MATEMÁTICAS 4ºESO ACADÉMICAS - REPASO TEMA 3: ECUACIONES

1 Ecuaciones polinómicas
1.1 Ecuaciones de primer grado
1. Resuelve
x−3 x +5 x−8
a) − = 1−
2 6 4
6 x−18 2 x+10 12 3 x −24
− = −
12 12 12 12
6 x−18−2 x−10 = 12−3 x+24
6 x−2 x+3 x = 12+24+18+10
7 x = 64
64
x=
7
3( x−5) 5(x−1) 6 x−3
b) − + = x+1
2 4 8
12 x−60 10 x−10 6 x−3 8 x +8
− + =
8 8 8 8
12 x−60−10 x+10+6 x−3=8 x+8
12 x −10 x+6 x−8 x = 8+60−10+3
0 x = 61 ecuación anómala sin solución

1.2 Ecuaciones de segundo grado completas

2. Resuelve
a) (2x-5)2 – (x+3)2 = (x -2) . (x+2) - 60
4x2 + 25 – 20x -x2 – 6x – 9 = x2 – 4 - 60
2x2 -26x +80 = 0
x2 -13x +40 = 0 a = 1; b = -13; c = 0 Ecuación completa
−b± √ b −4.a . c
2
13± √ (−13)2 −4.1 .40 13± √ 169−160
x= = = =
2. a 2.1 2
13± √ 9 13±3 8
= = =
2 2 5
1.3 Ecuaciones de segundo grado incompletas
3. Resuelve
a) (x -2)2 + (x+2)2 = 8
x2 + 4 – 4x + x2 + 4 + 4x = 8
2x2 = 0 → a = 2; b = 0; c = 0 Ecuación de segundo grado incompleta tipo b,c =0
x = 0 (doble)
b) (x+5)2 – (x-2)2 = x2 + 21
x2 + 25 + 10x – x2 – 4 + 4x = x2 + 21
x2 – 14x = 0 →a = 1; b = -14; c = 0 Ecuación de segundo grado incompleta tipo c =0
x=0
x (x – 14) = 0
x – 14 = 0 → x = 14
c) 3x2 – 5x - 8 =2x(2x – 3) + x
3x2 – 5x + 8 =4x2 - 6x + x
x2 – 8 = 0 →a = 1; b = 0; c = -8 Ecuación de segundo grado incompleta tipo b=0
x 2 = 8 → x = ±√8
1.4 Ecuaciones de grado mayor que dos reducibles a una ecuación de segundo grado
4. Resuelve
a) x6 – 65x3 + 64 = 0
t = x3
t2 = x6
t2 – 65t + 64 = 0
−b± √ b −4. a. c
2
65± √(−65)2 −4.1.64 65± √ 4225−256
t= = = =
2. a 2.1 2
65± √ 3969 65±63 64
= =
2 2 1
Si t = 64 → 64 = x → x = √ 64 = √ 26 = 22 = 4
3 3 3

Si t = 1 → 1 = x3 → x = √ 1 = 1
3

b) x8 – 253x4 – 768 = 0
t = x4
t2 = x8
t2 – 253t – 768 = 0
−b± √ b −4. a. c 253± √(−253) −4.1.(−768)
2
253± √ 64009+3072
2
t= = = =
2. a 2.1 2
253± √ 67081 253±259 256
= =
2 2 −3
Si t = 256 → 256 = x → x = √ 256 = √ 28 = 22 = ±4
4 4 4

Si t = -3 → -3= x4 → x = √−3
4
∄

1.5 Ecuaciones bicuadradas

5. Resuelve
a) x4 – 45x2 + 324 = 0
t = x2
t2 = x4
t2 – 45t + 324 = 0
−b± √ b −4. a. c
2
45± √ (−45)2 −4.1.324 45± √ 2025−1296
t= = = =
2. a 2.1 2
45±√ 729 45±27 36
= =
2 2 9
Si t = 36 → 36 = x2→ x = √ 36 = ±6
Si t = 9 → 9 = x4 → x = √ 9 = ±3
b) x4 – x2 = 0
t = x2
t2 = x4
t2 – t = 0 Ecuación incompleta tipo c = 0
t=0
t ( t – 1) = 0
t–1=0→t=1
Si t = 0 → 0 = x → x = √ 0 = 0
2

Si t = 1 → 1 = x2→ x = √ 1 = ±1
 1.6 Ecuaciones de grado mayor que dos resueltas por factorización
6. Resuelve
a) x2 (x – 3) . (x + 1) = 0
x2 = 0 → x = 0
x–3=0→x=3
x + 1 = 0 → x = -1
b) x4 – 2x3 – 17 x2 + 18x + 72 = 0
1 - 2 -17 18 72
3 3 3 -42 - 72
1 1 -14 -24 0
-3 -3 6 24
1 -2 -8 0
4 4 8
1 2 0
-2 -2
1 0

x4 – 2x3 – 17 x2 + 18x + 72 = (x – 3) . (x + 3) . (x – 4) . (x + 2) = 0

x–3=0→x=3 x- 4=0→x=4

x+3=0→x=-3 x + 2 = 0 → x = -2
c) 8x5 – 7x4 + 9x2 = 0
x2 (8x3 -7x2 + 9) = 0
El polinomio de grado 3 no se puede factorizar
x2 = 0 → x = 0

2 Ecuaciones racionales e irracionalesm

2.1 Ecuaciones racionales
7. Resuelve
3 x+1 x
a) + =
2
x −1 x−1 x+1
2
x −1 = ( x+1).( x−1)
x−1 = x−1 m.c.m = (x+1) . (x-1)
x +1=x+1
m.c.m (x+1).(x−1)
1ºF = = =1
denominador (x+1).(x−1)
m. c . m (x+1).(x−1)
2ºF = = = (x+1)
denominador ( x−1)
m . c .m ( x+1).( x−1)
3ºF = = = ( x−1)
denominador ( x+1)
3.1 ( x+1).( x+1) x .( x−1)
+ =
( x+1) . (x−1) (x+1) . ( x−1) (x+1) . ( x−1)
2 2
3+ x + x+x +1 = x −x
−4
3 x = −4 → x =
3
 Comprobamos la solución:
2
x −1 x−1 x+1

(−43 ) −1 = 79 ≠0
2
−4 −4 7 −4 1
x= − 1 = − ≠0 + 1 = − ≠0 S.V
3 3 3 3 3

x+2 3
b) + 2 =1
x+3 x +6 x+9
x+3 = x +3 m.c.m = (x+3)2
2 2
x +6 x+9 = ( x+3)
2
m.c.m (x +3)
1 ºF = = = x +3
divisor ( x +3)
m. c . m (x+3)2
2ºF = = 2
=1
denominador (x+3)
m . c .m ( x+3)2 2
3ºF = = = ( x+3)
denominador 1
2
( x+2) . (x+3) 3.1 1 . (x +3)
2
+ 2
= 2
(x +3) (x+3) (x+3)
2 2
x +3 x+2 x+6+3=x +6 x +9
−x = 0 → x = 0
Comprobamos la solución:
x+3 x2 +6x +9
x=0 x+3 = 3 ≠ 0 x2 +6x +9 = 9≠ 0 S.V.

x+5 x−4
c) 2
− 2 =0
x −4 x +4 x +4
x 2 −4 =(x+2).(x−2) m.c.m = (x+2)2 (x-2)
2 2
x +4 x+4 = ( x+2)
2
m.c.m (x+2) . ( x−2)
1ºF = = = x+2
denominador ( x+2) . (x−2)
2
m. c . m (x+2) . (x−2)
2ºF = = = x−2
denominador (x +2)2
2
m . c .m ( x+2) . (x−2)
3ºF = = = ( x +2)2 . ( x−2)
denominador 1
( x+5) . ( x+2) (x −4) . ( x−2) 0 .( x+2)2 . ( x−2)
2
− 2
= 2
( x+2) . ( x−2) (x+2) . ( x−2) ( x+2) . ( x−2)
x 2 +2 x+5 x+10−x2 +4 x +2 x −8 = 0
2
13 x+2 = 0 → x = −
13
Comprobamos la solución:
x 2 −4 x 2 +4 x+4

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 −2 672 −2 2 −2 576
x =− − 4= − ≠0 +4. +4 = ≠0 S.V.
13 13 169 13 13 169
 2.2 Ecuaciones irracionales
8. Resuelve
a) 3 x+2 = √ 3 x+14
2
(3 x+2)2 = ( √ 3 x+14)
2
9 x +4+12 x = 3 x +14
2
9 x +9 x−10 = 0
−b± √ b −4.a . c
2
−9± √ 9 2−4.9 .(−10) −9± √ 81+360
x= = = =
2. a 2.9 18
−9+21 12 2
= =
−9± √ 441 −9±21 18 18 3
= =
18 18 −9−21 30 5
=− =−
18 18 3
2
Si x =
3
2
√ 2
3 . + 2 = 3 . + 14 → 4 = 4 S.V
3
5
3
Si x=−
3

3. ( )
−5
3 √ ( )
+2 = 3 .

b) √ 2 x +10 − √ x+1 = 2
−5
3
+ 14 → −3 ≠ 3 S.N.V

√ 2 x +10 − √ x+1 = 2
2 2
( √ 2 x +10 ) = ( 2+ √ x+1 )
2
2 x+10 = 2 + ( √ x +1) + 2 . 2 . √ x +1
2

2 x+10 = 4+ x + 1 +4. √ x +1
2
(x+5)2 = (4. √ x+1)
2
x +25+10 x =16 x+16
x 2 −6 x+9 = 0
−b± √ b −4.a . c
2
6± √(−6)2 −4.1.9 −6± √ 36−36
x= = = = −3
2. a 2.1 2
Si x = -3
√ 2 .(−3)+10 − √−3+1 = 2
√2 .(−3)+10 − √−3+1 = 2 S.N.V
3 Ecuaciones logarítmicas
9. Resuelve
a) log 2 x + log 2 = 2 . log x
2
log (2 x .2) = log x

2
x − 4 x = 0 Ecuación de segundo grado incompleta tipo c = 0
x . ( x−4) = 0 x=0
x−4 = 0 →x = 4
Comprobamos la solución
2x x
x=0 2.0=0 0 S.N.V
x=4 2. 4 = 8 >0 4>0 S. V
 b) log (7 x+15) − log 5 = 1
log (7 x+15) − log 5 = log 10
(7 x +15)
log = log 10
5
(7 x +15)
= 10
5
7 x +15 = 50
35
x= =5
7
7x + 15
x=5 7 . 5 + 15 = 50 S. V

c) log (2 x−3) + log (3 x−2) = 2 −log 25

log (2 x−3) + log (3 x−2) = log 100 − log 25
100
log [(2 x−3) . (3 x−2)] = log
25
2
6 x −4 x−9 x+6 = 4
6 x 2 −13 x+2 = 0
−b± √ b −4.a . c
2
13± √ (−13)2 −4.6 .2 13± √ 169−48
x= = = =
2. a 2.6 12
13+11
=2
13± √ 121 13±11 12
= =
12 12 13−11 2 1
= =
12 12 6
Comprobamos las soluciones
2x − 3 3 x−2
x=2 2.2–3=1>0 3.2–2=4>0 S.V.
1 1 8 1 3
x= 2. − 3 = − <0 3. −2 = − <0 S.N.V
6 6 3 6 2

4 Ecuaciones exponenciales

10. Resuelve
a) 3 x +5 = 81
x +5 4
3 = 3 → x +5 = 4 → x = −1
b) 23 x =5
3x
2 = log 5
3 x log 2 = log 5
log 5
x=
3 log 2

c) 2 − 3−x + 3 x+1 = 0
x
t =3
2−t−1 + t . 3 = 0
1
2 − + 3t = 0
t
 2 t 1 3 t2 0.t
− + =
t t t t
2
3 t +2t−1 = 0
−b± √ b2 −4. a. c −2±√ 2 −4.3.(−1)
2
−2± √ 4+12
t= = = =
2. a 2.3 6
−2+4 2 1
= =
−2± √ 16 −2±4 6 6 3
= =
6 6 −2−4 6
= − = −1
6 6
1 1 x
Si t = → =3 → x = −1
3 3
Si t=−1 → −1=3 x ∄
d) 22 x −17 . 2x +16=0
x
t=2
2
t −17 t +16 = 0
−b± √ b −4. a. c
2
17± √(−17)2 −4.1.16 17± √ 289−64
t= = = =
2. a 2.1 2
17+15
= 16
17± √ 225 17±15 2
= =
2 2 17−15
=1
2
x 4 x
Si t = 16 → 16 = 2 → 2 = 2 → x = 4
Si t = 1 → 1 = 2x → 20 = 2 x → x = 0
e) 52 x −2.5 x −15 = 0
t = 5x
t 2 −2 t−15 = 0
−b± √ b −4. a. c 2± √ (−2) −4.1 .(−15)
2
−2± √ 4+60
2
t= = = =
2. a 2.1 2
−2+8
=3
−2± √ 64 −2±8 2
= =
2 2 −2−8
= −5
2
x x log 3
Si t =3 → 3 = 5 → log 3=log 5 → x =
log 5
x
Si t =−5 → −5 = 5 ∄