J.Z. Shah Arts & H.P.

Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat

TYBCOM/TYBA-SEM VI
2023-24
Textual Exercise from Literary Quest
Prof. Ritu Agarwal ( PhD)
POEMS
O Captain! My Captain!
Questions for MCQ
1. What kind of poem is O Captain! My Captain! ? Elegy
2. Which other word is used instead of Captain in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ?
Father
3. In the line “The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting” which mood is
conveyed by Whitman? Excited and tensed
4. Which war is referred to in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ? American Civil War
5. When was the American civil war fought? 1861-65
6. “Here Captain! dear father!” Who is the father? Abraham Lincoln
7. What does the poem O Captain! My Captain! do ? Mourns
8. What is the narrator urging the Captain to do? Rise
9. What is the central metaphor of the poem O Captain! My Captain! ? Voyage
10. What is an elegy? Mournful poem
11. “My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will”.Who is the father in the
poem O Captain! My Captain! ? Abraham Lincoln
12. Which adjective is used to describe the trip which Captain undertakes? Fearful
13. What does the line, “ The ship has wrecked every rack” what does this mean in the
poem O Captain! My Captain! ? The country has faced all challenges strongly
14. Which two adjectives are used to describe the ‘vessel’ in the poem O Captain! My
Captain! ? Grim and daring
15. On which part of the ship is the captain lying in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ?
On the deck
16. What does the phrase ‘fallen cold’ suggest in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ?
Death
17. What does the line, “for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills” mean in the
poem O Captain! My Captain! ? Victory Celebration
18. Which adjectives are used to describe the lips of the captain in the poem O Captain!
My Captain! ? Pale and still
19. Where does the head of the captain rest in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ? On the
arm

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 1
 20. After the death of the captain,what had dropped on the deck? His Blood
21. What does it mean to’ rise up and hear the bells’ in the poem O Captain! My Captain!
? Live again
22. What is the meaning of ‘bugle’ in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ? Instrument
23. What does the phrase ‘ the prize we sought is won’ refer to in the poem O Captain! My
Captain! ? Winning the Civil War
24. An extended metaphor in the the poem O Captain! My Captain! Is the comparison
of…….. A ship to the country
25. “ Rise up-for you………….is flung/for you the bugle trills”? What is flung for the
captain in the the poem O Captain! My Captain! ? The flag
26. ‘My father does not feel my arm,he has no……….nor will’in the poem the poem O
Captain! My Captain! ? Pulse
27. Which is the best work written by Walt Whitman? Leaves of Grass
28. In which year was Walt Whitman born? 1819
29. From which poem are the lines taken: “It is some dream that on the deck, You’ve
fallen cold and dead.” O Captain! My Captain!
30. Why are the people jubiliant in the poem O Captain! My Captain! ? The Victor ship
has come with object won
31. In which year was Walt Whitman born? 1819
32. In which year did Walt Whitman die? 1892
33. What was the profession of Whitman’s father? Carpenter
34. What was the most famous work of Walt Whitman and in which year was it
published? Leaves of Grass 1855
35. Who said that , “ Whitman was ahead of all poets, pioneering into the wilderness of
empowered life.” D.H.Lawrence
36. Where was the poem O Captain! My Captain! first published? New York Saturday
Press on 4 November 1865
37. Why can’t the Captain not hear these sounds? He is dead
38. What awaits the captain? Bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths, swaying mass
39. In Line 1 of the poem O Captain! My Captain! , ‘our fearful trip’ is a reference to the
American Civil War.
40. The poem exhorts the Captain to rise up from the dead.

MY GRANDMOTHER’S HOUSE
Questions for MCQ
1. In the poem My Grandmother’s House what part of the poet’s life is talked about?
Young life

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 2
 2. In the poem My Grandmother’s House what does the comparison of a brooding
society dog suggest? Unhappiness
3. What moved around in the poem My Grandmother’s House? Snakes
4. Who is “I” in the poem My Grandmother’s House? Her grandmother
5. What did the narrator receive at her grandmother’s house? Love
6. Which two creatures are referred to in the poem My Grandmother’s House? Snake
and dog
7. In whose memory has the poem My Grandmother’s House been written?
Grandmother
8. “The house withdrew into _____” (My Grandmother’s House) Silence
9. How often does the poet visit her grandmother’s house after her death? Often in her
thoughts
10. The grandmother’s house is portrayed as a place of………….. Love
11. The grandmother’s house became cold and dark when…………. The grandmother
passed away
12. The predominant sense conveyed by the poem My Grandmother’s House is one
of…………..Loss
13. What is described as lying behind the bedroom door as a brooding dog? Darkness
14. Where did the snakes move when the poetess was young as referred to in the poem
My Grandmother’s House? Among books
15. Which image is used by Kamala Das to describe her blood in the poem My
Grandmother’s House? Cold like moon
16. Which adjective is used to describe ‘eyes of windows’ in the poem My
Grandmother’s House? Blind
17. “Just listen to the……..air/ Or in…….despair”.Complete the line of the poem My
Grandmother’s House with appropriate adjectives? Frozen and wild
18. What does the speaker beg now for in the poem My Grandmother’s House? For love
19. The air in the lost house of grandmother is described as………… Frozen
20. In which year was Kamala Das born? 1934
21. In which year did Kamala Das die? 2009
22. My Grandmother’s House was published in…………… Summer in Calcutta
23. My Grandmother’s House is an ………….poem by Kamala Das. Autobiographical
24. From which poem is the line “ My blood turned like moon” taken? My
Grandmother’s House
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 3
 25. Kamala Das has mentioned in the poem My Grandmother’s House that she can’t
receive such love at…….door. Strangers’
26. Kamala Das wrote in which other language apart from English language? Malayalam
27. The grandmother of Kamala Das as mentioned in the poem My Grandmother’s House
is……….now. No more
28. Kamala Das in the poem My Grandmother’s House says that she has lost
her…………… Way
29. To which author is Kamala Das often compared? Sylvia Path
30. Who acclaimed Kamala Das as ‘the mother of modern English Indian poetry’ in
2009? The Times
31. How has the speaker addressed the readers as in the poem My Grandmother’s House?
Darling
32. What does the poem My Grandmother’s House convey? Discontentment at loss of
love
33. The windows are portrayed as having blind eyes.
34. The air in the lost house is described as frozen.
35. The poet is proud of grandmother’s house.
36. The house is portrayed as a place of love.
37. The house became cold and dark when the grandmother passed away.
38. The predominant sense conveyed by the poem is one of loss.
39. What is described as lying behind the bedroom door as a brooding dog? Darkness

SHE WALKS IN BEAUTY

Questions for MCQ
1. In which year was Lord Byron born? 1788
2. In which year did Lord Byron die? 1824
3. What was the full name of Lord Byron? George Gordon Byron
4. To which historical period of English literature does Lord Byron belong to ?
Romantic Period
5. According to the poet Lord Byron , all that is best of darkness and light meet in the
woman’s…………….and her………….. Aspect and eyes
6. The woman’s love is described in the poem She Walks in Beauty as……………
Innocent
7. According to Lord Byron, the thoughts that pass through the woman’s
mind……………. Are reflected in her face
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 4
 8. According to Lord Byron ,the beauty of the woman’s face ……………….. Reflects
her goodness
9. Which adjective is used to describe ‘day’ in the poem She Walks in Beauty? Gaudy
10. What is the six line stanza called which has been employed in the poem She Walks in
Beauty?Sestet
11. What quality in the woman’s appearance in the poem She Walks in Beauty creates the
nameless grace? The balance of dark and light
12. What is the form of the poem She Walks in Beauty? Lyric
13. In the poem She Walks in Beauty, what does the narrator fall in love with first? Her
looks
14. In the poem She Walks in Beauty, what is the narrator referring to in the quote ‘ raven
tress’? Dark hair
15. In the poem She Walks in Beauty, what does the narrator think about the woman’s
character? Sees an inner beauty in the woman’s face
16. What is the predominant theme of the poem She Walks in Beauty? Inner beauty as
reflected in outer beauty
17. Which phrase out of the following has been employed in the poem She Walks in
Beauty for the woman? Like ‘starry skies’
18. Complete the line “One……the more, one…………….the less” from the poem She
Walks in Beauty. Shade and ray
19. Which expression tells you that the speaker in the poem She Walks in Beauty admires
the woman’s gentleness? That tender light
20. Complete the line from the poem She Walks in Beauty “ So soft, so calm, yet eloquent
,the…………that win.” Smiles

UPAGUPTA
Questions for MCQ
1. Who was Upagupta? Disciple of Buddha
2. Which place is mentioned in the poem Upagupta? Mathura
3. Where was Upagupta sleeping? In the dust/On the earth
4. What awoke Upagupta? Tinkling of the anklets
5. What did the young woman say to Upagupta? Come home
6. Why did the young woman tremble in the poem Upagupta? She sensed some
unknown danger
7. Why did the citizens of the city remove the woman from the town in the poem
Upagupta? She suffered from small pox
8. Where did the young woman find Upagupta? Sleeping on bare earth
9. The woman invites Upagupta……… (To accompany her home)
10. Which seasons are described in the poem Upagupta? Monsoon and spring(summer
also)

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 5
 11. What were the people of the city celebrating in the second part of the poem
Upagupta? The onset of spring
12. Which two months are mentioned in the poem Upagupta? August and April
13. “ The time, at last, has come to visit you, and I am here.” This line is taken from
which of the following poem? Upagupta
14. The woman mentioned in the Upagupta was a ………….girl. Dancing
15. What did Upagupta tell the young woman when she invited him to her house? When
the time is ripe, I will come to you
16. How did Upagupta treat the young woman? Moistened her lips with water and applied
sandal balm
17. Who was Upagupta? Ascetic
18. A woman was lying at his feet in the shadow of the……….. in the poem Upagupta?
Mango grove
19. “ Who are you, merciful one?” Who asked this question in the poem Upagupta?
Young woman
20. Which adjective is used to describe the eyes of Upagupta? Forgiving
21. In which year was Rabindranath Tagore born? 1861
22. In which year did Rabindranath Tagore die? 1941
23. Why had the citizens gone to the woods in the poem Upagupta? For the festival of
flowers
24. What does the word ‘pestilence’ mean in the poem Upagupta? A fatal epidemic
disease
25. What does the phrase’murky sky’ mean in the poem Upagupta? Dark and gloomy

PROSE
VALUES IN LIFE
-Rudyard Kipling
* Elaborate on Kipling’s views as enumerated in Values in Life
“Values in Life” is an excerpt from the speech delivered by Rudyard Kipling at Mc Gill
University in Montreal Canada in 1907. This speech was published in a volume A Book of
Words. Kipling has explored and dealt with the theme of greed, honesty, conflict and
acceptance.

Introduction
Kipling we find is direct and straightforward and calls himself a ‘wandering scholar’.
He sarcastically lauded the students by saying that youth on such occasions try to feign an air

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 6
of polite interest & reverence and the old people try to look virtuous thereby hinting on the
pretentiousness of human nature. Kipling was against pretense and he wanted the youth to be
real. He feels that the students would have to face ‘the battle of life’. He thinks that students
would be confronted by an organized conspiracy. They would be made to believe that the world
is governed by the idea of wealth for wealth’ssake.He tells them that accumulating wealth is
something that is very natural to man. Man desires to have more and more. Kipling with his
introductory words has tried to present the reality before the youth.

Greed -a poison

After explaining the reality, Kipling has tried to say that one should not be wealthy for wealth’s
sake. He believes that an individual should be wary of becoming greedy. One should learn to
be content when it comes to the issue of money or wealth.A life is wasted by the constant
pursuit of wealth according to Kipling. He has advised the students‘ to breathe and watch one’s
fellow beings’.

Greed versus Generosity

Kipling’s positivity for life comes to the fore as he tells students that though the world is full
of greedy and materialistic people, there are some who would not accept money if offered at a
certain price.Not all people compromise with values of life for money. Kipling says that on
close observation one would find that money dominates everybody except the man who does
not want money. Such type of generous and non-materialistic people can be found on farm,
village, legislature. He believes that generous people stand apart from the crowd. You would
go in fear of him, he will not go in fear of you. You will do what he wants; he will not do what
you want. You will find you have no weapon in your armory with which you can attack him.
You have no argument with which you can appeal to him. Whatever you gain, he will gain
more. He in his speech has requested the youth to be generous, selfless and not just run after
money.Only then they would be able to create their own identity and leave a mark.

Need for balanced approach

Kipling knows that money is important but he has requested the youth to chase wealth in such
a way that they live a balanced life in whereby the left hand and right hand both know what the
other is doing.Kipling has warned the students that the path he is suggesting is not easy to
follow. It is easy to succumb to the poison of the greed for wealth. There is a danger of stooping.
There is a danger of losing one’s soul. There is a danger of being spoken and written of and
pointed out as ‘a smart man’. This is the most terrible calamity that can overtake a sane,
civilized man

Final advice to youth

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 7
Kipling has said that youth is the season of hope and ambition. The last word youth needs is an
exhortation to be cheerful. He believes that this season of hope should not become a season of
great depression, despondencies, doubts and wavering and incommunicable to others.
Sometimes the soul of young man, according to him, descends into a horror of desolation,
abandonment, realized worthlessness which is one of the most real of the hells.Chief reason he
believes is the ego . Kipling has warned the youth to be beware of one’s own sensations.

In order to save oneself from depression, the youth should take interest in oneself. Youth should
lose oneself in some issue not personal but in another man’s trouble, or preferably, another
man’s joy. He has stated that for the youth there is nothing that is irremediable, ineffaceable,
irrecoverable. He has suggested that the youth should believe in the infinite mercy of Heaven
which has made us all and takescare.He has said that the youth should take anything and
everything seriously except oneself.

Smartness versus Intelligence

For Kipling ‘smart’ is not what the youth should be but they need to be intelligent. According
to him the people who succeed,who lose their soul in pursuit of money, who acquire enormous
wealth are ‘smart’. He has requested to not be ‘smart’ but become intelligent enough to realize
that real happiness is not in chasing money. He believes that such ‘smart people’ should be
treated with love and tenderness. The youth should lead such smart people to a knowledge of
higher and more interesting things.

Thus this speech is an excellent comment on the materialistic view of life. It speaks volumes
about the need for love, integrity, sharing, truth, selflessness and generousness in the age of
greed, wealth, power and materialism. Kipling has unfolded before the youth the power of
youth which only they can realize.

SPOKEN ENGLISH AND BROKEN ENGLISH

- George Bernard Shaw
* What are George Bernard Shaw’s views on English Language?

Introduction:

The essay “ Spoken English and Broken English” was originally a radio talk broadcast
over WNEW, a radio station in Manhattan. In this talk Shaw pointed that everyone pronounces
words in English in their own way and nobody speaks perfect English.
No single model of Correct English:
This talk by George Bernard Shaw is divided into three sections. The first part rightly
stresses that there is no single model of correct speech in English. Whether he is a foreigner or
native, the first thing that he must remember is that there is no such thing as ideally correct

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 8
English. Shaw has discussed notions of ‘correct English,’ that is, the proper way in which
English should be spoken.
According to him no two British subjects speak exactly alike. According to Shaw the
two simplest and commonest words in any language are ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ .He went to the extent
of saying that even these two words are not pronounced exactly alike .
In order to prove his point he has cited the instance where he himself was a member of
a committee set up by the BBC for the purpose of deciding how the utterances of speakers
employed by the corporation should be pronounced. They wanted to put forth a model of
correct speech from the British Islands. The committee was comprised of Irish members,
Wales’s members, Scottish members, Oxford University members, American members all
recognizable by their differences of speech. They differed also according to the countries in
which they were born.
Shaw vocalized that though they all spoke differently, they all could speak presentably.
So if a foreign student of the English language speaks as they do he will be understood in any
English speaking country and accepted as a person of good social standing. Shaw demonstrated
that even among the educated and the specialists of language; the manner of speaking is
determined by one’s origin, background, training and workplace.
Difference between Public Vs Private Speech:
In the second part, Shaw has illustrated how everyone, irrespective of whether they are
educated or uneducated, speaks differently in public and in private.
G.B. Shaw gave his own example and has affirmed that as an Irishman and as a public
speaker he has to take care that every word he says is understood by his hearers. But at home
when he speaks to his wife he takes very little pain with his speech.
He shows that in familiar surroundings and in one’s exchanges with close friends or
relatives, one is quite careless, both in one’s articulation and in framing full- bodied,
grammatical sentences. This is because they are confident of being understood in these
circumstances without seeming rude or uncivilized.
In the public sphere however, there is no such assurance. So we are much more careful
with our speech while speaking with strangers or on formal occasions.
This section is particularly amusing and most of the instances are drawn from Shaw’s
own life, namely his conversations with his wife. By directing laughter at himself and
presenting himself as the guinea pig he has made his arguments more convincing. His
suggestion of spying through the keyhole is a good- hearted jibe at the reader’s human
weakness.
Although Shaw is concerned only with the English language, his arguments in both the
first and the second section are applicable to any language. According to him, everyone has
company manners and home manners. At home people speak in a careless manner but when
they speak in the presence of a stranger they speak very carefully. Even when their home
manners are as good as their company manners, they are always different, and the difference
is greater in speech than in anything else.
Advice to foreigners on how to communicate in English:
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 9
In the last section Shaw has advised the foreigners on how to communicate in English while
travelling in English speaking countries. Shaw in a way has given a kind of warning to foreign
students. He has warned them that if they have learnt English because they intend to travel in
England and wish to be understood there, they must not try to speak English perfectly, because
if they do, no one will understand them.
He has reiterated that though there is no such thing as perfectly correct English, there
is presentable English which is called ‘good English’, but in London nine hundred and ninety-
nine out of every thousand people not only speak bad English but speak very badly. He
comically has stated that if they do not speak well themselves they can at least understand it
when it is well spoken. According to Shaw when the speaker is a foreigner, the better he speaks,
the harder it is to understand him.
Shaw has affirmed that no foreigner can ever stress the syllables and make the voice
rise and fall in question and answer. Therefore, the first thing a foreigner needs to do according
to Shaw is to speak with a strong foreign stress, and speak broken English, that is English
without grammar. Then every English person to whom he speaks will at once know that he is
a foreigner and try to understand him and be ready to help him. He will not expect him to be
polite and to use elaborate grammatical phrases.
He humorously concludes that it is an insult to the native who cannot understand his
own language when it is too well spoken. Thus, a study of this recording can help people
overcome their obsession for correct and start focusing on the good aspect of English.

VOCABULORY & GRAMMAR

Synonyms and Antonyms
Words Synonyms
Finish Complete
calm tranquil
fair just
afraid frightened
cloth fabric
sparkling shining
connect Join/link
back rear
dull boring
grief sadness
rarely seldom
stomach tummy
curious inquistive
big large
almost nearly
animated lively
anyway besides

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 10
 apparent obvious
appreciable considerable
ardour passion
blank empty
broad wide
callous cruel
campaign Movement/agitation
cancel Call off
capture Catch/nab
centre middle
chaste Pure/virtuous
cheat deceive
clever Smart/intelligent
clown Buffoon/jester
cold chilly
compare liken
haste hurry
high tall
house Residence/home
huge Enormous
idle Lazy
intelligent clever
lad boy
lass girl
lazy indolent
little small
love affection
loving fond
loyal faithful
mad Insane/angry
mingle mix
neglect Ignore
new novel
obscene vulgar
old ancient
omit Delete/drop
correct Right/accurate/exact
cunning clever
dangerous risky
dash sprint
daybreak dawn
deceptive misleading
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 11
 decrease lessen
decree Rule/command
defend Protect/support
delight Enjoyment/pleasure
dirty Unclean/filthy
dreadful Terrible/frightening
eager keen
earth soil
eatable edible
equity Fairness
especially particularly
essential fundamental
faith belief
false untrue
fertile fruitful
foe enemy
fraud cheat
freedom liberty
gather Collect
gay Cheerful
glad happy
gloomy Dejected/cheerless
grief Sorrow
happy Joyous
hard difficult
oral verbal
plain Simple/clear
polite courteous
poor destitute
praise acclaim
quick Rapid/fast
rare scarce
ready alert
real genuine
refuse Decline/reject
remote distant
rich wealthy
right Correct/appropriate
rude impolite
sad unhappy
safe secure
shatter Break/burst
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 12
 shut close
sick ill
sleepy drowsy
slim slender
small Tiny/merge
suspect doubt
tell say
thin lean
usual normal
vacant empty
weak feeble
Well-known Famous
wonder amazement
Exercise No.5 Page no.164-165

Words Synonyms
abominable Loathsome,hateful,detestable
abroad Overseas, foreign
admit Acknowledge,confess
antiquated Out-dated,old-fashioned
astute Sharp,shrewd,quick
attire Clothes,dress
blank Empty, vacant,space
brave Courageous, fearless,heroic
choosy Fussy,over-particular
confine Limit,imprison
contemporary Modern, current
copious Abundant,ample,plentiful
dubious Doubtful,uncertain,suspicious
effortless Easy,uncomplicated
enquire Ask,look,investigate
impact Effect,influence
lethal Deadly,fatal
magnificent Splendid, striking
miniscule tiny ,minute
native Domestic, local
necessary Compulsory, mandatory, obligatory
phenomenal exceptional, remarkable
rash Reckless, impulsive
Surplus excess, overabundance
tricky difficult, crafty
trivial Insignificant, unimportant
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 13
 Antonyms
purposefully X purposelessly
important X unimportant
cold X hot
useful X useless
acquit X convict
barren X fertile
bend X straighten
eager X reluctant
exclude X include
follow X lead
lend X borrow
major X minor
reveal X conceal, hide
strict X lenient
urban X rural
undersized X oversized
timely X untimely
honest X dishonest
legal X illegal
possible X impossible
active X inactive
do X undo
clockwise X anticlockwise
powerful X powerless
illusion X dissolution
absence X presence
accept X refuse
accurate X inaccurate
active X inactive
adequate X inadequate
advantage X disadvantage
agree X disagree
alive X dead
always X never
ancient X modern
answer X question
appear X disappear
arrival X departure

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 14
 backward X forward
beautiful X ugly
beginning X ending
bend X straighten
brave X cowardly
busy X idle
capable X incapable
captivity X freedom /liberty
cheap X dear/ expensive
clean X unclean/ dirty
close X distant
compulsory X optional
conscious X unconscious
correct X incorrect
crowded X uncrowded /empty
cruel X kind
glad X sad
good X bad
grateful X ungrateful
hairy X hairless
happy X unhappy
hard X soft /easy
hate X love
healthy X unhealthy
heavy X light
holy X unholy
honest X dishonest
host X guest
innocent X guilty
interesting X uninteresting
justice X injustice
large X small
leader X follower
life X death
like X dislike
loyal X disloyal
mad X sane
major X minor
narrow X wide
near X far/distant
neat X untidy
new X old
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 15
 night X day
noisy X quiet
north X South
obedient X disobedient
dark X bright
decrease X increase
definite X indefinite
demand X supply
despair X hope
destroy X build
disappear X appear
discourage X encourage
disease X health
down X up
dry X wet
early X late
east X west
easy X difficult
ebb X flow
economise X waste
Empty X full/crowded
enemy X friend
fail X succeed
false X true
far X near
feeble X sturdy/strong/powerful
fit X unfit
friendly X unfriendly
odd X even
parent X child
past X present
patient X impatient
peace X war
permanent X temporary
please X displease
plentiful X scarce
poetry X prose
polite X impolite/rude
possible X impossible
poverty X wealth
powerful X feeble / weak
private X public
Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
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 satisfactory X unsatisfactory
scatter X collect
security X insecurity
serious X trivial
tight X loose
tiny X large/big
wax X wane
wisdom X folly
within X without
Exercise no.4-Page no. 164
rise X sit/fall
increase X decrease
smile X frown
arrive X depart
sadness X happiness
full X empty
timid X bold
success X failure
strict X lenient
host X guest

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using words that mean the same as those
in brackets
a. She…………….(rarely) plays the violin now.
b. It was a ………….( hazardous ) journey, and we were lucky to have escaped unharmed.
c. I had to be away from office because of …….( pressing) personal work.
d. The bus slowed down at the …………..(junction).
e. We…………….( craved) for a cold drink after the long walk in the heat.
f. I want some…..( beautiful) flowers in this vase.
g. Play…….( intelligently) . That is the only way to defeat this team.
h. Sudhakar is a ……………( hardworking) employee.
i. The crowd got very …………….( agitated) as they saw the home team lose the match.
j. The water in this pond is very ……………..( dirty).

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using words that mean the same as those
in brackets-ANSWER KEY
a. She…………….(rarely) plays the violin now. Hardly

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 17
 b. It was a ………….( hazardous ) journey, and we were lucky to have escaped

unharmed.Dangerous

c. I had to be away from office because of …….( pressing) personal

work.Urgent/Critical

d. The bus slowed down at the …………..(junction).Intersection

e. We…………….( craved) for a cold drink after the long walk in the heat.Yearned

f. I want some…..( beautiful) flowers in this vase .pleasing, good looking

g. Play…….( intelligently) . That is the only way to defeat this team.Cleverly

h. Sudhakar is a ……………( hardworking) employee. Diligent,pain-staking

i. The crowd got very …………….( agitated) as they saw the home team lose the

match.Ruffled/upset

j. The water in this pond is very ……………..( dirty). Soiled/filthy

Exercise 3: In each set, tick the word that is the closest antonym of the word
on the left.
a. Diffident : confident,difficult, tolerant
b. Extempore : careful, extraordinary, well-prepared
c. Consent : forbid, resent, permit
d. Amicable : negative, surprising, unfriendly
e. Ambiguity : clarity, guilt, liveliness
f. Subside : initiate, ignore, increase
g. Transient : permanent, illogical, deep
h. Refute : praise, negate, accept
i. Paucity : wealth, abundance, distance
j. Dormant : forgotten, latent , active

Exercise 3: In each set, tick the word that is the closest antonym of the word
on the left. ANSWER KEY
a. Diffident : confident,difficult, tolerant

b. Extempore : careful, extraordinary, well-prepared

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 18
 c. Consent : forbid, resent, permit

d. Amicable : negative, surprising, unfriendly

e. Ambiguity : clarity, guilt, liveliness

f. Subside : initiate, ignore, increase

g. Transient : permanent, illogical, deep

h. Refute : praise, negate, accept

i. Paucity : wealth, abundance, distance

j. Dormant : forgotten, latent , active

EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
*Role Play ( From Unit 2,Sem5)-Only dialogue writing

*Leadership Skills
* What are the characteristics of a good leader?
“A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way.”
-John C. Maxwell

Leadership skills involve the ability to take decisions, to take initiative, to motivate and lead

by example, to use reason rather than emotion to resolve conflicts, to take blame when things

go wrong and good organizational skills.

Some of the characteristics of a good leader are as follows:

Motivator: A good leader is a motivator. S/he is able to inspire confidence in co-workers and

team members and is able to motivate them to perform the task at hand.

Honest: Honesty is a key quality of a leader.A leader is able to make honest decisions to protect

his or her team members and expresses himself or herself without any bias.

Trusts the team: A good leader trusts his team to perform well and this trust inspires

confidence in the team.

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
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Delegates work: A good leader is able to delegate work to appropriate departments and

personnel instead of letting work pile up on his or her desk. S/he is able to identify the

comparative strengths and weaknesses of the team members.

Good communicator: A good leader is a good communicator and is able to let the team know

the tasks each of the members is supposed to perform. The leader is able to listen to the team

members and is sensitive to their needs. A leader is assertive not aggressive

Confident : A good leader is confident of himself or herself as well as his or her team.

Especially during crisis, a good leader does not lose hope.

Positive attitude: A good leader with positive attitude inspires the team to do well. A positive

leader helps to keep the morale of the team up, leads by example. A good leader sets standard

for the team to follow for instance a manager who is always punctual to his or her meetings

can always ask the team to follow that example

Good sense of humour: A leader with a good sense of humour helps the team to see the bad

times through by wiping away all tension and negativity.

Active and enthusiastic : Genuine enthusiasm for the tasks given exudes confidence and a

CAN DO attitude of a leader goes a long way into persuading peers to accept someone as a

leader.

Right body language: A good leader keeps up good eye contact and maintains honest and

genuine smile. Good leaders usually display an open body posture and expresses enthusiasm

by leaning slightly forward when looking at or listening to the members of the group.

A blend of a balanced mind with a right attitude makes a great leader and leaders surely are

effective communicators. Thus leaders are ordinary people with extraordinary approach

towards life in general.

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 20
 *Teamwork Skills
* How can one be an effective member of a team ?
"Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much."
Every organization looks to recruit people who have the ability to work as a team, to cooperate
and help with one another. In short to be a successful professional, one needs to be a team
player. There are a few essential qualities that one needs to develop to be an effective team
player which are as follows:
Adaptability:To be an effective member of a team one needs to develop the ability to work
with people from various age groups, gender, educational, ethnic and other backgrounds.This
means that one needs to adapt to different kinds of people. A team player should have the
ability and willingness to adjust.
Flexibility : As a team person it is essential to be able to change as per the requirement but
this does not mean that one needs to lose one's individuality. One may need to perform different
roles as per the assignment, so it is important for a team player to understand one’s strengths
and weaknesses. A good team player should also be ready to rotate roles.
Good communicator and listener: Teamwork involves working within a group and to do this
effectively one needs to be a good communicator. The members of the team need to be able to
listen to one another. Listening helps in responding appropriately to the viewpoints and
arguments of other members. It also helps in keeping a check if the others have understood.
Respecting and Open: A good team player should be able to question one another. S/he should
be able to avoid conflicts by being flexible and open to the points of view of the other members
in the group. S/he should respect others’ beliefs and not put down other team members.
Polite and respectful: A good team player may disagree but should not use harsh, aggressive
or offensive tone. Instead, s/he should be polite. S/he should be able to explain reasons for
disagreeing and if necessary, ask for clarifications. This should lead to a healthy interaction
and debate and conclude on a consensus.
Persuasive: To arrive at a consensus a good team player should also learn the necessary
persuasion techniques. They include not only the spoken or written words but also body
language, facial expressions, tone and even silence. A team player should use all these tools
for persuasion and negotiation.
Hold oneself accountable: A good team player takes responsibility for one’s mistakes and
looks for solutions. S/he understands how one’s actions impact the entire group. In doing so,
s/he learns from errors and commands respect.
Honesty: It is also important to give honest feedback about the work each member has done.
Teammates should not be made to feel that they are being judged. It is also important to respect
other views.
Loyalty: A good team is brought together by a sense of team loyalty and by members helping
one another during difficulties. To be a team player one needs to learn to look at fellow team
members not as competitors but as collaborators.
Thus, a team player is someone who actively contributes to their group in order to
complete tasks, meet goals or manage projects. Team players actively listen to their co-
workers, respect ideas and aim to improve the product or process at hand. Team players

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
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understand that their team’s success is their own success, and they share responsibility when
their team experiences difficulties along the way.

*RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
*What are the steps involved in conducting research?
The term research indicates a systematic investigation into and study of material or sources in
order to establish facts and arrive at conclusions other terms for research are investigation
testing exploration fact finding analysis examination etcetera research calls for a creative and
system systematic engagement in order to increase knowledge which can be later used to device
new applications research also helps to establish and confirm facts solve existing problems
apply existing theories to practical work and even develop new theories hence the primary
purpose of research is discovery investigation interpretation and documentation a research
project can also be the expansion of what is already done in a particular field sample research
helps in developing a spirit of inquiry and broadens the horizons of our intellectual powers
research is conducted using a model or structure there is a methodology involved in this process
the following steps help in effectively carrying out a research project and writing a research
paper
1. identify a research problem: the first step is the identification of the problem taken up
for study take up a topic that is challenging and of interest to you take care to select a
topic for which you will find sufficient material or information
2. review of literature: learn more about the topic you are investigating by reading through
material that is already published or has been written on the problem review of literature
helps in getting foundational knowledge and understanding studies conducted in the
past
3. clarify the problem: try to clarify and define the problem and narrow the scope of
research the knowledge gained through the previous stage helps in bringing clarity and
narrowing the extent of the problem.
4. clearly defined terms and concepts: you need to clearly define the terms and
terminology used in your research project it is also important to understand the context
in which these terms are used this makes the scope of study more manageable and
comprehensible
5. develop the plan: a plan for the study has to be developed this plan should include
details such as how when and where the data will be collected the content of the project
etcetera
6. data collection: now begins the actual work of collecting data this is a critical step as it
provides information for addressing the research problem data can be collected through
various ways surveys using a questionnaire observation information collected from
literature from the Internet etc.
7. Data Analysis : once the relevant data is collected the researcher moves on to the final
step of analysing the data earlier the researcher have decided on a plan and methodology

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
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 to analyse the data the results of this analysis are reviewed and summarised
recommendations and suggestions are also made at this stage it is important to mention
how the research work can be used for academic and social purposes.

*What are the various types of research?

The term research indicates a systematic investigation into and study of material or sources in
order to establish facts and arrive at conclusions
Some of the types of research are as follows
Basic research: the chief aim of this research is the enhancement of knowledge it is also known
as basic pure or fundamental research
Applied research :this kind of research is normally done on a large scale with the support of a
Funding Agency
Problem oriented research: is the name indicates this research deals with the problem a problem
is identified studied theoretically to understand its exact nature and recommendations or
solutions are given to tackle the same
Quantitative research: this kind of research uses mathematical models theories and
computational techniques to address a problem
Qualitative research: this is a non quantitative type of analysis this method chiefly focuses on
collection of data and analysing and interpreting the same this kind of research being subjective
in nature uses different methods of collecting information such as interviews questions
questionnaires etc
Descriptive research : Descriptive research is a type of research that is used to describe the
characteristics of a population. It collects data that are used to answer a wide range of what,
when, and how questions pertaining to a particular population or group.
Analytical research : Analytical research is a specific type of research that involves critical
thinking skills and. the evaluation of facts and information relative to the research being
conducted. A variety of people including students, doctors and psychologists use analytical
research during studies to find the most relevant information. Examining the fluctuations of U.
S. international trade balance during 1974-1995 is an example of descriptive research;
while explaining why and how U.S. trade balance move in a particular way over time is an
example of analytical research.
Empirical Research : Empirical research is research that is based on observation and
measurement of phenomena, as directly experienced by the researcher. The data thus gathered
may be compared against a theory or hypothesis, but the results are still based on real life
experience. What is a empirical research example?
For example: Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try out a specific drug on
controlled groups or random groups to study the effect and cause. This way they prove certain
theories they had proposed for the specific drug

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
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Conceptual Research : Conceptual research is defined as a methodology wherein research is
conducted by observing and analyzing already present information on a given topic.
Conceptual research doesn't involve conducting any practical experiments. It is related to
abstract concepts or ideas. Conceptual research includes unique thoughts and ideas; as it may,
it doesn't include any experiments and tests. Empirical research, on the other hand, includes
phenomena that are observable and can be measured. Conceptual questions are about the
proper/useful/efficient meaning of words; 'what is freedom? ', 'what is equality? ' 'Which types
of markets can be distinguished'
Exploratory Research : Exploratory research is a methodology approach that investigates
research questions that have not previously been studied in depth. Exploratory research is often
qualitative in nature. However, a study with a large sample conducted in an exploratory manner
can be quantitative as well. Exploratory research typically seeks to create hypotheses rather
than test them. Data from exploratory studies tends to be qualitative. Examples include brain-
storming sessions, interviews with experts, and posting a short survey to a social networking
website.
Clinical or Diagnostic Research : Clinical research refers to all research carried out on humans
(healthy or sick people). It focuses on improving knowledge of diseases, developing diagnostic
methods and new treatments or medical devices to ensure better patient care. What is known
as diagnostic research?
It refers to knowing (“gnosis”) about the health of a client. Typically, diagnostic research
focuses on estimating the sensitivity and specificity of individual diagnostic tests, their
predictive values, and other parameters of interest (such as likelihood ratios, )

Case study research : A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth,
multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. It is an established
research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social
sciences. For example, psychologists might explore how access to resources in a community
has affected the collective mental well-being of those living there.

Research not just helps in producing new knowledge information and observation but it also
helps in self learning and evolving a better understanding of a subject or topic it gives us the
ability to form considered opinions about various issues research helps in developing the spirit
of inquiry and curiosity. we can say that research is the base of all invention.

Prof. Ritu R. Agarwal ( PhD),J.Z.Shah Arts & H.P.Desai Commerce College, Amroli-Surat
Any error or omission is purely inadvertent . pg. 24