0% found this document useful (0 votes)

12 views

Eff CPP Emb Notes Sample

Uploaded by

manojathiyappan02052001

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

12 views

Eff CPP Emb Notes Sample

Uploaded by

manojathiyappan02052001

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 32

Scott Meyers

Presentation Materials

Effective C++
in an
Embedded Environment

Sample
artima Click here to purchase the complete PDF document!
Effective C++ in an Embedded Environment Sample

Thank you for downloading this sample from the presentation materials for Scott
Meyers’ Effective C++ in an Embedded Environment training course. If you’d like to
purchase the complete copy of these notes, please visit:

http://www.artima.com/shop/effective_cpp_in_an_embedded_environment

Artima Press is an imprint of Artima, Inc.

P.O. Box 390122, Mountain View, California 94039

Copyright © 2010 Scott Meyers. All rights reserved.

Cover photo by Stephan Jockel. Used with permission.

All information and materials in this document are provided “as is” and without war-
ranty of any kind.

The term “Artima” and the Artima logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of
Artima, Inc. All other company and/or product names may be trademarks or regis-
tered trademarks of their owners.

Click here to purchase the complete PDF document!

Effective C++ in an Embedded Environment

Scott Meyers, Ph.D.

Software Development Consultant

[email protected] Voice: 503-638-6028

http://www.aristeia.com/ Fax: 503-974-1887

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Last Revised: 10/4/12

These are the official notes for Scott Meyers’ training course, “Effective C++ in an
Embedded Environment”. The course description is at http://www.aristeia.com/c++-in-
embedded.html. Licensing information is at http://aristeia.com/Licensing/licensing.html.
Please send bug reports and improvement suggestions to [email protected].
In these notes, references to numbered documents preceded by N (e.g., N3092) are
references to C++ standardization document. All such documents are available via
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/.
[Comments in braces, such as this, are aimed at instructors presenting the course. All
other comments should be helpful for both instructors and people reading the notes on
their own.]

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Click here to purchase the complete PDF document!
Effective C++ in an Embedded Environment

Important!

In this talk, I assume you know all of C++.

You may not.

When you see or hear something you don’t recognize,

please ask!

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 2

Overview
Day 1 (Approximate):
 “C++” and “Embedded Systems”
 A Deeper Look at C++
 Implementing language features
 Understanding inlining
 Avoiding code bloat

 3 Approaches to Interface-Based Programming

 Dynamic Memory Management
 C++ and ROMability

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 3

Overview
Day 2 (Approximate):
 Modeling Memory-Mapped IO
 Implementing Callbacks from C APIs
 Interesting Template Applications:
 Type-safe void*-based containers
 Compile-time dimensional unit analysis
 Specifying FSMs

 Considerations for Safety-Critical and Real-Time Systems

 Further Information

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 4

Always on the Agenda

 Your questions, comments, topics, problems, etc.
 Always top priority.
The primary course goal is to cover what you want to know.
 It doesn’t matter whether it’s in the prepared materials.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 5

Overview
Day 1 (Approximate):
 “C++” and “Embedded Systems”
 A Deeper Look at C++
 Implementing language features
 Understanding inlining
 Avoiding code bloat

 3 Approaches to Interface-Based Programming

 Dynamic Memory Management
 C++ and ROMability

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 6

“C++”
Timeline and terminology:
 1998: C++98: “Old” standard C++.
 2003: C++03: Bugfix revision for C++98.
 2005: TR1: Proposed extensions to standard C++ library.
 Common for most parts to ship with current compilers.
 Overview comes later in course.

 2011: C++11: “New” standard C++.

 Common for many parts to ship with latest compiler releases.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 7

“Embedded Systems”
Embedded systems using C++ are diverse:
 Real-time? Maybe.
 Safety-critical? Maybe.
 Challenging memory limitations? Maybe.
 Challenging CPU limitations? Maybe.
 No heap? Maybe.
 No OS? Maybe.
 Multiple threads or tasks? Maybe.
 “Old” or “weak” compilers, etc? Maybe.
 No hard drive? Often.
 Difficult to field-upgrade? Typically.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 8

[The goal of this slide is to get people to recognize that their view about what it means to
develop for embedded systems may not be the same as others’ views. The first time I
taught this class, I had one person writing code for a 4-bit microprocessor used in a digital
camera (i.e., a mass-market consumer device), and I also had a team writing real-time
radar analysis software to be used in military fighter planes. The latter would have a very
limited production run, and if the developers needed more CPU or memory, they simply
added a new board to the system. Both applications were “embedded,” but they had
almost nothing in common.]

Developing for Embedded Systems

In general, little is “special” about developing for embedded systems:
 Software must respect the constraints of the problem and platform.
 C++ language features must be applied judiciously.
These are true for non-embedded applications, too.
 Good embedded software development is just good software
development.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 9

Overview
Day 1 (Approximate):
 “C++” and “Embedded Systems”
 A Deeper Look at C++
 Implementing language features
 Understanding inlining
 Avoiding code bloat

 3 Approaches to Interface-Based Programming

 Dynamic Memory Management
 C++ and ROMability

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 10

Implementing C++
Why Do You Care?
 You’re just curious: how do they do that?
 You’re trying to figure out what’s going on while debugging.
 You’re concerned: do they do that efficiently enough?
 That’s the focus of this presentation
 Baseline: C size/speed

Have faith:
 C++ was designed to be competitive in performance with C.
 Generally speaking, you don't pay for what you don't use.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 11

Implementing Virtual Functions

Abandon All Hope, Ye Who Enter!
 Compilers are allowed to implement virtual functions in any way they
like:
 There is no mandatory “standard” implementation

 The description that follows is mostly true for most implementations:

 I’veskimmed over a few details
 None of these details affects the fact that virtual functions are
typically implemented very efficiently

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 12

Implementing Virtual Functions

Consider this class:
class B {
public:
B();
virtual ~B();
virtual void f1();
virtual int f2(char c) const;
virtual void f3(int x) = 0;
void f4() const;
...
};
Compilers typically number the virtual functions in the order in which
they’re declared. In this example,
 The destructor is number 0
 f1 is number 1, f2 is number 2, f3 is number 3
Nonvirtual functions get no number.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 13

Implementing Virtual Functions

A vtbl (“virtual table”) will be generated for the class. It will look
something like this:
implementation of B::~B
B’s implementation of B::f1
vtbl implementation of B::f2
???
Notes:
 The vtbl is an array of pointers to functions
 It points to virtual function implementations:
 The ith element points to the virtual function numbered i
 For pure virtual functions, what the entry is is undefined.
 It’s often a function that issues an error and quits.
 Nonvirtual functions (including constructors) are omitted:
 Nonvirtual functions are implemented like functions in C

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 14

According to the “Pure Virtual Function Called” article by Paul Chisholm (see the
“Further Information” slides at the end of the notes), the Digital Mars compiler does not
always issue a message when a pure virtual function is called, it just halts execution of the
program.

Aside: Calling Pure Virtual Functions

Most common way to call pure virtuals is in a constructor or destructor:
class B {
public:
B() { f3(10); } // call to pure virtual
virtual void f3(int x) = 0;
...
};
This is easy to detect; many compilers issue a warning.
The following case is trickier:
class B {
public:
B() { f1(); } // call from ctor to “impure” virtual; looks safe
virtual void f1() { f3(10); } // call to pure virtual from non-ctor; looks safe
virtual void f3(int x) = 0;
...
};
Compilers rarely diagnose this problem.
Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 15

For the first example, gcc 4.4-4.7 issue warnings. VC9-11 do not.
For the second example, none of the compilers issues a warning.

Implementing Virtual Functions

Now consider a derived class:
class D1: public B {
public:
D1(); // nonvirtual
virtual void f3(int x); // overrides base virtual
virtual void f5(const std::string& s); // new virtual
virtual ~D1(); // overrides base virtual
...
};
It yields a vtbl like this:
implementation of D1::~D1
implementation of B::f1
D1’s
implementation of B::f2
vtbl
implementation of D1::f3
implementation of D1::f5

Note how corresponding function implementations have corresponding

indices in the vtbl.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 16

Implementing Virtual Functions

A second derived class would be treated similarly:
class D2: public B {
public:
D2();
virtual void f3(int x);
...
};
implementation of D2::~D2
D2’s implementation of B::f1
vtbl implementation of B::f2
implementation of D2::f3

 D2’s destructor is automatically generated by the compiler.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 17

Implementing Virtual Functions

Objects of classes with virtual functions contain a pointer to the class’s vtbl:

Object’s vptr
Data members
for
the object
This pointer is called the vptr (“virtual table pointer”).
 Its location within an object varies from compiler to compiler

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 18

Implementing Virtual Functions

Vptrs point to vtbls:

D1 Object D1’s
vptr D1 Object vtbl
Data vptr Implementations
Members of D1’s virtual
Data
Members functions
D1 Object
vptr
Data
Members D2 Object
vptr D2’s
vtbl
Data Implementations
Members of D2’s virtual
D2 Object
D2 Object functions
vptr
vptr
Data
Members Data
Members
Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 19

Implementing Virtual Functions

Vptrs are set by code compilers insert into constructors and destructors.
 In a hierarchy, each class’s constructor sets the vptr to
point to that class’s vtbl B

 Ditto for the destructors in a hierarchy. M

Compilers are permitted to optimize away unnecessary vptr assignments.

 E.g., vptr setup for a D object could look like this:
D obj;
Set vptr to B’s vtbl; // may be optimized away
Set vptr to M’s vtbl; // may be optimized away
Set vptr to D’s vtbl;
...
Set vptr to M’s vtbl; // may be optimized away
Set vptr to B’s vtbl; // may be optimized away

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 20

B = “Base”, M = “Middle”, D = “Derived”.

Implementing Virtual Functions

Consider this C++ source code:
void makeACall(B *pB)
{
pB->f1();
}
The call to f1 yields code equivalent to this:
(*pB->vptr[1])(pB); // call the function pointed to by
// vtbl entry 1 in the vtbl pointed
// to by pB->vptr; pB is passed as
// the “this” pointer
One implication:
 When a virtual function changes, every caller must recompile!
 e.g., if the function’s order in the class changes
 i.e., its compiler-assigned number.
 e.g., if the function’s signature changes.

Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 21

Implementing Virtual Functions

Size penalties: vptr

 Vptr makes each object larger double

 Alignment restrictions could force int
padding
vptr
 Reordering data members often int
eliminates problem double

 Per-class vtbl increases each application’s data space

Speed penalties:
 Call through vtbl slower than direct call:
 But usually only by a few instructions
 Inlining usually impossible:
 This is often inherent in a virtual call
But compared to C alternatives:
 Faster and smaller than if/then/else or switch-based techniques
 Guaranteed to be right
Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 22

The diagram shows that if the first data member declared in a class has a type that requires
double-word alignment (e.g., double or long double), a word of padding may need to be
inserted after the vptr is added to the class. If the second declared data member is a word
in size and requires only single-word alignment (e.g., int), reordering the data members in
the class can allow the compiler to eliminate the padding after the vptr.

Object Addresses under Multiple Inheritance

Under SI, we can generally think of object layouts and addresses like this:
class B { ... }; B* D*
B Data
class D: public B { ... };
 An exception (with some compilers) is D Data
when D has virtual functions, but B
doesn’t.
Under MI, it looks more like this: B1* D*
B1 Data
class B1 { ... };
B2*
class B2 { ... }; B2 Data
class D: public B1,
public B2 { ... }; D Data
 D objects have multiple addresses:
 One for B1* and D* pointers.
 Another for B2* pointers.

SI = “Single Inheritance.” MI = “Multiple Inheritance.”

Object Addresses under Multiple Inheritance

There is a good reason for this:
B1* D*
void f(B1 *pb1); // expects pb1 to point B1 Data
// to the top of a B1 B2*
B2 Data
void g(B2 *pb2); // expects pb2 to point
// to the top of a B2 D Data

Some calls thus require offset adjustments:

D *pd = new D; // no adjustment needed
f(pd); // no adjustment needed
g(pd); // requires D* ⇒ B2* adjustment
B2 *pb2 = pd; // requires D* ⇒ B2* adjustment
Proper adjustments require proper type information:
if (pb2 == pd) … // test succeeds (pd converted to B2*)
if ((void*)pb2 == (void*)pd) … // test fails

Null pointers never get an offset. At runtime, a pointer nullness test must be performed
before applying an offset.

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

Consider the plight of your compilers:
class B1 { B1* D*
B1 Data
public: B2*
virtual void mf(); // may be overridden in B2 Data
... // derived classes
}; D Data

class B2 {
public:
virtual void mf(); // may be overridden in
... // derived classes
};
void g(B2 *pb2) // as before
{
pb2->mf(); // requires offset adjustment
} // before calling mf?
An adjustment is needed only if D overrides mf and pb2 really points to a D.
What should a compiler do? When generating code for the call,
 It may not know that D exists.
 It can’t know whether pb2 points to a D.
Scott Meyers, Software Development Consultant © 2012 Scott Meyers, all rights reserved.
http://www.aristeia.com/ Slide 25

I don’t remember the details, but both B1 and B2 need to declare mf for the information on
this slide to be true for VC++. For g++, I believe it suffices for only B2 to declare mf.

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

The problem is typically solved by
 Creating special vtbls that handle offset adjustments.
 For derived class objects, adding new vptrs to these vtbls, one
additional vptr for each base class after the first one:
class B1 { … }; D
vtbl
class B2 { … }; B1/D*
B1/D vptr Impls of virtuals
class D: declared in B1 or
B1 Data D (and maybe B2)
public B1,
public B2 { … }; B2*
B2 vptr
D as B2
B2 Data vtbl
Impls of virtuals
declared in B2
D Data

These special vptrs and vtbls apply only to derived class objects.
 Virtual functions for B1 and B2 objects are implemented as described
before.

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

Offset adjustments may be implemented in different ways:
 Storing deltas in the vtbl:
Func
Δ Ptr

Virtual
Function (*pObject->vptr[index])(pObject+Δ);
Impls.

 Typically, most deltas will be 0, especially under SI.

 Passing virtual calls through thunks:

Virtual
this adjustment Function
Impls.

 Thunks are generated only if an adjustment is necessary.

 This approach is more common.

Thunk Implementation
Often a function with multiple entry points:

this adjustment
From
jump
vtbls
this adjustment

Virtual
Function
Implementation

Return

I’m guessing about the jump in the diagram. An alternative would be for one thunk to fall
through to the next, with the sum of the offset adjustments calculated to ensure that the
proper this value is in place when the function body is entered.

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

The details of vtbl layout and usage under MI vary from compiler to
compiler.
 When a virtual is inherited from only a non-leftmost base, it may or
may not be entered into both vtbls: D
vtbl
class B1 { ... }; // declares no mf B1/D* B1/D vptr Impls of virtuals
declared in B1 or
B1 Data
D (and maybe B2)
class B2 { B2* B2 vptr
public: B2 Data
D as B2
vtbl
Impls of virtuals
virtual void mf(); D Data
declared in B2
...
};
class D: public B1, public B2 { ... };
D *pd = new D;
pd->mf(); // may use either B2’s or D’s vptr,
// depending on the compiler

As I recall, g++ enters the function into both vtbls, but VC++ enters it into only the vtbl for
B2. This means that the call in red shown above would use the B2 vtbl under VC++, and
that means that there’d be a D*→B2* offset adjustment made prior to calling through the
B2 vtbl.

Virtual Functions, MI, and Virtual Base Classes

The general case involves:
 Virtual base classes with nonstatic data members.
 Virtual base classes inheriting from other virtual base classes.
 A mixture of virtual and nonvirtual inheritance in the same hierarchy.
Lippman punts:
Virtual base class support wanders off into the Byzantine...
The material is simply too esoteric to warrant discussion...
I punt, too :-)

The quote is from Lippman’s Inside the C++ Object Model, for which there is a full reference
in the “Further Information” slides at the end of the notes.

Luca Palmieri - Zero To Production in Rust - An Introduction To Backend Development-Independently Published (2024)
100% (1)
Luca Palmieri - Zero To Production in Rust - An Introduction To Backend Development-Independently Published (2024)
601 pages
Chunithm Crystal Installation Guide
No ratings yet
Chunithm Crystal Installation Guide
19 pages
DatabricksDataEngineer Associate2024
67% (3)
DatabricksDataEngineer Associate2024
157 pages
Final Report On Chat Application Using Mern
No ratings yet
Final Report On Chat Application Using Mern
50 pages
Mainframe - Book Details
100% (1)
Mainframe - Book Details
14 pages
Combining DataOps, MLOps and DevOps: Outperform Analytics and Software Development with Expert Practices on Process Optimization and Automation
From Everand
Combining DataOps, MLOps and DevOps: Outperform Analytics and Software Development with Expert Practices on Process Optimization and Automation
Dr. Kalpesh Parikh
No ratings yet
Microsoft Dynamics AX 2012 R3 Security
From Everand
Microsoft Dynamics AX 2012 R3 Security
Ahmed Mohamed Rafik Moustafa
No ratings yet
Exercise Simulink Systems
No ratings yet
Exercise Simulink Systems
3 pages
IBM Business Analytics and Cloud Computing: Best Practices for Deploying Cognos Business Intelligence to the IBM Cloud
From Everand
IBM Business Analytics and Cloud Computing: Best Practices for Deploying Cognos Business Intelligence to the IBM Cloud
Anant Jhingran
5/5 (1)
Learning Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Dynamic Access Control
From Everand
Learning Microsoft Windows Server 2012 Dynamic Access Control
Jochen Nickel
No ratings yet
Microcontrollers Cpp3
No ratings yet
Microcontrollers Cpp3
31 pages
Bare Metal CPP
100% (2)
Bare Metal CPP
199 pages
Effective C++ 中文第三版
No ratings yet
Effective C++ 中文第三版
327 pages
C++ OOP Made Simple: A Practical Guide with Examples
From Everand
C++ OOP Made Simple: A Practical Guide with Examples
William E. Clark
No ratings yet
The Business Value of DB2 for z/OS: IBM DB2 Analytics Accelerator and Optimizer
From Everand
The Business Value of DB2 for z/OS: IBM DB2 Analytics Accelerator and Optimizer
John Campbell
No ratings yet
IBM Cognos Business Intelligence 10.1 Dashboarding Cookbook
From Everand
IBM Cognos Business Intelligence 10.1 Dashboarding Cookbook
Ankit Garg
No ratings yet
C++ for Beginners: Understand Core C++ Concepts with Practical Examples
From Everand
C++ for Beginners: Understand Core C++ Concepts with Practical Examples
Eleanor Nash
No ratings yet
Hyper-V Network Virtualization Cookbook
From Everand
Hyper-V Network Virtualization Cookbook
Ryan Boud
No ratings yet
The Complete C++ Programming Guide
From Everand
The Complete C++ Programming Guide
gareth thomas
No ratings yet
Modern CMake for C++: Effortlessly build cutting-edge C++ code and deliver high-quality solutions
From Everand
Modern CMake for C++: Effortlessly build cutting-edge C++ code and deliver high-quality solutions
Rafał Świdziński
No ratings yet
Building Secure Applications with C++: Best Practices for the Enterprise
From Everand
Building Secure Applications with C++: Best Practices for the Enterprise
Robert Johnson
No ratings yet
CMake Best Practices: Upgrade your C++ builds with CMake for maximum efficiency and scalability
From Everand
CMake Best Practices: Upgrade your C++ builds with CMake for maximum efficiency and scalability
Dominik Berner
No ratings yet
Developing Solutions for Microsoft Azure AZ-204 Exam Guide: A comprehensive guide to passing the AZ-204 exam
From Everand
Developing Solutions for Microsoft Azure AZ-204 Exam Guide: A comprehensive guide to passing the AZ-204 exam
Paul Ivey
No ratings yet
Week1
No ratings yet
Week1
105 pages
C Programming Wizardry: From Zero to Hero in 10 Days: Programming Prodigy: From Novice to Virtuoso in 10 Days
From Everand
C Programming Wizardry: From Zero to Hero in 10 Days: Programming Prodigy: From Novice to Virtuoso in 10 Days
kok keong teo
No ratings yet
Using AR
No ratings yet
Using AR
8 pages
Image Collection Exploration: Unveiling Visual Landscapes in Computer Vision
From Everand
Image Collection Exploration: Unveiling Visual Landscapes in Computer Vision
Fouad Sabry
No ratings yet
Mastering Visual Studio 2022: Develop apps like a pro with advanced Visual Studio techniques using C# and .NET
From Everand
Mastering Visual Studio 2022: Develop apps like a pro with advanced Visual Studio techniques using C# and .NET
Romain Ottonelli Dabadie
No ratings yet
IT1353 Embedded System (All 5 Units)
No ratings yet
IT1353 Embedded System (All 5 Units)
71 pages
Enhancing Your Cloud Security with a CNAPP Solution: Unlock the full potential of Microsoft Defender for Cloud to fortify your cloud security
From Everand
Enhancing Your Cloud Security with a CNAPP Solution: Unlock the full potential of Microsoft Defender for Cloud to fortify your cloud security
Yuri Diogenes
No ratings yet
Mastering Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central: The complete guide for designing and integrating advanced Business Central solutions
From Everand
Mastering Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central: The complete guide for designing and integrating advanced Business Central solutions
Stefano Demiliani
No ratings yet
Big Data Visualization
From Everand
Big Data Visualization
James D. Miller
No ratings yet
(ISC)2 CCSP Certified Cloud Security Professional Official Practice Tests
From Everand
(ISC)2 CCSP Certified Cloud Security Professional Official Practice Tests
Mike Chapple
No ratings yet
Microsoft 365 Security and Compliance for Administrators: A definitive guide to planning, implementing, and maintaining Microsoft 365 security posture
From Everand
Microsoft 365 Security and Compliance for Administrators: A definitive guide to planning, implementing, and maintaining Microsoft 365 security posture
Sasha Kranjac
No ratings yet
Embedded System and Development: Rajani Bhandari Senior Project Manager HCL Technologies
No ratings yet
Embedded System and Development: Rajani Bhandari Senior Project Manager HCL Technologies
38 pages
Effective C++ (梅耶, 侯捷) (Z-Library)
No ratings yet
Effective C++ (梅耶, 侯捷) (Z-Library)
328 pages
Learn T-SQL Querying: A guide to developing efficient and elegant T-SQL code
From Everand
Learn T-SQL Querying: A guide to developing efficient and elegant T-SQL code
Pedro Lopes
No ratings yet
Doulos QA - Admin
No ratings yet
Doulos QA - Admin
10 pages
CH 3 Embedded Programming
No ratings yet
CH 3 Embedded Programming
36 pages
C++ Algorithms for Beginners: A Practical Guide with Examples
From Everand
C++ Algorithms for Beginners: A Practical Guide with Examples
William E. Clark
No ratings yet
Esc - 109 Embedded CPP
No ratings yet
Esc - 109 Embedded CPP
101 pages
Getting Started with PowerShell
From Everand
Getting Started with PowerShell
Michael Shepard
No ratings yet
Mastering Adobe Commerce Frontend: Build optimized, user-centric e-commerce sites with tailored theme design and enhanced interactivity
From Everand
Mastering Adobe Commerce Frontend: Build optimized, user-centric e-commerce sites with tailored theme design and enhanced interactivity
Jakub Winkler
No ratings yet
Web App Development Made Simple with Streamlit: A web developer's guide to effortless web app development, deployment, and scalability
From Everand
Web App Development Made Simple with Streamlit: A web developer's guide to effortless web app development, deployment, and scalability
Rosario Moscato
No ratings yet
Building AI Applications with Microsoft Semantic Kernel: Easily integrate generative AI capabilities and copilot experiences into your applications
From Everand
Building AI Applications with Microsoft Semantic Kernel: Easily integrate generative AI capabilities and copilot experiences into your applications
Lucas A. Meyer
No ratings yet
Teaching An Embedded Systems Software Course Using Windows CE: An Experience Report
No ratings yet
Teaching An Embedded Systems Software Course Using Windows CE: An Experience Report
23 pages
C++ Basics for New Programmers: A Practical Guide with Examples
From Everand
C++ Basics for New Programmers: A Practical Guide with Examples
William E. Clark
No ratings yet
DB2 10 for z/OS: Cost Savings . . . Right Out of the Box
From Everand
DB2 10 for z/OS: Cost Savings . . . Right Out of the Box
Dave Beulke
No ratings yet
Azure AI Engineer Associate AI 102
From Everand
Azure AI Engineer Associate AI 102
Manish Soni
No ratings yet
Mastering the Craft: Unleashing the Art of Software Engineering
From Everand
Mastering the Craft: Unleashing the Art of Software Engineering
Kiran Nagesh
No ratings yet
Software Architecture with C# 12 and .NET 8: Build enterprise applications using microservices, DevOps, EF Core, and design patterns for Azure
From Everand
Software Architecture with C# 12 and .NET 8: Build enterprise applications using microservices, DevOps, EF Core, and design patterns for Azure
Gabriel Baptista
No ratings yet
Cloud Native Applications with Jakarta EE: Build, Design, and Deploy Cloud-Native Applications and Microservices with Jakarta EE (English Edition)
From Everand
Cloud Native Applications with Jakarta EE: Build, Design, and Deploy Cloud-Native Applications and Microservices with Jakarta EE (English Edition)
Kamalmeet Singh
No ratings yet
IBM® SmartCloud® Essentials
From Everand
IBM® SmartCloud® Essentials
Edwin Schouten
No ratings yet
CodeIgniter 1.7
From Everand
CodeIgniter 1.7
David Upton
No ratings yet
C# Debugging from Scratch: A Practical Guide with Examples
From Everand
C# Debugging from Scratch: A Practical Guide with Examples
William E. Clark
No ratings yet
Real-World Edge Computing: Scale, secure, and succeed in the realm of edge computing with Open Horizon
From Everand
Real-World Edge Computing: Scale, secure, and succeed in the realm of edge computing with Open Horizon
Robert High
No ratings yet
Tools and Skills for .NET 8: Get the career you want with good practices and patterns to design, debug, and test your solutions 
From Everand
Tools and Skills for .NET 8: Get the career you want with good practices and patterns to design, debug, and test your solutions 
Mark J. Price
No ratings yet
Microsoft Cybersecurity Architect Exam Ref SC-100: Ace the SC-100 exam and develop cutting-edge cybersecurity strategies
From Everand
Microsoft Cybersecurity Architect Exam Ref SC-100: Ace the SC-100 exam and develop cutting-edge cybersecurity strategies
Dwayne Natwick
No ratings yet
Azure AI Fundamentals AI 900
From Everand
Azure AI Fundamentals AI 900
Manish Soni
No ratings yet
17017789
No ratings yet
17017789
3 pages
Microsoft Azure Security
From Everand
Microsoft Azure Security
Roberto Freato
No ratings yet
Acorn ARM SDTS Reference Manual
No ratings yet
Acorn ARM SDTS Reference Manual
582 pages
Microsoft Office 365 For Beginners And Seniors : The Complete Guide To Become A Pro The Quick & Easy Way Includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, OneNote, Outlook, OneDrive and More
From Everand
Microsoft Office 365 For Beginners And Seniors : The Complete Guide To Become A Pro The Quick & Easy Way Includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, OneNote, Outlook, OneDrive and More
Mike Wheeler
No ratings yet
ISE DevelopmentEnvironment v1.3
No ratings yet
ISE DevelopmentEnvironment v1.3
6 pages
Data Engineering Best Practices: Architect robust and cost-effective data solutions in the cloud era
From Everand
Data Engineering Best Practices: Architect robust and cost-effective data solutions in the cloud era
Richard J. Schiller
No ratings yet
DB2 Exam C2090-313 Preparation Guide
From Everand
DB2 Exam C2090-313 Preparation Guide
Robert Wingate
No ratings yet
XII CS Project File
No ratings yet
XII CS Project File
12 pages
Certificate: Vidyavardhini'S Bhausaheb Vartak Polytechnic
No ratings yet
Certificate: Vidyavardhini'S Bhausaheb Vartak Polytechnic
16 pages
DVWA Project Final Report (2) (1)
No ratings yet
DVWA Project Final Report (2) (1)
57 pages
PST Unit 2 Notes
No ratings yet
PST Unit 2 Notes
93 pages
Cohen03 Albert Bausili
No ratings yet
Cohen03 Albert Bausili
3 pages
16 Servlets
No ratings yet
16 Servlets
28 pages
Working With Macros in HR
No ratings yet
Working With Macros in HR
9 pages
Oneapi Base Toolkit - Get Started Guide Windows - 2023.2 766891 782258
No ratings yet
Oneapi Base Toolkit - Get Started Guide Windows - 2023.2 766891 782258
26 pages
SFML Blueprints - Sample Chapter
No ratings yet
SFML Blueprints - Sample Chapter
20 pages
notes-internet-and-web-technology-iwt-unit-1
No ratings yet
notes-internet-and-web-technology-iwt-unit-1
14 pages
sigmastudio_4.7_release_notes
No ratings yet
sigmastudio_4.7_release_notes
16 pages
Maple (Software) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
No ratings yet
Maple (Software) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
4 pages
Cloud Computing and Web Services
No ratings yet
Cloud Computing and Web Services
4 pages
UNIT-I - Lexical Analysis
No ratings yet
UNIT-I - Lexical Analysis
51 pages
Materi File Handling
No ratings yet
Materi File Handling
10 pages
SOA and BPM, A More Consistent and Manageable Approach
No ratings yet
SOA and BPM, A More Consistent and Manageable Approach
6 pages
Chapter 2 Approaches To System Development: Systems Analysis and Design in A Changing World, 5th Edition
No ratings yet
Chapter 2 Approaches To System Development: Systems Analysis and Design in A Changing World, 5th Edition
48 pages
Lecture 01 - Programming Fundamentals
No ratings yet
Lecture 01 - Programming Fundamentals
28 pages
High-Low - Level Language
No ratings yet
High-Low - Level Language
10 pages
1.operating System Overview
No ratings yet
1.operating System Overview
10 pages
Con As Tractor
No ratings yet
Con As Tractor
10 pages
Assignment 1
No ratings yet
Assignment 1
5 pages
Assignment 1: Program Studentman: 1. Requirement
No ratings yet
Assignment 1: Program Studentman: 1. Requirement
2 pages
Aspect Oriented Software Development: Prepared By: Ebru Doğan
No ratings yet
Aspect Oriented Software Development: Prepared By: Ebru Doğan
25 pages

Eff CPP Emb Notes Sample

Uploaded by

Eff CPP Emb Notes Sample

Uploaded by

Scott Meyers

Artima Press is an imprint of Artima, Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Scott Meyers. All rights reserved.

Cover photo by Stephan Jockel. Used with permission.

Click here to purchase the complete PDF document!

Effective C++ in an Embedded Environment

Scott Meyers, Ph.D.

[email protected] Voice: 503-638-6028

In this talk, I assume you know all of C++.

When you see or hear something you don’t recognize,

 3 Approaches to Interface-Based Programming

 Considerations for Safety-Critical and Real-Time Systems

Always on the Agenda

 3 Approaches to Interface-Based Programming

 2011: C++11: “New” standard C++.

Developing for Embedded Systems

 3 Approaches to Interface-Based Programming

Implementing Virtual Functions

 The description that follows is mostly true for most implementations:

Implementing Virtual Functions

Implementing Virtual Functions

Aside: Calling Pure Virtual Functions

Implementing Virtual Functions

Note how corresponding function implementations have corresponding

Implementing Virtual Functions

 D2’s destructor is automatically generated by the compiler.

Implementing Virtual Functions

Implementing Virtual Functions

Implementing Virtual Functions

 Ditto for the destructors in a hierarchy. M

Compilers are permitted to optimize away unnecessary vptr assignments.

B = “Base”, M = “Middle”, D = “Derived”.

Implementing Virtual Functions

Implementing Virtual Functions

 Vptr makes each object larger double

 Per-class vtbl increases each application’s data space

Object Addresses under Multiple Inheritance

SI = “Single Inheritance.” MI = “Multiple Inheritance.”

Object Addresses under Multiple Inheritance

Some calls thus require offset adjustments:

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

 Typically, most deltas will be 0, especially under SI.

 Thunks are generated only if an adjustment is necessary.

Virtual Functions under Multiple Inheritance

Virtual Functions, MI, and Virtual Base Classes

You might also like