Electromagnetic Induction:

Electromagnetic Induction
• When a DC current passes through a long straight conductor a magnetizing
force and a static magnetic field is developed around it.
• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (referred to as Faraday’s law)
is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF).
This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
• Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction consists of two laws.
• The first law describes the induction of emf in a conductor
and the second law quantifies the emf produced in the
conductor
• Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the
1830’s by Michael Faraday. Faraday noticed that when he moved
a permanent magnet in and out of a coil or a single loop of wire it
induced an ElectroMotive Force or emf, in other words a Voltage,
and therefore a current was produced.
• By moving this bar magnet “in” and “out” of the coil a current
would be induced into the coil by the physical movement of the
magnetic flux inside it.
• Likewise, if we kept the bar magnet stationary and moved the coil back
and forth within the magnetic field an electric current would be induced in
the coil. Then by either moving the wire or changing the magnetic field we
can induce a voltage and current within the coil and this process is known
as Electromagnetic Induction and is the basic principle of operation of
transformers, motors and generators.

So what Michael Faraday discovered

was a way of producing an electrical
current in a circuit by using only the
force of a magnetic field and not
batteries. This then lead to a very
important law linking electricity with
magnetism, Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction. So how
does this work?.
• When the magnet shown below is moved “towards” the coil, the pointer
or needle of the Galvanometer, which is basically a very sensitive centre
zero’ed moving-coil ammeter, will deflect away from its centre position
in one direction only. When the magnet stops moving and is held
stationary with regards to the coil the needle of the galvanometer
returns back to zero as there is no physical movement of the magnetic
field.
• Likewise, when the magnet is moved “away” from the coil in the other
direction, the needle of the galvanometer deflects in the opposite
direction with regards to the first indicating a change in polarity. Then
by moving the magnet back and forth towards the coil the needle of the
galvanometer will deflect left or right, positive or negative, relative to
the directional motion of the magnet.
• Likewise, if the magnet is now held stationary and ONLY the coil
is moved towards or away from the magnet the needle of the
galvanometer will also deflect in either direction. Then the action
of moving a coil or loop of wire through a magnetic field induces a
voltage in the coil with the magnitude of this induced voltage
being proportional to the speed or velocity of the movement.
• Then we can see that the faster the movement of the magnetic
field the greater will be the induced emf or voltage in the coil, so
for Faraday’s law to hold true there must be “relative motion” or
movement between the coil and the magnetic field and either the
magnetic field, the coil or both can move.
• When the magnet is held stationary at that position, the needle
of galvanometer returns to zero position. Now when the
magnet moves away from the coil, there is some deflection in
the needle but opposite direction, and again when the magnet
becomes stationary, at that point respect to the coil, the needle
of the galvanometer returns to the zero position. Similarly, if the
magnet is held stationary and the coil moves away, and towards
the magnet, the galvanometer similarly shows deflection. It is
also seen that the faster the change in the magnetic field, the
greater will be the induced EMF or voltage in the coil.
Position of magnet Deflection in galvanometer
Magnet at rest No deflection in the galvanometer
Deflection in galvanometer in one
Magnet moves towards the coil
direction
Magnet is held stationary at same
No deflection in the galvanometer
position (near the coil)
Deflection in galvanometer but in the
Magnet moves away from the coil
opposite direction
Magnet is held stationary at the same
No deflection in the galvanometer
position (away from the coil)
• Faraday’s First Law
• Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf
to be induced in the coil. This emf induced is called induced emf
and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also circulate
through the circuit and this current is called induced current.
Method to change the magnetic field:
1.By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil
2.By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
3.By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
4.By rotating the coil relative to the magnet
Faraday’s Second Law

• It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to

the rate of change of flux linkage. The flux linkage of the coil is
the product of the number of turns in the coil and flux
associated with the coil.
d
E=N
dt
Consider, a magnet is approaching towards a coil. Here we consider two
instants at time T1 and time T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at time,
Flux linkage with the coil at time,
Change in flux linkage,
Let this change in flux linkage be,
So, the Change in flux linkage
Now the rate of change of flux linkage

Take derivative on right-hand side we will get

The rate of change of flux linkage

 How To Increase EMF Induced in a Coil
• By increasing the number of turns in the coil i.e N, from the formulae
derived above it is easily seen that if the number of turns in a coil is
increased, the induced emf also gets increased.
• By increasing magnetic field strength i.e B surrounding the coil-
Mathematically, if magnetic field increases, flux increases and if flux
increases emf induced will also get increased. Theoretically, if the coil is
passed through a stronger magnetic field, there will be more lines of
force for the coil to cut and hence there will be more emf induced.
• By increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the
magnet – If the relative speed between the coil and magnet is increased
from its previous value, the coil will cut the lines of flux at a faster rate,
so more induced emf would be produced.
Applications of Faraday’s Law
• Following are the fields where Faraday’s law finds applications:

1.Electrical equipment like transformers works on the basis of Faraday’s

law.
2.Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual induction which is the
principle of Faraday’s law.
3.By inducing an electromotive force into an electromagnetic flowmeter,
the velocity of the fluids is recorded.
4.Electric guitar and electric violin are the musical instruments that find
an application of Faraday’s law.
5.Maxwell’s equation is based on the converse of Faraday’s laws which
states that change in the magnetic field brings a change in the electric
field.
•
Flemings left and right-hand rules
• Whenever a current carrying conductor comes under a
magnetic field, there will be a force acting on the conductor. The
direction of this force can be found using Fleming’s Left Hand
Rule.
• Similarly if a conductor is forcefully brought under a magnetic
field, there will be an induced current in that conductor. The
direction of this force can be found using Fleming’s Right Hand
Rule.
• In both Fleming’s left and right hand rules, there is a relation
between the magnetic field, the current and force. This relation
is directionally determined by Fleming’s Left Hand rule and
Fleming’s Right Hand rule respectively.
• These rules do not determine the magnitude but instead show
the direction of any of the three parameters (magnetic field,
current, force) when the direction of the other two parameters is
known.
• Fleming’s Left-Hand rule is mainly applicable to electric
motors and Fleming’s Right-Hand rule is mainly applicable to
electric generators.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

• It is found that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed

inside a magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor, in a
direction perpendicular to both the directions of the current and
the magnetic field.
•
• In the figure below, a portion of a conductor of length ‘L’ is
placed vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field (B) of
strength ‘H’, produced by two magnetic poles N and S. If the
current ‘I’ is flowing through this conductor, the magnitude of
the force acting on the conductor is:
• Hold out your left hand with the forefinger, second finger and thumb at
the right angle to one another. If the forefinger represents the direction
of the field and the second finger represents that of the current, then
thumb gives the direction of the force.
• While current flows through a conductor, one magnetic field is induced
around it. The magnetic field can be imagined by considering numbers
of closed magnetic lines of force around the conductor. The direction of
magnetic lines of force can be determined by Maxwell’s corkscrew rule
or right-hand grip rule. As per these rules, the direction of the magnetic
lines of force (or flux lines) is clockwise if the current is flowing away
from the viewer, that is if the direction of current through the conductor
is inward from the reference plane as shown in the figure.
• Now if a horizontal magnetic field is applied externally to the conductor,
these two magnetic fields i.e. field around the conductor due to the current
through it and the externally applied field will interact with each other.
We observe in the picture that the magnetic lines of force of external
magnetic field are from N to S pole that is from left to right.
• The magnetic lines of force of external magnetic field and magnetic lines
of force due to the current in the conductor are in the same direction above
the conductor, and they are in the opposite direction below the conductor.
Hence there will be larger numbers of co-directional magnetic lines of
force above the conductor than that of below the conductor.
• Consequently, there will be a larger concentration of magnetic lines of
force in a small space above the conductor. As magnetic lines of force are
no longer straight lines, they are under tension like stretched rubber
bands.
• As a result, there will be a force which will tend to move the
conductor from the more concentrated magnetic field to less
concentrated magnetic field, that is from the present position to
downwards. Now if you observe the direction of the current,
force and magnetic field in the above explanation, you will find
that the directions are according to the Fleming left-hand rule.
 Fleming Right Hand Rule
• As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, whenever a
conductor moves inside a magnetic field, there will be an induced
current in it. If this conductor gets forcefully moved inside the magnetic
field, there will be a relation between the direction of applied force,
magnetic field and the current. This relation among these three
directions is determined by Fleming’s right-hand Rule.
This rule states “Hold out the right hand
with the first finger, second finger and
thumb at the right angle to each other. If
forefinger represents the direction of the
line of force, the thumb points in the
direction of motion or applied force, then
second finger points in the direction of the
induced current”.
 Lenz’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday’s Law tells us that inducing a voltage into a conductor can be done by
either passing it through a magnetic field, or by moving the magnetic field
past the conductor and that if this conductor is part of a closed circuit, an
electric current will flow. This voltage is called an induced emf as it has been
induced into the conductor by a changing magnetic field due to
electromagnetic induction with the negative sign in Faraday’s law telling us
the direction of the induced current (or polarity of the induced emf).
• But a changing magnetic flux produces a varying current through the coil
which itself will produce its own magnetic field as we saw in the
Electromagnets tutorial. This self-induced emf opposes the change that is
causing it and the faster the rate of change of current the greater is the
opposing emf. This self-induced emf will, by Lenz’s law oppose the change in
current in the coil and because of its direction this self-induced emf is
generally called a back-emf.
• But according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the
rate of change of flux linkage is equal to induced emf.

• Considering Lenz’s Law.

• Where:
• Flux Φ in Wb = B.A
• B = magnetic field strength
• A = area of the coil
• Lenz’s Law states that: ” the direction of an induced emf is such that it
will always opposes the change that is causing it”. In other words, an
induced current will always OPPOSE the motion or change which started
the induced current in the first place and this idea is found in the analysis
of Inductance.
• Likewise, if the magnetic flux is decreased then the induced emf will
oppose this decrease by generating and induced magnetic flux that adds
to the original flux.
• Lenz’s law is one of the basic laws in electromagnetic induction for
determining the direction of flow of induced currents and is related to
the law of conservation of energy.
• According to the law of conservation of energy which states that the
total amount of energy in the universe will always remain constant as
energy can not be created nor destroyed. Lenz’s law is derived from
Michael Faraday’s law of induction.
• One final comment about Lenz’s Law regarding electromagnetic
induction. We now know that when a relative motion exists between
a conductor and a magnetic field, an emf is induced within the
conductor.

• But the conductor may not actually be part of the coils electrical
circuit, but may be the coils iron core or some other metallic part of
the system, for example, a transformer. The induced emf within this
metallic part of the system causes a circulating current to flow
around it and this type of core current is known as an Eddy Current.
 Example
Consider a circular coil of 4 turns with radius 3×10−2 mm. The solenoid is
subjected to a varying magnetic field that changes uniformly from 0.4 T to 3.4 T
in an interval of 27 s. The axis of the solenoid makes an angle of 35° to the
magnetic field. Find the induced emf.
 Solution d
E=N
• dt
• ϕ=BAcosθ
The area, A, will be πr2. where is 3x10-2 mm
• N = 4 turns
• Bf = 3.4T
• Bi =0.3T
t = 27s
• θ = 350
• answer 1.03x10-3 V
• The induced current is anti-clockwise as viewed from the direction of the
increasing magnetic field.
 Eddy currents
• An eddy current is a current set up in a conductor in response to a changing
magnetic field. They flow in closed loops in a plane perpendicular to the
magnetic field. By Lenz law, the current swirls in such a way as to create a
magnetic field opposing the change; for this to occur in a conductor, electrons
swirl in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.
• Because of the tendency of eddy currents to oppose, eddy currents cause a
loss of energy. Eddy currents transform more useful forms of energy, such as
kinetic energy, into heat, which isn’t generally useful.
 Eddy Currents Circulating in a Transformer
The changing magnetic flux in the iron
core of a transformer above will induce
an emf, not only in the primary and
secondary windings, but also in the iron
core. The iron core is a good conductor,
so the currents induced in a solid iron
core will be large. Furthermore, the
eddy currents flow in a direction which,
by Lenz’s law, acts to weaken the flux
created by the primary coil.
Consequently, the current in the
primary coil required to produce a
given B field is increased, so the
hysteresis curves are fatter along
the H axis.
 Induction - Self Induction and Mutual Induction
What is Induction?
• Induction is the process by which an electrical conductor becomes electrified when near a
charged body/by which a magnetizable body becomes magnetized when in a magnetic field or
in the magnetic flux set up by a magnetomotive force, or by which an electromotive force is
produced in a circuit by varying the magnetic field linked with the circuit.
• This definition of induction holds for a conductor. Induction is also known as inductance. L is
used to represent the inductance and Henry is the SI unit of inductance.
• 1 Henry is defined as the amount of inductance required to produce an emf of 1 volt in a
conductor when the current change in the conductor is at the rate of 1 Ampere per second.
Factors Affecting Inductance
• Following are the factors that affect the inductance:
1.The number of turns of the wire used in the inductor.
2.The material used in the core.
3.The shape of the core.
Electromagnetic Induction law was given by Faraday which states that
by varying the magnetic flux electromotive force is induced in the
circuit.
Hence, Inductance can be defined as the electromotive force generated
to oppose the change in current at a particular time duration.
According to Faraday’s Law:
I
Electromotive force EMF = − L
t
Unit of Inductance = Volt Second/Ampere = Henry
Types of Inductance
• Two types of inductance are there:
• Self Induction
• Mutual Induction
If changing current flowing
in a coil produces emf in
the same coil, it is called
self induction.

If changing current flowing

through one coil produces
emf in another coil, it is
called mutual induction.
 What is Self Induction?
When there is a change in the current or magnetic flux of the coil, an
opposed induced electromotive force is produced. This phenomenon is
termed as Self Induction. When the current starts flowing through the coil
at any instant, it is found that, that the magnetic flux becomes directly
proportional to the current passing through the circuit. The relation is
given as:
 = LI
Where L is termed as self-inductance of the coil or the coefficient of self-
inductance. The self-inductance depends on the cross-sectional area, the
permeability of the material, or the number of turns in the coil.
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,
Self Inductance Formula

Where,
•L is the self inductance in Henry
•N is the number of turns
•Φ is the magnetic flux
•I is the current in amperes
 What is Mutual Induction?
When two coils are placed close to each other. The two coils; coil 1 (Primary
coil) and coil 2 (Secondary coil). To the coil 1, a battery, and a key is connected
wherein the coil 2 a galvanometer is connected across it. When there is a
change in the current or magnetic flux linked with two coils an opposing
electromotive force is produced across each coil, and this phenomenon is
termed as Mutual Induction. The relation is given as:  = M I
Where M is termed as the mutual inductance of the two coils or the coefficient
of the mutual inductance of the two coils.
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,
 Mutual induction

When an electric current passing through a coil changes with time, an emf is
induced in the neighbouring coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual
induction and the emf is called mutually induced emf.
Consider two coils which are placed close to each other. If an electric
current i1 is sent through coil 1, the magnetic field produced by it is also linked
with coil 2 as shown in Figure 4.22(a).
Mutual Inductance Formula

Where,
•μ0 is the permeability of free space
•μr is the relative permeability of the soft iron core
•N is the number of turns in coil
•A is the cross-sectional area in m2
•l is the length of the coil in m
 Difference between Self and Mutual Inductance
Self induction Mutual induction

Self inductance is the characteristic of the Mutual inductance is the characteristic of a

coil itself. pair of coils.

The induced current developed in the

The induced current opposes the decay of
neighboring coil opposes the decay of the
current in the coil when the main current
current in the coil when the main current
in the coil decreases.
in the coil decreases.

The induced current developed in the

The induced current opposes the growth of
neighboring coil opposes the growth of
current in the coil when the main current
current in the coil when the main current
in the coil increases.
in the coil increases.
 Derivation of Inductance
Consider a DC source with its switch on. When the switch is turned on, the current
flows from zero to a certain value such that there is a change in the rate of current
flowing. Let φ be the change in flux due to current flow. The change in flux is with
respect to time which is given as:
d
Apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
dt
d
E=N Where, N is the number of turns in the coil and E is the induced EMF across the coil
dt
d
From Lenz’s law, we can write the above equation as; E = − N ......................(1)
dt
di
The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as; E = − L .................(2)
dt
comparing equation 1 and 2
N = Li therefore, Li = N = NBA ( = BA);Where, B is the flux density and A is the area of the coil
Hl = Ni
Where, His the magnetizing force due to magneticflux, l is length
i is current , N is the number of turns in the coil
B = H
Li = NBA
NBA N 2 BA N 2  HA
L = = =
i Hl Hl
N A 2
N r
2 2
L = = ( A =  r 2 );Where, r is the radius of the coil
l l
 Example 1.
Consider a solenoid with 500 turns which are wound on an iron core whose relative
permeability is 800. 40 cm is the length of the solenoid while 3 cm is the radius.
The change in current is from 0 to 3 A. Calculate the average emf induced for this
change in the current for time 0.4 second.
 Solution L =
N2A
=
 N 2 r 2
=
r o N 2 r 2
l l l
• Given:
• No.of turns, N = 500 turns Substituting the values we get
• Relative permeability, μr = 800 (4)(3.14)(10-7)(800)(5002)(3.14)(3×10-2)2/0.4
• μ0= 4π×10−7 T m A−1, L = 1.77 H
• Length, l = 40 cm = 0.4 m Magnitude of induced emf,
ε = L di/dt = 1.77×3/0.4
• Radius, r = 3 cm = 0.03 m ε = 13.275 V
• Change in current, di = 3 – 0 = 3 A
• Change in time, dt = 0.4 sec
• Self-inductance is given as
μ = μ0μr