4. Insurance companies
5. Micro-finance institution
6. Savings & Credit cooperation (SACCO)
7. Money lenders
FACTORS HINDERING PEOPLE FROM ACCESSING FINANCIAL

SERVICES
 Collaterals associated with getting a loan

 High interest rate changed when accessing a loan
 High bank changes during monetary transactions
 Unavailability of services in remote areas
 Network failure that hinder monetary transaction in banks
 Lack of information on how to access financial services
CHALLENGES PEOPLE FACE WHEN DEALING WITH FINANCIAL

INSTITUTIONS
a. Lack of disclosure of all the information on charges done by a financial institution eg

interest rate, service charge etc
b. Poor customer care when accessing financial service
c. Financial fraud by some individual operating in the institution
d. Demands a lot of logistics such as filling forms and waiting for some time before a loan gets
approved
CONTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTION TO DEVELOPMENT
1. It has led to women empowerment through micro-finances eg FINCA, NABW

2. Access to loan facility which is used to invest in development projects
3. Accept savings from people for future investment
4. Provides capital for large-scale investment
5. Provide security to people’s funds
6. Promotes to the welfare of the citizens through Cooperate Social Responsibility (CSR)
HOW FINANCIAL INSTITUTION CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIAL CHANGE
1. Investment in permanent infrastructure and motor vehicle is made possible

2. Citizens are assured of social security at old age due to savings done eg Old Mutual, NICO life
etc
3. People graduate from poverty to a better standard of living through savings and
investments
4. People access things that were originally impossible due to little income, following savings
and access to loan facility
5. Investment in education becomes easier due to savings and borrowing

RIGHTS OF FINANCIAL SERVICE CONSUMERS
 Rights to clear and accurate information

 Right to disclosure of all costs and other related charge on financial products or services
 Rights to choose a financial institution of your choice
 Rights to complain on regularities concerning a products one is accessing
 Rights to be protected from any malpractice or fraud by a financial institution
RESPONSIBILITIES OF FINANCIAL SERVICE CONSUMERS
 Choosing a registered financial institution

 Understanding a financial contract before signing
 Keeping financial documents
 Giving correct information when entering into contract
 Making prompt repayment of loan
 Being alert to customer information
PROCEDURE IN LODGING A COMPLAINT AGAINST A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
a. Talk to the person you usually deal with as soon as possible eg Branch Manager
b. Explain the problem and state clearly what solution you want and tell them how you want
the problem fixed
c. You can make complaints through calling but however formal written complaints is better
d. Make sure you include your account, policy number or any kind of reference details for easy
tracing and also photocopy other relevant copies
e. If response given to you doesn’t satisfy you, you may decide to make your complaint
further through the registrar of financial institutions
f. If not satisfied with the Registrar of financial institutions you may decide to seek for a legal
counsel on the matter
MARKET FORCES
These are economic factors that affect the availability of goods or services and the demand for them
eg Demand and supply
Market forces have a bearing on the costs of goods and services being provided
HOW MARKET FORCES AFFECT FINANCIAL INDUSTRY
1. Interest rate charged;

If the interest rate charged is low, demand for money will rise. However, when the supply
of money is low, then some people may not access the service, hence affect economic
growth, on the other hand if supply keeps on rising matching with demand for money, then
a country will experience economic growth
2. Accessibility to financial services:

If financial services are accessible to all people in the country, then people will use them to
enhance their economic growth
3. Quality of financial services:
If the financial product is of high quality, it would attract more consumers than poor
products, for instance loans offering low interests and flexible repayment opportunities
would attract more customers.
INTERACTION OF MARKET FORCES (DEMAND AND SUPPLY)
High supply but low demand would result in low prices of goods and services, hence affect
the country’s economy negatively. On the other hand, high demand but low supply of goods
and services would result in a rise in the costs and hence affect economy negatively
Equilibrium of supply and demand:

It promotes economic development by stabilizing prices of goods and services and enhances
economic growth
POPULATION POLICY IN MALAWI
Success criteria:-
 Identify key elements of population policies of Malawi

 Explain the factors that influence the development of population policies in Malawi
 Identify practices that affects the implementation of the population policy in Malawi
 Suggest ways of eradicating the practices that affects the implementation of the
population policy in Malawi
 Identify programs for implementing the Malawi population policy
 Explain the importance of involving all stakeholders in the implementation of the
population policy
KEY ELEMENTS OF POPULATION POLICY
1. Demographic and family planning objective;

Aimed at;-
 Achieving a lower population growth rate
 Reduce early marriage
 Reduce unwanted pregnancy
 Slow down the high rate of urbanization
2. Information education and communication;
Aimed at:-
 Enhancing programs that increase awareness of population problems
 Increase access to information about contraceptives and benefits of small families
 Integrate population education in formal schools
 Increase access to quality, efficiency education systems
3. Gender and development ;
Aimed at:-
 Improving the status of women and the youth in all spheres of life and development
 Ensures food security and nutrition adequacy for mothers and children

4. Research and environment;
Aimed at:-
 Ensures availability and dissemination of demographic and employment data for
planning purposes
 Promotes environmental education among various population group in the country
 Improves the collection, analysis and dissemination of population data
disaggregated by gender
5. Employment objective;
Aimed at:-
 Improves entrepreneurial managerial and other relevant skills for country’s labor
for self-employment
 Enhances labor force for self-employment
 Enhances labor force absorption in all sphere of life
 Increases productive employment
 Increases more equitable distribution of resources
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT OF POPULATION POLICY IN

MALAWI
a. High fertility rate;

 The fertility rate of Malawi is at 6.7 births per woman within the child bearing age
which is regarded as the highest in the world against limited resources
b. Rapid population growth;
 This has been influenced due to reduced mortality rate and increasing fertility rate
c. High dependency rate;
 Malawi has a youthful population of more than 50% which is not economically
active hence bringing in the burden of survival on those working group
d. Pressure over land and social services;
 Overcrowding in schools, hospitals and lack of qualified teachers and doctors has
brought in more problems
e. Unemployment;
 The rate of job creation is much less than the rate of job seekers and therefore most
people remain unemployed
PRACTICES THAT AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POPULATION POLICY
a. Polygamy;
 This leads to rapid spread of HIV/AIDS whereby affecting population policy
b. Religious beliefs;
 Some religions prohibit the use of contraceptives and encourage bearing of many
children
c. Traditional and cultural practices;

 Such as the widow inheritance, bonus wife, hired man and ritual cleansing all these
may lead to the spread of HIV/ AIDS which may affect population policy
d. Initiation ceremony;
 Such practices may lead to unwanted pregnancy and my also risk young girls from
the HIV virus

e. Political and religious instability;
 People may decide to migrate to new location leading to overpopulation and under -
population in different places
f. Moral decay
 This contributes to unwanted pregnancy affecting population policy
ERADICATING PRACTICES AFFECTING POPULATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
a. Information education and communication;

 Message about family planning is being disseminated through posters drama,
entrainment etc
 Information about different contraceptives is given out
 Dangers about abortion and unprotected sex is being done
b. Research;
 To identify social cultural fertility and morbidity factors affecting population policy
 To compile statistics on such vital population matters on pregnancies, employment
birth and death rate etc.
c. Family planning service delivery
 Intensify knowledge of contraceptives
 Remove fears about contraceptives
 Increase number of service delivery available to all reproductive age group
d. Gender and development strategy
 Involves women at all levels of population programs
 Support measures to keep girl in education system
 Support the policy of equal pay for male and females
 Ensures a guarantee for maternity leave for women
e. Advocacy program
 Enhances change of policy program and legislation not in support of population
policy
 Create supportive environment for mobilizing resources to reach the target
STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF POPULATION POLICY
1. Empowerment of women, youth and local communities to negotiate for reproductive

health services
2. Environmental service delivery through sound management of the environment
3. Family planning service delivery through increased access
4. Public awareness campaign through IEC in order to help people make informed
decisions on population issues
5. Promotion of population and sexuality education in Schools in order to prevent teenage
pregnancies
6. Ensuring public awareness campaigns on the danger of some cultural practices
7. Empowering women with knowledge about their rights and supporting them financially
to be independent
8. Empowering local communities to support themselves and know their rights
9. Use of the legislature to enforce laws that defended the population policy and avoid
abuses of human rights

Review questions
1. State factors that have led to the development of population policy in the country
2. Identify elements of population policy in the country
3. What are the factors affecting the implementation of population policy in Malawi
4. Explain ways of eradicating factors affecting the implementation of population policy in the
country
PROGRAMS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POPULATION POLICY
Establishment of programs such as:-
1. Reproductive health programs:

Provides:-
 Family planning and counseling
 Prevention and appropriate treatment of infertility
 Treatment sexuality transmitted infection
 Prevent abortion
2. Safe motherhood programs:
Provides:-
 Promotes safe motherhood through network of health providers
 Provides reproductive health education and services for adolescents
 Reduces illness and death among women and infants
3. Information, education and communication programs:
 Raise an awareness and understanding about the importance of population issues
 Help couples to make the right decision on a number of children and child spacing
 Reaches out through radio TVM etc
 Bring awareness of population change and availability of resources and jobs
4. Advocacy programs
 Legislation of laws on population issues
AUDIENCE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POPULATION POLICY
1. Reproductive health programs:-

 This targets the youth within the child bearing age group of 15-45 years
2. Safe motherhood programs:-
 This targets women who are pregnant and those breastfeeding the young ones
3. Information, education and communication programs:-
 This sensitizes the general public on population issues
IMPORTANCE OF INVOLVING ALL STAKEHOLDERS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF

THE POPULATION POLICY (MULTI-SECTOR APPROACH)
 Population policy is multi-sector in nature; it may affect or be affected by

activities of a number of different Ministries.
Example:

Issues of rapid population growth may not only be caused by illiteracy but
may be an influence of cultural background, religious beliefs, political
influence among others
Some sake-holders who may need to be include:
 Developmental partners and cooperating

 Private sectors
 Academia and research institution
 Faith-based organizations
 Non-organizations and civil society
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mention programs government has established in implementation of population policy

2. Explain each strategy government has put in place in implementing population policy
3. State the target audience for each of the programs
4. Explain the importance of involving all sectors in population policy
CONTROLLING POPULATION GROWTH
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term ‘population control’

 Identify ways in which nature controls population growth
 Identify ways in which human beings control population growth
 Appreciate importance of controlling population growth
POPULATION CONTROL :-
 This refers to proper management of people in an area to match with available resources
WAYS OF CONTROLLING POPULATION GROWTH
There are two main ways:-
a) Natural method:
 Epidemics such as meningitis, HIV/AIDS, ebola virus kills many people within a
short period of time
 Droughts may result in food and water scarcity
 Famine caused by droughts may cause death of so many people due to crop failure
 Natural death due to old age
b) Man-made methods:
 Wars caused by human conflicts where weapons of mass destruction are used
leading to death

 Family planning methods where couples make efforts to regulate their birth
using contraceptives
IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING POPULATION GROWTH
1. Reduces overcrowding on social services delivery

 This would help the present social services to be adequate for the people
2. Avoids environmental degradation as people have enough land for cultivation of crops
 The pieces of land at present would be enough for the population and this would
help avoid cultivation of crops on steep slopes
3. Ensures availability of resources to cater for the population
 Resources available in the country would be enough for the growing population
4. Reduces unemployment as pressure on jobs decreases
 The rate at which jobs are being created would match with the growing population
and this may reduce unemployment
5. Promotes food security as people or farmers have enough land for cultivation of crops
 The size of the land may match with the size of the population hence farmers will
have enough land to grow food crops
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Give the meaning of the term ‘population control’

2. Discuss how nature controls population in the society
3. How does human beings control population growth world-wide
4. Explain the importance of population control in Malawi
DISCRIMINATION
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term discrimination

 Identify factors that contribute to discrimination
 Analyze case studies of discrimination
 Describe the effects of discrimination on the community
 Explain the efforts that are being taken to curb discrimination
DISCRIMINATION
 Its’ the unequal treatment of equal.

 Its’ the exclusion which has the purpose of impairing the recognition on equal footing of
human rights in one’s life
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DISCRIMINATION
 Racism; where some people believe in racial supremacy

 Ethnicity (tribalism); where some people have a strong sense of identity and may hate
people of other ethnic groups

 Gender inequality; where male seems to be dominating in decision making position and
underrate women
 Gender reference; where certain people are treated unfairly due to their sex, marital status
etc
 Ageism; where old people are being discriminated based on their age regarded as
witches/wizards and are often beaten up or chased away from the community
 Economic and social status; where those people who have wealth or have attained high
education may underrate or despise others of less wealth or education
 Religion; where there is intolerance due to differences in religious beliefs.
 Politics: those of a certain political party may discriminate other parties
REGIONAL CASE STUDIES OF DISCRIMINATION
(a) Racism in America;

 The KuKlux Klan of America believe in racial supremacy, over the black people and
believe that America was for whites not black slavery people. However laws are
being enforced to deal with racism
(b) Ethnocentrism (tribalism);
 This fosters hate of people of different ethnic groups. The Rwanda genocides where
the Hutus massacre the Tutsi and discriminated them in business and public office.
This got it’s climax with the clash of a plane carrying the Rwandan President
Habyarimana in 1994, where the Tutsi people were suspected and became victims
(c) Nationalism;
 This refers to feelings of patriotism, principle and effort that go with being a citizen
of a country. Foreign migrant are often seen as people who have come to exploit the
best of the country eg the Neo-Nazi of Germany where thousands of Jews where
killed
(d) The caste system of Hindu religion
 Where people were ranked in social class known as caste. The caste include the
following:-
 1st class Varna of Brahman (priestly)
 2nd class Varna of Kshatriyas (rulers or warriors) property owners
 3rd class Varna of varishyas (traders)
 4th / lower class Varna of Shudras (labors)
 Such groups or classes of people where not allowed to intermarry and each class
was supposed to serve a class superior to it
(e) Apartheid system in South Africa: Aimed at discriminating black from white in all social life
DISCRIMINATION & DEVELOPMENT
 Discrimination leads to reduced participation in development

 Discriminated people may react and result in instability and loss of property
 It may lead to unfair distribution of resources meant for development
 Discriminated people may not have access to education and employment hence may not
contribute well to development
 It may scare foreign investors and hence reduce development
EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON THE COMMUNITY

 it can retard development of the community because of less participants
 it can lead to unfair distribution of resources in the community
 it can deepen the poverty of other groups in the community
 it can widen the gap between the rich and the poor in the community
 it can lead to instability in the community
 it can promote criminal activities eg genocide and terrorism
 it may lead to oppression of some innocent groups of people in the community
CASE STUDY
People of Viyere village have vowed not take part in the molding of bricks to build a school block in
their area. They claimed that education authorities have been denying their children access to such
institutions by asking parents and guardians to pay high fees for their wards. Hence making their
effort useless, where such facilities were being used by children of rich guardians who do not even
belong to the community.
Activity
1. Explain how children of Viyere village were discriminated

2. Discuss with a classmate the effects of discrimination in the case study
3. Suggest proper channels the people of Viyere village were supposed to follow with their
grievance than damping tools for development
EFFORTS TO CURB DOWN DISCRIMINATION
(a) Ratification of Human Rights declaration by the Nations. The Charter of The United Nations
recognizes Rights of every distinct group
(b) Entrenchment of the bill of rights in constitution that suggest that all Laws must conform to
the constitution
(c) Establishment of institutions that promotes Human Rights eg Malawi Human Rights
Commission, CHRR etc
(d) denouncing acts of discrimination on grounds of political opinion
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the factors that enhances discrimination in the society

2. Explain regional case studies of discrimination world-wide
3. What are the effects of discrimination to the society
4. Describe ways that are being used to curb-down discrimination world-wide
GOVERNMENT OF MALAWI
Success criteria:-
 Describe the composition of the government of Malawi

 Explain the composition and functions of each organ of the central government
 Describe how central government sources it’s revenue

 Explain the term ‘local government’
 Identify local institutions
 Describe the composition of the local government
 Describe the composition of local government institutions
 Explain the functions of local government
 Describe how local government sources its’ revenue
 Identify statutory corporations in Malawi
 Describe the functions of various statutory corporations in Malawi
 Explain how statutory corporations sources their revenues
 Compare system of government in Africa and the world
COMPOSITION OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF MALAWI
It has three main branches:-
 Legislature
 Executive
 Judiciary
THE LEGISLATURE
 The body that make laws

 The main element in parliament
 Consists of the parliament and National Assembly
 Appoints the Speaker, his two Deputies and the Attorney General
THE EXECUTIVE
 Makes decisions about the day to day running of the country

 Oversees the day to day running of the government
 It’s headed by the President assisted by The Vice President and Cabinet ministers
THE JUDICIARY
 Responsible for the judiciary system of the country

 Makes sure that Laws passed by the parliament are followed.
 Ensures that the constitution is observed
FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
(a) Functions of the Legislature:

 To represent interest of people of Malawi
 To amend constitution under certain circumstances
 To approve budget of the government
 To scrutinize government actions on behalf of the citizens
 To debate on national issues
(b) Functions of the executives:

 To decide on objectives of the government and how to achieve them
 To initiate appropriate policies and legislation of the Laws
 To implement the Law through the civil service
 To provide various services to people through it’s ministries
(c) Functions of the Judiciary:
 To interpret and apply the laws
 To exercise it’s functions, powers and duties independently
 To protect the rights and liberties of the citizens
 To enforce and protect the constitution and all the laws
SOURCES OF REVENUE FOR THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
 Through the Malawi revenue authority (MRA)

 Road taxes and fines in courts
 Grants and loans from overseas
 Custom and exercise duty
 License and duties
 Other departmental receipts eg tuition fees from schools etc
 Commercial activities
 Building and rental fees
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Local government is a branch of the government that provides governance at local level.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION
An institution:
It’s any organization established to provide services to the general public
(a) District councils eg Nsanje, chitipa ,chikwawa etc

(b) Town councils eg Dedza, Salima, Karonga etc
(c) Municipality council eg. Luchenza, Kasungu etc
(d) City council eg Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba
FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 To promote infrastructure and economic development

 To present local developmental plan to national government.
 To consolidate and promote local democratic participation
 To mobilize resources within and outside the district
 To maintain peace and security in the district
 To make by-laws to facilitate it’s functions
 To cooperate with other district councils
 To perform other functions such as registration of birth and death

COMPOSITION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
 Elected members such as the mayor and his/her deputy

 Non-voting members such as the traditional authorities, members of parliament and
five others
 The chief executive officer eg The district commissioner
SOURCES OF REVENUE FOR THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
(a) Property rates eg fee on land and buildings

(b) Fees and license eg bottle stores
(c) Service charge eg fee on refuse collection, burials and health services
(d) Income generating activities (IGA) eg running rest houses and bottle stores
(e) Assistance form the central government
STATUTORY CORPORATIONS IN MALAWI
These are parastatal organizations or state enterprise legally approved by the act of parliament
to run business on behalf of the government.
EXAMPLES OF STATUTORY CORPORATIONS IN MALAWI
 Agriculture development marketing corporation

 Blantyre water board
 Malawi housing corporation
 Malawi institute of education
 University of Malawi
 Malawi national examination board
 Malawi bureau of standards
 Malawi broadcasting corporation
 National library
 Electricity supply commission of Malawi
 Petroleum control commission of Malawi
FUNCTIONS OF STATUTORY CORPORATIONS
1. To provide services such as education, electricity, housing, communication, information etc.

2. To train people in business
3. To control the quality of goods
4. To provide information on trade and goods
Note: each of the statutory corporation has specific functions it is suppose to perform.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State composition of the central government

2. Explain functions of each organ of the central government in Malawi
3. How does the central government sources its’ revenue in the country

4. Give the meaning of the term local government
5. Mention institutions of local government in Malawi
6. Explain the composition of institutions of local government
7. What are the functions of local government institutions
8. How does local government institutions obtain funds for it functions
9. Give examples of statutory corporations in the country
10. What are the functions of Statutory Corporations in Malawi
11. State ways statutory corporations sources its revenue
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Success criteria:-
 Identify principles of good governance

 Describe roles of various institutions that enhance good governance
GOOD GOVERNANCE :-
It’s the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a
country’s affairs at all levels in a participatory, transparent, accountable and effective manner.
CLASSIFICATION OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
(a) Economic governance:

 It involves the decision making process that affects a country’s economic activities
and it’s relationship with other economies
 It has a bearing on poverty and quality of life of individuals in the country
(b) Political governance:
 It involves decision making and policy formulation
(c) Administrative governance
 It’s a process of policy implementation
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
a) Public participation;
 It ensures that people take part in developmental work affecting their lives and that
priorities are based on people’s needs.
b) Transparency;
 It ensures that concerned people understand and monitor what is happening and
that government actions are more predictable
c) Accountability;
 It ensures that leaders are being responsible and answerable to people who elected
them into offices
d) Effectiveness and efficiency;
 It ensures that processes and institutional procedures meet the needs of the people
timely
e) Separation of powers;
 It ensures independence of each branch of the government and avoids interference

f) Checking of abuse of power;
 It ensures that each of the branch of the government is open monitor by the civil
society and other independent bodies
g) Establishment of institution that enhance good governance
 Such as the Law commission, office of ombudsman, human rights commission etc
h) The rule of law;
 It ensures fairness among citizens and that no one is regarded above the law
ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE
(k) The legislative (parliament/ National Assembly):

 Enact laws
 Represent the will of people
 Promotes rule of law
(l) The judiciary
 Interpret the law
 Protect and enforce laws
 Uphold the rule of law
 Ensures protection of human rights
(m) The electoral commission
 Ensures independence and transparent in election of people into public offices
 Conducts registration of voters
 Ensures equal treatment of competing parties
(n) Audit office
 Check fraud and error in financial statements
 Communicate findings of audit to management
 Promotes transparency and accountability
(o) The office of the ombudsman
 Investigate cases of abuse and injustice
 Promotes the rule of law
(p) The anti-corruption bureau
 Fighting against corruption
 Provides civic education on danger of corruption
 Investigate cases of corruption
(q) The civil society organizations
 Raise awareness of danger of corruption
 Mobilize political will to reform
 Provide balance on government powers to avoid abuse of office
 Monitor social abuses
(r) The media
 Promotes transparent and accountability
 Fight against abuse of power
 Promotes oversight of public and private institutions
(s) The human rights organizations
 Investigates human rights abuse
 Ensures government uphold constitution, and other agreed upon international
conventions

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mention principles of good governance in democratic government

2. Give examples of institutions of good governance in Malawi
3. Explain functions of each institution of good governance
TOPIC : TAXATION
Success criteria:
 Explain the process of registering for tax

 Explain the importance of registering for tax
 Assess the importance of keeping business records for tax purposes
 Describe the importance of declaring and paying correct amount of tax
 Explain importance of tax audit
 Describe tax offenses and penalties
 Explain the meaning of the terms tax exemption and tax incentive
 Identify different forms of tax exemption and incentive
 Explain the meaning of the term tax agreement
 Examine the impact of tax agreement on national development
 Describe the roles of taxation in development
 Identify challenges of revenue collection that affect sustainable development
DOCUMENTS INVOLVED IN TAX REGISTRATION
 VAT registration forms

 Income tax registration forms
 Pay As You Earn (PAYE) registration forms
 Withholding tax registration forms
 Business registration forms
 Business permit for foreigners
All forms should be filled appropriately in order for tax collecting body to perform their duties
easily
IMPORTANCE OF REGISTERING FOR TAX
 It helps the government to plan well on the delivery of social services

 It helps the government to predict the amount of money it would collect over a specific
period
 It help the government to know the number of business and types of business institutions
that are operating in the country in order to protect them from external competitors
 It helps the government to meet its social obligation to the general public
 It is a sign of patriotism of people to their country
 It enhances socio-economic development of a country through delivery of quality services
TYPES OF BUSINESS RECORDS FOR TAX PURPOSES

 Receipt for payments
 Cash sale for all sales done
 Invoice for goods that have been delivered
 Payment vouchers
 Pay slip for employment
REASONS FOR DE-REGISTERING FOR TAX
 Closure of business
 Natural disaster affecting the business
 Changing venture
 Running a business at a loss
 The owner living the country for good
 The business operating in the country against set standards by CAMA or MBS
IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING RECEIPTS & OTHER BUSINESS RECORDS FOR TAX

PURPOSES
 Avoid overpayment or double payment of tax

 For easy follow-upon tax payment
 Reduces stress that is associated missing or misplaced documents that may be required by
tax bodies
 Reduces fraud in tax collecting body
 It helps one to operate business without fear of unknown
DOCUMENTS FOR DECLARING & PAYMENTS OF TAX
 Declaration forms 12 & 47

 Income tax returns
 Value added tax returns
 PAYE returns
 Withholding tax returns
IMPORTANCE OF DECLARING & PAYMENT OF CORRECT AMOUNT

OF TAX
 It shows high level of integrity in business

 It shows patriotism to own country
 It helps the government to collect the correct amount of tax
 It helps the government to plan well and budget for its activities to the public
 It reduces stress associated with cheating when auditors come for checking
 It protect one from penalties imposed by tax bodies for cheating
AUDITING

TAX AUDIT
It a process of trying to find-out compliance with tax payment by business
IMPORTANCE OF TAX AUDITING
 To identify business compliance with tax laws

 To identify tax defaulters and report them to relevant authorities for action
 To assess tax collected by a collecting body
 To find-out if correct amount of tax is being collected by the tax bodies
 To find-out if all taxable items are being taxed correctly
The difference between TAX OFFENCE and TAX PENALTY
Tax offence refers to a crime committed by an individual for failing to tax on taxable goods or
services, while tax penalty is a punishment that follows noncompliance of an individual with tax
laws
TAX OFFENCES
 Failure to register for tax by an institution or entrepreneur

 Failure to keep records for tax
 Late filling of tax returns
 Failure to submit tax returns
 Failure to pay tax on due date
 Presentation of fake tax documents to tax collecting bodies
 Delay in payment of tax
 Payment of incorrect tax
 Smuggling of goods or services in evading tax
 Under valuing and under-declaring of goods and services
DEFINITION OF TAX INCENTIVE & EXEMPTION
Tax incentive:
These are things that tax payer would enjoy after paying his tax regularly eg reduced tax, tax waver,
grace period, protection of his business by the authority
Tax exemption:
These are items or things that are not taxable or tax free goods and services as determined by the
tax enforcing body
FORMS OF TAX EXEMPTI ON OR INCENTIVES
1. Individual:

One whose income falls below minimum taxable category is exempted from paying tax
2. Business/companies:
A new investment company or an existing business which shows signs of compliance or
willingness to pay tax may be given a grace period or tax waver in case of an existing
investment
3. Non-governmental organization (NGO):
Non-profit making organizations that provide humanitarian aid, qualify for exemption from
tax
4. Religious Organization:
The religious institutions whose income is not stable and are aimed at saving the poor
people are exempted from tax
5. Member of parliament (MP) and Ministers:
Law makers who decide on ways of generating wealth for the country are exempted from tax
on certain goods or services
6. The State President:
Being the Head of State enjoys some benefits befit him or her as the 1st citizen such as
exemption from tax on certain goods and services
7. Diplomats:
Freed from tax because they are not directly beneficiaries of taxes in the country of
residence
TAX AGREEMENT +
It’s an agreement that is made between the tax payer and the tax collecting body (MRA)as to when
tax payment should be done and the percentage taxable
FORMS OF TAX AGREEMENTS
 Bilateral agreement
 Regional tax agreement
 International tax agreement
 Double taxation agreement
IMPACT OF TAX AGREEMENTS ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 Reduced revenue collection due to reduction of the tax base

 Promotion of trade and investment
 Avoidance of double taxation
 Promote proper planning and budgetary for National development
 Facilitates movement of capital and technology on joint investments between countries
 Encourages tourism and bilateral trade between countries when tax exemption is
implemented
 It provides equal taxation treatment to investors in the concerned countries

ROLES OF TAXATION IN DEVELOPMENT
a. Supports social development such as roads, boreholes, markets

b. Promotes people’s standards of living by having access to social services
c. Creates employment opportunities to those employed in the tax collecting body (MRA)
d. Reduces the gap between the rich and the poor by ensuring access to essential services
CHALLENGES OF REVENUE COLLECTION THAT AFFECT

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
a. Delay in payment of tax

b. Defaulter in payment of tax
c. Non-compliance with tax agreement
d. Under-valuing of goods and services
e. Under-payment of tax
f. Under-declaration of goods by some importers
g. Smuggling of goods and services by some individuals
h. Under-invoicing of goods by some importers in order to pay less tax
INDICATORS OF GENDER BALANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Success criteria:-
 Describe indicators of gender balance

 Explain the role of gender platform of action in promoting gender balance
 Appreciate the importance of gender balance in development
INDICATORS OF GENDER BALANCE
Life expectancy of men and women (the average age at which men and women are expected to die)
 The adult literacy rate for men and women

 Educational enrolment for male and female
 The percentage of female member of parliament
 Similarity of marriage age of male and female
 Equality in holding important religious positions
 Equality before the law and in human rights
 Equality in the task of bringing up children in families
 Equality in decision making positions eg. managerial posts
GENDER PLATFORM OF ACTION
 Its’ the removal of all obstacles to women’s active participation in all sphere of life eg
economic, social, politics and culture.
 Its’ the increased implementation of strategies for the advancement of women.
 The Beijing platform of action was developed in 1995

 The Malawi Gender platform of action was adopted in 1997
THE ROLES OF GENDER PLATFORM OF ACTION
a. Promoting equal opportunities in politics, education and employment

b. Removal of some cultural beliefs and practices that discriminate against women
c. Promoting respect of human rights for women
d. To increase agricultural credit provision to women farmers
e. To eliminate sexual harassment in the place of work
f. To increase women access to better nutrition
g. To increase women participation in formal employment
h. To improve access to land for women and disabled persons
i. To eliminate all forms of exploitation against women in all work places
j. To make policies of the ministry of agriculture more gender sensitive.
THE IMPORTANCE OF GENDER BALANCE IN DEVELOPMENT
 Promotes equal contribution to development

 Promotes equal access to resources
 Promotes equal contributions to decision making positions
 Promotes respect for other people’s ideas
 Enhance socio-economic development of the country with increased participation
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the indicators of gender balance in Malawi

2. Give the meaning of gender Platform of Action
3. Identify roles of gender Platform of Action in the country
4. Explain the importance of gender balance on the development of a country
POPULATION & SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Success criteria:-
 Identify institutions that deal with guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS

 Explore different methods of guiding and counseling HIV/AIDS patients and guardians
 Explain the importance of counseling HIV/AIDS patients and guardians
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING:-
Its’ a face to face communication between a person with a problem and one trying to help solve it.
Counseling provides people with information and helps them cope with difficult decision or with
effects of a disease.
TYPES OF COUNSELING:

a. Pre-test counseling;
 This is done before one is tested for HIV
 It helps one to prepare for the out come of the results
b. Post-test counseling;
 This is done after the blood test are known and is done depending on the results of
the outcome
 If one tests negative he/she is told to continue protecting himself or herself to avoid
infection
 If one test positive he/she is told to avoid further infection and infecting others.
c. Continuous counseling;
 This is done as a follow-up of the patient tested positive to comply with treatment
being given e.g. ARVs
INSTITUTIONS THAT DEALS WITH GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING ON HIV/AIDS
 Public and private hospitals

 Banja la Mtsogolo
 Drop in centers
 Plan International Malawi
 Community Based Care organizations
 Malawi AIDS Counseling and Resource Organization
METHODS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING FOR HIV/AIDS PATIENTS AND

GUARDIANS
 Visits by home based care supervisors

 Using peers
 Persons to person approach
 Use of hospital based counselors
 Community based care approach
IMPORTANCE OF PROVIDING COUNSELING FOR HIV/AIDS TO PATIENTS AND

GUARDIANS
a) It diffuses fear and anxiety

 The disease is associated with no treatment and death and hence patients may be
afraid of dying, in this case caring for them would reduce the fear
b) It encourages moral support
 Some patients may feel that they are being punished for a sin they committed hence
care would help diffuse such thoughts
c) Help one to accept reality
 Being tested HIV positive is associated with a sense of denial which may often lead
to suicide hence care would help accept the situation
d) Helps reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS
 One may learn to take care for himself and others and may control his sexual
activities
e) Promotes confidence and independence of patients

 It offers hope of long life even though infected
f) Offers hope and affirmation
 Assures the patient that he would recover from the disease
g) Help one to plan for his life and children
 One may decide to make a ‘will’ and make proper handover of things for his
children.
CONSEQUENCES OF LACK OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING FOR HIV/AIDS

INFECTED PATIENTS AND GUARDIANS
 Promotes feelings of depression, anxiety anger and grief

 Patients will not change his risky behavior
 Patients may not eat a well-balanced diet
 Patients may committee suicide
 One may not plan for his life well
 Guardians may fail to provide proper care and support to patients
 Guardians may get infected in the process of providing care
 It help reduce stigma and discrimination of HIV/AIDS patients
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State institutions that provides guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS in Malawi

2. Identify methods of providing guidance and counseling to HIV/AIDS patients
3. What is the importance of providing guidance and counseling to patients and guardians
POPULATION & SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
(Caring for S.T.I including HIV/AIDS patients)
Success criteria:-
 Explain the importance of caring for STD, HIV/AIDS patients

 Suggest ways of caring for STD, HIV/AIDS patients
 Explain the importance of hospitalization and home based care for HID/AIDS patients
 Explain ways of avoiding contracting STD, HIV/AIDS when caring for patients
IMPORTANCE OF CARING FOR STD AND HIV/AIDS PATIENTS
a. Promotes a sense of belongingness

 The patient may still develop a sense of being part of the family as they receive the
care
b. Ensures smooth handover of official task and benefits
 He or she may have a sense of trust on the caregiver and hence entrust him with
part of his work
c. Provides a source of hope
 Caring for patients improves their health and hence gives them hope of prompt
recovery

d. Prolong one’s life
 The patient may live for a long time before he or she dies if he is receiving better
care
e. Helps patients feel more confident and positive
 The patient may be optimistic that he will soon be alright
WAYS OF CARING FOR STD AND HIV/AIDS PATIENTS
 Support by guardians and other care takers in hospital or at home could be by providing
nutritious food and other basic necessities
 Encourage the patient to take early treatment whenever sick
 Helps him do physical exercises
 Provides emotional support such as chatting with the patient
 Providing spiritual and moral support such as praying with them
IMPORTANCE OF HOME BASED CARE
 Reduces costs of hospitalization

 Reduces overcrowding in hospitals
 Patients are assured of the right type of food they need
 Relatives are free to carry out other duties more easily
 Promotes as assurance of love and affection from relatives
IMPORTANCE OF HOSPITAL BASED CARE
 Ensures full course treatment and avoids re-infection

 Promotes easy monitoring of patients progress
 Minimizes re-infection with HIV/AIDS or STD
 Exposes the patients to specialists attention
 Reduces burden to guardians in providing care to patients
 Helps prolong patients’ life
WAYS TO AVOID CONTRACTING HIV/AIDS OR STD WHEN PROVIDING CARE
 Wearing gloves/plastic paper when bathing the patient

 Blood stained clothes to be washed with disinfectants
 Covering wounds with bandage that are clean
 Cleaning any wound/cut with salty water
 Avoid having premarital sex or unprotected sex
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the importance of providing care and support to HIV/AIDS patients

2. Mention ways of providing care and support to HIV/AIDS patients
3. Give the importance of providing home based care and hospital based care to HIV/AIDS
patients
4. Discuss ways of avoiding contracting HIV/AIDS when providing care for patients

POPULATION & SOCIAL BEHAVIOR (DRUG& SUBSTANCE ABUSE)
Specific objectives:-
 Describe the effects of drug and substance abuse to the individual and the family
 Explain the cause of drug and substance abuse
 Explain the impact of drug and substance abuse on development
 Suggest ways of avoiding the effects of drug and substance abuse
 Suggest ways of curbing drug and substance abuse
DRUG ABUSE:-
 Drug and substance abuse normally leads to addiction and dependency on the drug
 Drug abused is also associated with illegal prescription
 Drugs and substances that can be abused include cocaine, alcohol, tobacco to, marijuana and
steroids.
CAUSES OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE
 Increased peer pressure and low self esteem

 Lack of strong mental/emotional resources against stress and anxiety
 Increased accessibility of the drugs to individuals
 Lack of family support and failure of parental supervision
 Excess free time and idleness
 Children born from parents abusing the drug and substance are also likely to abuse it
EFFECTS OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE ON AN INDIVIDUAL
 It may lead to mental illness

 It may predispose to lung cancer
 It may contribute to impotence
 One may lose job if found abusing substance at work
 It may predispose one to HIV/AIDS infection
 It may lead to poverty as one uses money to secure the drugs
EFFECTS OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE ON THE FAMILY
 Loss of relations due to aggressiveness

 Loss of money to buy basic needs for the family
 Low productivity of family
 It may lead to infection with HIV/AIDS as a husband or wife is not likely to use a condom

IMPACT OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE ON DEVELOPMENT
1) Loss of well trained people due to HIV infection and mental illness;
 This would mean less participants in the development of a country as some people
die from the disease
2) Pressure on health services seeking for treatment;
 This entails mean more money needed to purchase drugs than developing the
country
3) Increased dependency rate and distortion of the age-se structure high dependency rate;
 this translate in more people who are idle or inactive in development and may need
support
4) Increased in juvenile delinquency and increased crime;
 This would mean increased indiscipline, riots and vandalism whereby development
would be pulled down
5) Increased orphan-hood
 More resources channeled towards assisting people who are idle that investing in
development
6) Low participation in developmental work
 Sick people may not actively take part in the development of the country they often
miss many working days hence affects development
WAYS OF AVOIDING THE EFFECTS OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
 Civic education on dangers of drug abuse

 Follow drug prescription properly
 Learn to say no to peer pressure
 Avoid situations where people abuse drugs and substances
 Being engaged in productive occupation to avoid idleness
 Parents should refrain from using drugs and substances in presence of children
CASE STUDY
Maria a form two student at Vyasasa Secondary school had friends, who advised her to start smoking
chamba. They told her that chamba was good because it would increase her study period and pass
exams with good grades. When Maria started smoking chamba, she found that she could spend the
whole night studying, but could not remember anything during exams; she got confused and became
mentally disturbed
Activity
1. Discuss what led Maria to start smoking chamba

2. Explain how chamba smoking affected Maria’s future
3. Suggest proper advice that could be given to Maria to improve her performance during exams
WAYS OF CURBING DOWN DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
a. Providing civic education on its dangers

 This would help impart the youth with relevant knowledge on how drug abuse may
affect them

b. Being engaged in productive occupation
 This would help the youth not to have time to concentrate on abusing the drug
c. Seeking for guidance and counseling
 This provides the youth with the right information from experts to avoid being
misinformed by their peers on effects of drug abuse
d. Proper supervision of parents on their children
 This would assist in controlling the behavior of the children and learn norms of the
society
e. Use of medication that reduces the addiction
 Such drugs can only be effective if one is committed to stop abusing drugs and
substances eg Naltrexone
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the effects of drug and substance abuse to an individual and the family
2. Explain the impact of drug and substance abuse on the development of the country
3. Give ways of avoiding the effects of drug and substance abuse
4. Identify ways of curbing down effects of drug and substance abuse in the society
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
Success criteria:-
 Explain the meaning of the term ‘responsible parenthood’

 Identify qualities of responsible parenthood
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD:-
 It’s parents who are able to provide for the needs of their children holistically ie
physically, spiritually emotionally and academically
QUALITIES OF RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
(a) Providing physical needs such as food, shelter and clothing

(b) Socializing children by teaching them what is right and avoid wrong things
(c) Providing education to the children
(d) Teaching children norms and beliefs of the family and society
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Give the meaning of responsible parenthood

2. Describe qualities of responsible parenthood in the society
UNIVERSAL ETHICAL & MORAL VALUES

Specific objectives:-
 Identify social and ethical values for international life

 Explain how these values contribute to international cooperation
 Explain the importance of social and ethical values to international cooperation
SOCIAL VALUES;
Its’ an idea or belief that people belonging to a particular group or society hold in respect or high
esteem eg cooperation, unity love humility etc
ETHICAL VALUES;
 It’s a general idea, practice or belief which influence the way a particular group of people or
society to consider good or bad behavior.
 Laws that identify various crimes such as rape, murder, theft, fraud help guide the way
people should behave in a society.
EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL AND ETHICAL VALUES
(a) Respecting and appreciating other people’s culture

(b) Respecting other people’s rights
(c) Freedom of worship
(d) Respect of the rule of law
(e) Respect for international health
(f) Racial and ethical equality
(g) Sympathy and empathy
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL AND ETHICAL VALUES FOR INTERNATIONAL

COOPERATION
(a) Promotes peace and unity of people around the world

(b) Enhance cultural exchange and multiculturalism
(c) Promotes security as people are guided by the law of the land
(d) Reduces human suffering world-wide as people in need receives timely support
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mention social and ethical values for international Life

2. Discuss the contributions of Social and Ethical values to international cooperation
3. Explain the importance of Social and Ethical values to international cooperation
INTERNATIONAL PEACE INITIATIVES
Success criteria:

 Identify international peace initiatives
 Explain the success and failure of international peace initiative
EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE INITIATIVES
1. The Versailles Peace Treaty

 It was formed in 1919 by four countries that include the USA, Britain, France
and Italy.
 It imposed harsh terms on Germany that include:-
 Surrendering it’s territories
 Disarmament of all its’ military forces
 Withdrawn from any international conference
2. The United Nations
 All countries that fought during the second world war decided to form
another world body to replace the failed league of nations
3. The Middle East Peace Initiative
 The 1st step was done in 1978 by the USA
 Israel and Egypt signed the “Camp of David Accord” and Egypt recognized
Israel as a state
 A series of peace initiative were drawn in the Middle East
4. The Democratic Republic of Congo peace Initiative
 In 1999 the UN intervened to bring peace in Congo after the 1998 war
 A Lusaka Peace Accord was signed
ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACE INITIATIVES
SUCCESS:-
 The UN is still controlling wars and bring peace around the world eg The Iraq and Kuwait
conflicts
 The formation of the UN lead to the end of the 2nd world war
 Good policies of the UN have avoided the formation of the 3rd world war
 The end of Apartheid in South Africa and Discrimination in USA in an indicator of success in
peace initiatives
FAILURE:-
 Frequent outbreak of civil wars in DRC despite peace initiatives

 There are still conflicts in the middle east despite UN intervention
 Acts of terrorism and border conflicts in Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea is an indicator of
failure
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are the causes of international conflict

2. Give the effects of international conflict on development
3. Mention international organizations that assist in conflict resolution

4. State examples of international peace initiatives to curb conflicts
5. Explain the success and failure of international peace initiatives
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Success criteria:
 Define the term social justice

 Identify organizations that promote social justice internationally
 Describe the role of international organizations in promoting social justice
 Assess the success and failure of international organizations that promote social justice
 Describe the importance of promoting social justice in the world
 Explain the role of the international Court of justice
 Examine the role of the International Court of Justice
 Examine the role of the international police (Interpol) in promoting social Justice
 Describe the role of the Amnesty International in promoting Social Justice
 Explain the role of the United Nations in promoting Social Justice
 Explain the role of the International Criminal Court in promoting social Justice
SOCIAL JUSTICE:
 It is an attempt to address fairness in access and distribution of opportunities as well as

when offenders in the society are brought to court using acceptable legal system.
 It is fairness in access and distribution of opportunities
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
(a) Like cases to be treated alike:

People who have committed similar offence should face the same type of judgment
(b) Different cases should be treated differently
People who have committed different offense should also face different judgment
(c) Rules of natural justice should be applied or observed when passing judgment
 Natural justice should be considered universal
 Using the same principle all over
 Being considered innocent until proved so by a competent court of law
 Both parties being given a chance to be heard
 Not being judged over someone’s case
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING SOCIAL JUSTICE
 The International Court of Justice situated in the Hogue of Netherlands

 United National Organisations (UNO)
 The International Police (Interpol)
 The Amnesty International
 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)
 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

 The League of Nations
ASSESSING THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF ORGANIZATIONS IN PROMOTING

SOCIAL JUSTICE
SUCCESS:-
 Apartheid in South Africa has come to an end

 The end of the gulf war in 1991
 Use of nuclear weapons are still under control
 Banning on the use of land mines
 The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 led to the end of the 2nd world war
FAILURES:-
 Conflicts in Sudan are still taking place

 Conflicts in the Middle East
 Conflicts in the DRC despite the signing of the Lusaka Peace Accord
 Poverty and death due to HIV/AIDS
 Acts of terrorism taking place around the world
HOW ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTES SOCIAL JUSTICE WORLD-WIDE
(b) Monitoring social injustice in the world through the Amnesty International
(c) Court trial for acts of social injustice through the arm of the UN eg The Hague’s International
Court of Justice
(d) Exposing social injustice in the Media through reports published by the Amnesty
International
(e) Lobbying for international action against countries that promotes social injustice by giving
sanctions
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROMOTING SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE WORLD
1) Make the world a safe place for all

 Diffuses fear of criminal acts
2) Promotes equality and fair treatment for all
 People are treated fairly regardless of race, ethnic or country origin
3) Reduces economic disparities
 Wealth is distributed fairly across the world
4) Resources are allocated fairly
 Resources such as finances are allocated based on needs of people cross the world
5) Promotes equal opportunities
 There is equal opportunities in all sphere of life i.e. political, economic, socio-cultural and
technological
6) Promotes peace and security
 There are no conflicts and people live peacefully

7) Promotes respect of human rights
 The universal declaration of human rights in 1948 by the UN is being adhered to
8) Promotes equal participation in development
 Development may only be effective if all concerned parts join hands and social justice
may help motivate people to take part.
ROLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
(It is made up of 15 Judges)
 It makes legal decisions about disputes arising between countries

 It deal with international criminals such as drug trafficking
 It handles political killing such as genocide in different countries
 Provides justice to international violation of human rights
THE INTERNATIONAL POLICE (INTERPOL)
 It crackdown drug trafficking car-jacking, smuggling of goods, and child trafficking

 Handles cross border criminals in bringing culprits to justices
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
 Investigate human rights violation world-wide and publishes reports to relevant authority
eg UNO
 It has representatives in different countries that report any cases of human rights violence
UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATIONS (UNO)
 Tries international cases of social injustice through the Hague of Netherlands International
court
 Deals with border disputes
 Aimed at reducing poverty through institutions such as WFP, World Bank, IMF etc
 Maintains world peace by dealing with conflict at an early stage
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
 Deals with willful killings of people eg terrorists

 Texture of human being or inhuman treatment
 Intensive destruction and pollution of the environment
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What are causes of social injustice in the world

2. Explain the effects of social injustice to an individual, community and the Nation
3. Discuss ways of eradicating social injustice in the community and the Nation

4. Identify the importance of promoting social justice at school
5. Give the success and failure of international bodies in promoting social justice
TOPIC : SOCIAL SERVICES
Success criteria:
 Identify critical issues relating to the provision of social services

 Explain how the critical issues affect development
 Explain the need for safeguarding the environment in the provision of social service
 Explain the need for caring for social services
 Describe critical issues related to the provision of social services
 Explain how critical issues in the provision of social services affect development
 Describe the work of renown people in the provision of social services
CRITICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL SERVICE PROVISION
a. Availability of social services

 Very few school block for pupils
 Shortage of teachers and doctors
 Shortage of hospitals to provide care
 Very few people have access to sanitary services such as safe water
b. The type of social service
 For social development to take place there is need for different types of social
services to cater for the needs of people
 The right type of social service should be available for the needs of people
c. Quality for social services:
 The totality of function characteristic of a product must satisfy the needs of users
 Services should be provided by the right qualified personel or professional to meet
needs of users
 The interpersonal aspect such as the treatment by providers the quality of social
services
d. Accessibility of social services;
 For social service to be useful to people they need to be able to access them easily
 Failure to access a social service hinders social economic development
 Other factors that may hinder accessibility could be social – cultural aspects
e. Affordability of social services;
 Most people will not benefit from the social service if it is too expensive
 Social development will be minimum if people cannot afford to pay for the services
f. Care for social services;
 This ensure good quality service delivery
 Sav money on maintenance and the save money could be used for developmental
projects
 Ensure long lasting of the service

EFFECTS OF CRITICAL ISSUES ON THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL
SERVICES
 Partiality on social service delivery

 Discriminated people may not see a need to take part in the development of country
 Inaccessible
 A number of people may be left out hence may not take part in the development of
the country
 Inadequate
 This may cause pressure over the limited services available as such this may affect
the sustainability of the service
 Poor quality
 People may not acquire relevant skills to participate in development of a country
THE IMPACT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON SOCIAL SERVICES

PROVISION
1. Increased pressure over social services

 There would be more people who need the social service than what the social
service can cater for
2. Lowers the quality of social services
 Due to high demand but limited services, some people may be left out or may not be
able to access adequate social services, resulting in poor social service delivery
3. Shortage of qualified doctors and teachers
 Every doctor or teacher has a specific number of patients or students he can
adequately serve, but if the go beyond that limit then other people may be left out
4. Strain on ability to maintain peace and security by police
 Rapid population growth is often associated with increased criminal activities, this
would give pressure on the law enforcers to maintain peace and order
5. Shortage of transport, housing and medicine due to high demand
 Rapid population growth does not only affect only one aspect of social development
but has effects on all social service delivery where they would be inadequate to
cater for the population
SAFEGUARDING THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL

SERVICES
a. Planting trees where they have been destroyed following the construction of an
infrastructure such as office blocks
b. Avoiding pollution of the environment by unnecessary dumping of waste products
c. Avoid use of industrial gases that may destroy the ozone layer
d. Proper treatment of industrial waste before discharging them into a river (uranium
products)
e. Use of renewable resources to avoid depletion of resources such as use of HEP for lighting
than gen-set that uses petroleum products

WELL KNOWN PERSONALITY ON SOCIAL SERVICE
a. Henry Dunant;
 Born in Geneva 8th May 1828
 Founder of red cross/ crescent movement
 Red cross idea development in 1859 after the bloody battle in solferino (Italy)
where soldiers were wounded and lacked treatment
 The red cross founded in 1863 by Dunant and others in Geneva
b. Jairos Jiri
 Founded the Jairos Jiri Association for Rehabilitation of the Disabled and the Blind
 Brought in 20 blind, crippled and poor people for training in various skills in
Zimbabwe (1951)
 Today the Association cares for more than 50% of disabled people in Zimbabwe
c. Mother Teresa (1910 – 1997)
 Born in 1919 of Albanian parents
 Roman catholic nun devoted his care for the poorest people
 She was given the name “saints of the Gutters”
 Founded a congregation .of sisters known as “missionaries of charity” in Calcutta
 Her congregation made those suffering feel loved, wanted and cared for
d. Jimmy Cater
 President of the USA
 Committed himself to social justice and basic human rights
 His ideas lead to the formation of “Habitat for humanity International”
 His organization is aimed at improving standards of living by constructing better
houses
 Habitat for Humanity began in 1984
 Each year Jimmy and Rosalyn Cater give a week of building homes and raising an
awareness of critical need for affordable housing
e. Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910)
 Born in Italy on 12th May 1820
 A pioneer of nursing and hospital sanitation methods
 1854 took 38 nurses to assist the sick and wounded during the British and Turkey
 Improved sanitation in places where wounded soldiers were kept
 Improved sanitation in military hospitals and reduced death rate
 After the “Crimean war” she returned to England and become a “Public Figure” in
1856
 Established a number of nursing school
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain critical issues on the provision of social services in the country

2. How does critical issues on provision of social services affect development
WORLD COOPERATION
Success criteria:

 Explain how world cooperation is fostered
 Identify areas of world cooperation
 Describe factors that foster world cooperation
 Identify prominent personalities that have contributed in facilitating world cooperation
 Describe international interventions to promote and preserve world cooperation
 Explain the importance of world cooperation
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO WORLD COOPERATION
1. Establishment of international organization such a the UN, SADC, EU and the ECOWAS;
 These organizations helps countries to relate well with each other as members from
the same body
 For instance the UN relates well with member states by sending peace Keeping
forces to maintains peace in conflicting countries
2. Ratifying (agreeing)international protocol (rules) and conventions;
 This help government to stick to what they have originally agreed upon and help
live peacefully eg the banning of use of C.F.C gas
3. Economic interdependence;
 Government around the world assist each other and share resources and technology
which creates a friendly atmosphere
4. Sharing common political ideologies;
 Countries who share the same political ideologies cooperation with each other eg
communist countries are always ready to assist each other politically on the other
hand democratic countries assist each other politically too
PROMINENT PERSONALITIES IN FACILITATING WORLD COOPERATION
1. Martin Luther King (Racial Harmony)

 Pushed for racial equality in 1950 and 1960 in the U.S.A
 Legislation was passed to end racial segregation in public facilities and expand
voting rights
 Got a Nobel Peace prize in 1964 for his vigorous fight for justice and peace for all
people
 Born in 1929 and got killed in 1968
2. Ngwazi Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda (Malawi) contact and dialogue;
 born in Kasungu in 1906 and studied medicine in the U.S.A
 Had an exile office in London
 Returned to Malawi in 1958 where he led Malawi to independence in 1964
 Advocated for “contact and dialogue to end conflict
3. Mahatma Gandhi (Non-violence fight)
 Born in India in 1869
 Studied Law in England
 Developed a creed of passive resistance against injustice
 Used to pray and fast so as to end violence
 Led India to independence in 1947
 Was killed in January 1948
4. Kwame Nkuruma (Pan Africanism);

 Born in 1909 I Ghana
 Active in “Pan African Movement which demanded freedom and independence for
African colonies
 Became the 1st black African leader in Ghana 1957 during its’ independence
5. Nelson Mandela (human rights activists and reconciliatory)
 Born in South Africa in 1918
 Openly opposed to apartheid rule in RSA
 Spend 27 years in prison fighting for freedom
 Worked hard to bring reconciliation of different races in South Africa
 Is the greatest human rights activist and reconciliatory
6. Desmond Tutu (racial harmony);
 Was born in 1931 in South Africa
 Is the fist black Anglican Dean of Johannesburg and the first black Anglican
Archbishop of Cape Town
 The church fought apartheid under his leadership
 Fought for justice and racial harmony in South Africa and worldwide
7. Henry Kissinger ( Peace Keeper)
 Born in 1923 in Germany
 Emigrated to the USA with his family where he got his education
 Instrumental in building relationship between the USA and China
INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE AND PRESERVE WORLD

COOPERATION
1. Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women

2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child
4. International campaign to ban landmines
5. Geneva Convention leading to formation of Red-cross and Crescent
6. International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
7. The organization of African Unity formed in 1963 with the aim of promoting peace and
solidarity of African states
8. The United Nations aimed at promoting peace security and international cooperation.
IMPORTANCE OF WORLD COOPERATION
a) It makes countries to live peacefully

 There would be no conflicts as countries are interdependent
b) It enhances socioeconomic development
 Global trade, donations and loans from the international community
enhance development to recipient countries
c) It encourages unity
 It fosters development as countries work together for a common goal
d) Enhances multiculturalism and peaceful co-existence
 People are tolerant and interact freely where they share ideas
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Describe ways of achieving world cooperation
2. Explain how the following has contributed to world cooperation;
i. Dr Kamuzu Banda
j. Nelson Mandela
k. Mahatma Gandhi
3. Identify international interventions in the preservation and promotion of world cooperation
4. Explain the importance of world cooperation to development
SOCIAL STUDIES REVIEW QUESTIONS
SECURITY:
1. What are the roles of the police in provision of internal security? Explain any two points
2. Describe the roles of the army in the provision of security in the country
3. Describe two circumstances that may require the intervention of the army in providing internal
security of a country
4. Explain any two problems that may be faced by the army when involved in provision of internal
security operation in a country
5. Why is it important to have security in a country? Give two points
6. How can the army adapt to internal security demands? Give two ways
CORRUPTION & THE LAW:
1. Describe the functions of the Anti-corruption Bureau (ACB). Give two

2. What is the significance of the ACB independence in the fight against corruption?
3. How does corruption impede development of a country? Give two points
4. Explain any two roles of citizens in curbing down corruption in the country
5. Describe the three basic approaches to anti-corruption
SOCIAL INJUSTICE IN AFRICA:
1. Explain the causes of social injustice in Africa

2. Describe the causes of social injustice in South Africa during apartheid
3. How does social injustice in Somalia demonstrate the importance of having a government to run
the affairs of the state
4. Explain the effects of social injustice in Africa.
5. Suggest ways of ending social injustice in Africa
SOCIAL SERVICES:
1. Describe ways of mobilizing community participation in the provision and care for social services
2. Explain how the provision and care for social services contributes to socio-economic
development in Malawi
3. Outline the advantages of community participation in the provision of and care for social services
4. Explain any two ways how MASAF projects could be regarded as an example of community
participatory development
GENDER ISSUES IN AFRICA:
1. Explain the terms Gender and Sex

2. Explain any two gender issues critical to development in African countries
3. Explain any three forms of gender based violence
4. Describe any three effects of gender bias on development

5. Explain any two ways of achieving gender equality in Africa
6. Explain any two ways in which conventions on gender play an important role in Africa in the
promotion of gender equality
CLIMATE CHANGE:
1. Explain the meaning of climate change and global warming

MANEB PAST PAPERS 2019
PAPER 1 (50 MARKS)
1. Which principle of taxation is followed by government when it educates its taxpayers on amount
of tax to pay ?
A. Certainty
B. productivity
C. neutrality
D. efficiency
2. Which of the following human practices would disturb the interdependency among living things
and nonliving things in the ecosystem ?
A. Making ridges across the slope
B. Afforestation
C. Bushfires
D. Culling excess animals
3. The challenges faced by Malawi in implementing disaster risk reduction are lack of
1. Funding
2. Capacity
3. Foreign investors
4. Understanding
A. 1,2 and 3
B. 1,2 and 4
C. 1,3 and 4
D. 2,3 and 4
4. Which of the following is a major cause of refugee crisis in the world ?
A. Famine
B. Poverty
C. Natural disasters
D. War
5. Which of the following organizations is not a civil society in Malawi ?
A. Civil Liberties Committee
B. Public Affairs Committee
C. Malawi Human Rights Commision
D. Consumers Association of Malawi
6. In which of the following ways do conflicts affect economic development of a country ?
A. Drug trafficking increase
B. Life expectancy decreases
C. Foreign investors move out
D. Medical services are disrupted

7. Which of the following reasons would necessitate transferring of pension benefits ?
1. Upon one being promoted
2. Funds not providing enough benefits
3. Leaving the services of the employer
4. Leaving the services of the employer
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. 3 and 4
8. In which of the following systems of government do citizens elect the president as head of State
and government?
A. Republic
B. Federal
C. Confederation
D. Unitary
9. Which of the following refers to a preconceived belief about an individual?
A. Discrimination
B. Competition
C. Exploitation
D. Prejudice
10. Which of the following types of development work is undertaken by an international organization
when it trains doctors on specific skills?
A. Civic education
B. Human resource development
C. Promotion of hygiene
D. Promotion of rule of law
1. Describe the implication of terrorists activities on the economy of a country. Give two points
2. Explain any two ways in which world leaders are taking to reduce the spread of weapons of mass
destruction
SECTION A (70 marks)
1. a. State any two examples of human virtues (2 marks)
b. Describe any two ways of acquiring citizenship in Malawi. (4 marks)
c. Explain any two ways in which an employee can benefit from a pension scheme. (4 marks)
2. a. Give any two key elements of the international labour law .(2 marks)
b. Describe any two responsibilities of financial services consumers. (4marks)
c. Explain any one role played by each of the following institutions in enhancing good
governance in Malawi.
(i) Anti-Corruption Bureau. (2 marks)

(ii) Law Commission. (2 marks)
3. a. Mention any two graded magistrate courts in Malawi .(2 marks)

b. Explain any three way in which social injustice can retard development Malawi. (6 marks)
c. State any two foams of gender based violence in society. (2 marks)
4. Mr. Bodi is General Manager of Ufulu Company. For him to employ workers, he asks for money
from them. Use this information to answer Questions a, b and c.
a. What form of malpractice is committed by Mr. Bodi (1 marks)
b. Give any three effects of this malpractice to the development of a country (3 marks)
c. Explain any three ways in which the public can help curb the malpractice. (6 marks)
5. a. Give any two types of families that are common in Malawi (2marks)
b. Explain any three effects of terrorism in a country. (6 marks)
c. Identify any the rights of prisoners that are violated as a result of torture (2 marks)
6. a. Give any two types of disaster. (2 marks)
b. Describe any two ways of avoiding drug and substance abuse among the youth in a country.
(4 marks)
c. Explain any two goals of economic policy in Malawi. (4 marks)
7. a. Identify any two national institutions that assist in conflict resolution in Malawi. (2marks)
b. Describe any two roles of the Reserve Bank of Malawi. (4 marks)
c. Explain any two challenges that require concerted efforts of the international community to deal
with (4marks)
SECTION B (30marks)
8. Discuss any five ways of avoiding the spread of HIV and AIDS infection in community. (15marks)
9. Describe any five services offered by financial institutions in Malawi. (15marks)
10. Explain any five ways in which taxation promotes development in Malawi (15 marks)
END OF QUESTION PAPER

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Henry Malunda & Mercy Mpinganjira (2004) Social & Developmental Studies Book 3;
Blantyre: Jhango
 Margaret Fabiano & John Maganga (2002) Social & Developmental Studies Book 4; Blantyre:
MacMillan.
 Mastone L.K. Mbewe (2009) Study Notes for MSCE Exams; Zomba: Kachere series.
 John Maganga &Magaret Fabiano (2002) Social & Developmental Studies; Blantyre:
MacMillan
 Social & Developmental Studies, MSCE Syllabus (2001); Domasi: M.I.E
 Population and Housing census (2008) Zomba; National Statistic Office
 Henry Malunda & Mercy Mpinganjira (2004) Social & Developmental Studies Book 4;
Blantyre: Jhango
 Denis Namate & Felix Mtunda (2000) Social Studies Book 2; Blantyre: MacMillan.
 Mtunda F.G. & Namate D.F. (2002) Junior Certificate Social Studies; Blantyre: Dzuka
Publishing Company Limited
 Frank Wadi-Betemeni (2002) Social Studies Book 1; Blantyre: Dzuka Publishing Company
Limited.
 Mkomba AD (2014) Social Studies Book 3 Blantyre: Claim Mabuku Publishers
 Chilambo M & Euvrard G (2018) Strides in Social Studies Book 4 Blantyre: Pearson
Publishers
END OF SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES FORMS THREE

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MSCE SOCIAL STUDIES

GGK PRODUCTION 2018 EMAIL: [email protected] 0999357824, 0882993955

TOPICS PAGE NUMBER

 Western & Eastern Culture

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 2

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 3

IMPACT OF WESTERN AND EASTERN CULTURE ON MALAWI AND AFRICA

CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN CULTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN CULTURE

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 4

IMPACT OF WESTERN CULTURE ON AFRICA AND MALAWI

1. Change in Family Structure

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 5

IMPACT OF EASTERN CULTURE ON AFRICA AND MALAWI

DIFFERENT CULTURE AND RELIGIONS BROUGHT TO AFRICA

HOW CULTURE INFLUENCE RELIGION

 Religion influence how people interpret their universe or other phenomenon

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 6

1. What is the influence of foreign culture on African traditional religion

 Explain the meaning of cultural preservation and cultural heritage

IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING CULTURE

(a) Promotes cultural sustenance

(b) Allows the passing of culture to future generations

 People have a better understanding of their culture as well as other cultures.

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 7

(c) Promotes a sense of pride in one’s own cultural heritage

STRATEGIES FOR PRESERVING CULTURE

1. Establishment of Cultural Infrastructure such as Museum, Theatres, and Art galleries

CONSTRAINTS FACED IN PRESERVING CULTURE

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 8

CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

 It promotes unity that help people to come together for development

1. Give the meaning of cultural preservation

RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS

 Identify special groups in the society

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 9

SPECIAL GROUPS OF PEOPLE IN SOCIETY

 Children and women, because of their biological status

RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS

1. The right to education

IDENTIFYING SPECIAL GROUPS IN THE SOCIETY

(a) Women and girls

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 10

PROMOTING SOCIAL JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS OF SPECIAL GROUPS

 Observing rights and freedoms of special groups

IMPORTANCE OF OBSERVING RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS

a) Promotes cooperation and unity among people

CAUSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 11

CASES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION

 Identify institutions responsible for taxes

INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR TAXES

 Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA)

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR TAXES

GGK MHANGO 0999357824 Page 12

 Determine taxes on goods and services rendered in the country

 Receives taxes from civil servants

STAGES FOLLOWED WHEN FORMULATING & CHARGING TAXES

ROLES OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN FORMULATING & CHANGING TAXES