Lecture 4’s sequence

4.1 Mechanical Timing Relays

4.2 Timer Instructions

4.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction

4.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction

4.5 Pulse Timer

4.6 Examples
4.1. Mechanical Control Relays

▪ Mechanical timing relays are

used to delay the opening or
closing of contacts for circuit
control.

Certain of their contacts are

designed to operate at a preset
time interval, after the coil is
energized or de-energized.
4.1. Mechanical Control Relays

▪ Relay symbols used for timed contacts.

On-delay, provides time delay

when the relay coil is energized.
Off-delay, provides time
delay when the relay
coil is de-energized.
4.1. Mechanical Control Relays

▪ The on-delay timer is sometimes referred to as DOE, which stands for

delay on energize.
❑ When S1 is closed TD coil is energized
and the timing period starts.
❑ After the 10 s time-delay period has
elapsed, TD1 contacts close and L1 is
switched on.
❑ When S1 is opened, TD coil is de-
energized and TD1 contacts open On-delay timer circuit that uses a normally
instantly to switch L1 off. open, timed closed (NOTC) contact.
4.1. Mechanical Control Relays

▪ On-delay timer circuit that uses a normally closed, timed open (NCTO)
contact.
❑ With S1 initially open, TD coil is de-
energized so TD1 contacts are closed and
light L1 will be on.
❑ When S1 is closed, TD coil is energized but
TD1 contacts are delayed from opening so
L1 remains on.
❑ After the 10 s time-delay period has elapsed,
TD1 contacts open and L1 is switched off. On-delay timer circuit that uses a normally
closed, timed open (NCTO) contact.
❑ When S1 is opened, TD coil is de-energized
and TD1 contacts close instantly to switch
L1 on.
4.1. Mechanical Control Relays

▪ The off-delay timer is sometimes referred to as DOD, which stands for

delay on deenergize.
❑ With S1 initially open, TD coil is de-
energized so TD1 contacts are open and
light L1 will be off.
❑ When S1 is closed, TD coil is energized
and TD1 contacts close instantly to switch
light L1 on.
❑ When S1 is opened, TD coil is de-energized
and the timing period starts. Off-delay timer circuit that uses a normally
open, timed open (NOTO) contact.
❑ After the 10 s time-delay period has
elapsed, TD1 contacts open to switch the
light off.
4.1. Mechanical Control Relays

▪ Off-delay timer circuit that uses a normally closed, timed closed (NCTC)
contact.
❑ With S1 initially open, TD coil is de-
energized so TD1 contacts are closed and
light L1 will be on.
❑ When S1 is closed, TD coil is energized and
TD1 contacts open instantly to switch light
L1 off.
❑ When S1 is opened, TD coil is de-energized
and the timing period starts. TD1 contacts Off-delay timer circuit that uses a normally
are delayed from closing so L1 remains off. closed, timed closed (NCTC) contact.
❑ After the 10 s time-delay period has elapsed,
TD1 contacts close to switch the light on.
Lecture 4’s sequence
4.1 Mechanical Timing Relays

4.2 Timer Instructions

4.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction

4.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction

4.5 Pulse Timer

4.6 Examples
4.2. Timer Instructions

▪ PLC timer instructions that provide the same functions as timing relays.
▪ The most common PLC timer instructions are:
❑ On-delay timer (TON)

❑ Off-delay timer (TOF)

❑ Pulse timer (TP)

4.2. Timer Instructions

▪ Quantities associated with the timer instruction.

❑ Preset time represents the time duration for the timing circuit.

❑ Accumulated time represents the amount of time that has elapsed from the
moment the timing started.
Lecture 4’s sequence
4.1 Mechanical Timing Relays

4.2 Timer Instructions

4.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction

4.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction

4.5 Pulse Timer

4.6 Examples
4.3. On-Delay Timer Instruction

▪ An on-delay timer is used when you want a time delay to occur before
an instruction becomes true.
4.3. On-Delay Timer Instruction

▪ Example 1:
✓ The output TIMER_OK = 1 ten seconds
later after the input T_ON is asserted
(T_ON = 1).

✓ Elapsed time ET_TIME is measured and

shown after the input T_ON becomes 1.

✓ When T_ON = 0 before ET_TIME reaches

the preset time (10s), ET_TIME will be 0.

✓ If T_ON = 0 after TIMER_OK = 1, then

TIMER_OK = 0 and ET_TIME = 0.
4.3. On-Delay Timer Instruction

▪ Example 2:
❑ M1 is energized when PB2 is momentarily Hardwired relay circuit
actuated.

❑ When the lube-oil pump pressure switch

PS1 closes, M2 and TD are energized to
start M2 and begin the TD time delay
period.

❑ After the time-delay period of 15 s, TD-1

contact closes o energize M3.
Lecture 4’s sequence
4.1 Mechanical Timing Relays

4.2 Timer Instructions

4.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction

4.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction

4.5 Pulse Timer

4.6 Examples
4.4. Off-Delay Timer Instruction

▪ The off-delay timer (TOF) operation will keep the output energized for a
time period after the rung containing the timer has gone false.
4.4. Off-Delay Timer Instruction

▪ Example:
✓ Output variable TIMER_OK is 1 when
input variable T_OFF becomes 1.

✓ TIMER_OK is 0 only if 10 seconds passes

after T_OFF becomes 0.

✓ If T_OFF becomes 1 again in 10 seconds

after it turned OFF, TOF will be initialized
(TIMER_OK is 1).

✓ After T_OFF becomes 0, the elapsed time

(ET_TIME) will be measured and shown.
Lecture 4’s sequence
4.1 Mechanical Timing Relays

4.2 Timer Instructions

4.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction

4.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction

4.5 Pulse Timer

4.6 Examples
4.5. Pulse Timer

▪ The pulse-timer (TP).

4.5. Pulse Timer

▪ Example:
✓ TIMER_OK is 1 during 10 seconds after
input T_TP was asserted (T_TP = 1). While
ET_TIME increases for 10 seconds, the
state of input T_TP doesn't affect
TIMER_OK.

✓ ET_TIME increases when it reaches T#10S

and then it becomes 0 when T_TP = 0.
Lecture 4’s sequence
4.1 Mechanical Timing Relays

4.2 Timer Instructions

4.3 On-Delay Timer Instruction

4.4 Off-Delay Timer Instruction

4.5 Retentive Timer

4.6 Examples
4.6. Examples

▪ Example 1: Mixing Tank

✓ When the START button (NO) is pressed,
solenoids A and B energize.
✓ When the tank is filled, the float switch (NO) trips.
This de-energizes solenoids A and B and starts the
motor used to mix the liquids together.
✓ The motor is permitted to run for 1 minute. After
1 minute has elapsed, the motor turns off and
solenoid C energizes to drain the tank.
✓ When the tank is empty, the float switch de-energizes solenoid C.
✓ A STOP button (NC) can be used to stop the process at any point.
✓ If the motor becomes overloaded, the action of the entire circuit will stop.
✓ Once the circuit has been energized, it will continue to operate until it is manually stopped.
4.6. Examples

▪ Example 2: Material A and Material B are collected in a tank. These

materials are mixed for a while. Mixed product is then drained out
through Outlet valve. Implement this in PLC using Ladder Logic
programming language:

✓ To detect level of Material A and B, two separate level switches are used.
✓ And to detect low level, one level switch is used at the bottom of the tank.
✓ These give output in digital terms that is when corresponding levels are
detected.
✓ To control level of this system, Single Acting Piston valve can be used which
has two states, either fully open or fully close.
✓ To control mixing, agitator is used which is connected with Motor shaft.
✓ Particular time delay is generate to mix the materials for a definite time.
✓ Control inlet valves on the basis of Level Material switches A and B.
✓ Outlet valve is then operated to drain the mixed product.
4.6. Examples

▪ Example 3: Two different sized particles are being moved on the conveyor belt. To pack these
particles, two different boxes are used separately. These products must not be packed in the
same box. Separation of these particles is to be controlled. Implement automation to perform
this operation in PLC using Ladder Diagram programming language:
4.6. Examples

▪ Example 4: Potato chips are made and ready to be packed. But before that, it goes through a conveyor in
which final quality check is done, burnt chips are detected and removed from the process line. Implement
automation of this process in PLC using Ladder Diagram programming language:
4.6. Examples

▪ Example 5: Heated glass tubes are passing in a process line having a particular length which are to be bent.
To manufacture fluorescent bulbs, these tubes are to be bent in U-Shape. Automate this process in PLC
using Ladder Diagram programming language:

❑ Pneumatic operated rod moves in right and left direction

which forces glass tube to bend through metal support.
❑ Metal support is continuously heated so that glass tubes
do not break while bending.
❑ When bending is done, two cutters are used to cut the
bent glass tube.
❑ Proximity switch detects a length to be cut by the cutter.
❑ Metal support are mounted close to each other such
that only bending rod and glass tube together can pass
through it.
4.6. Examples

▪ Example 6: Write a ladder program to implement the

following process.
✓ Normally open start and normally closed stop pushbuttons are used to start
and stop the process at any time.
✓ When the start button is pressed, pump 1 energizes to start filling the tank.
✓ As the tank fills, the low-level sensor switch closes
✓ When the tank is full, the high-level sensor switch closes and pump 1 is de-
energized.
✓ The mixer motor then starts automatically and runs for a total 3 minutes to mix
the liquid.
✓ When the mixer motor stops, discharge pump 3 is energized to empty the tank.
✓ When the tank is empty, the low sensor switch opens to de-energize the
discharge pump 3.

✓ The start button is pressed to repeat the sequence.

4.6. Examples

▪ Example 7: Traffic flow on a one-way street is to be controlled by means of a pedestrian pushbutton so that the GREEN
traffic light and DON’T walk indicator are to be normally “on” at all times when the pedestrian pushbutton is not
actuated. When the pedestrian pushbutton is actuated, the timing is started and controls the outputs as follows:
✓ The GREEN traffic light immediately switches “off” and the YELLOW traffic light switches “on” to begin to stop the
traffic flow. The outputs remain in this state for 5 seconds.
✓ The YELLOW traffic light switches “off” and the RED traffic light switches “on”. The outputs remain in this state for
5 seconds, to ensure that traffic has stopped before pedestrian begin to cross.
✓ The WALK pedestrian light switches “on” and the RED traffic light remain “on”. Outputs remain in this state for 15
seconds, allowing pedestrians safe passage across the street.
✓ The WALK pedestrian light switches “off” and the RED traffic light remains “ on”. Outputs remain in this state for 5
seconds, to ensure that pedestrians are not still crossing the street when the traffic light changes from RED to
GREEN.
✓ The GREEN traffic light switches “on” and the RED traffic light switches “off”. Outputs remain in this state for at
least 30 seconds to ensure a minimum amount of automotive traffic flow time even if the walk pushbutton is
pressed to start the cycle again.