DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATED

STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

By

AWODEYI, AFOLABI IFEDAYO

15PCJ01023

MAY, 2018

1
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATED
STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

By

AWODEYI, AFOLABI IFEDAYO

HND (Computer Engineering) (Owo)

15PCJ01023

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE

STUDIES OF COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA (PGD) DEGREE IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING, IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, NIGERIA.

SUPERVISOR
DR. ISAAC SAMUEL

2
 MAY, 2018

ACCEPTANCE

This is to attest that this Project is accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) Degree in Computer

3
Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of
Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Philip John Ainwkhai ...………………

Secretary, School of Postgraduate Studies Signature & Date

Prof. Samuel Wara ...…………..……

Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies Signature & Date

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I carried out the work reported in this Project in the Department of

4
Electrical & Information Engineering, Covenant University, under the supervision of Dr.
Isaac Samuel. I also solemnly declare that to the best of my knowledge, no part of this
Thesis has been submitted here or elsewhere in a previous application for the award of a
degree. All sources of knowledge used have been duly acknowledged.

---------------------------------------------------------------------
AWODEYI, AFOLABI IFEDAYO
(15PCJ01023)

5
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this Project titled “Design and Construction of an Automated Street
Lighting System” is an original work carried out by AWODEYI, Afolabi Ifedayo
(15PCJ01023), in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of
Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, under the supervision of Dr.
Isaac Samuel

Dr. Isaac Samuel ...………………

Supervisor Signature & Date

Dr. Victor Matthews ...…………..……

Head of Department Signature & Date

6
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty for his faithfulness, love, and Grace towards
me and to my parents Mrs Veronica Ebunoluwa Awodeyi and Professor Amos Fola
Awodeyi for making sure I get the best Education.

7
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All thanks are due to Almighty God, the Lord of the universe, the only source of
knowledge, for his divine inspiration and grace that guided me throughout the writing of
this project. I am thankful to the Chancellor of Covenant University, Dr. David Oyedepo
whose vision to establish this University has provided me the opportunity to embark on
the Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) Programme.

My gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Isaac Samuel who inspired me to work harder
through his help and support throughout this project. I am also thankful to my Head of
Department Dr. Victor Matthews for making his M2M and Embedded Systems
Laboratory available for me to carry out my research work and the prototype building. I
am also thankful to Mr. Akindele Ayoola, the M2M laboratory Research Technologist
who has been always there to listen and give advice that helped me focus my ideas and
further improve the quality of the work. I must not fail to acknowledge the
encouragement of my lecturers at some point; Dr. Ndijuiba Charles, Dr. Badejo Joke,
Professor Adetiba Emmanuel, Dr. Orovwode Hope, Professor Idachaba Francis,
Professor Adoghe Anthony, Dr. Awelewa Ayokunle, Dr. Abdulkareem Ademola, Mr
Omoruyi Odewingie, Dr. Daramola Adebayo, Dr. Agboje Oboyerulu and others whom I
have not mentioned here.

Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the love, patience,
moral and financial support of my parents; Professor Amos and Mrs. Veronica Awodeyi.
Thank you all and God bless.

8
 ABSTRACT

This Project report presents details of the design and construction of a microcontroller-
based automated intelligent street lighting system. The circuits are designed specifically
for self-intelligence and fault detection of the system.

The street light system consists of two circuit boards; the main printed circuit boards and
the street light pole printed circuit board.

The major components of the main printed circuit board are PIC microcontroller, GSM
module, voltage translator, multiplexer integrated circuit, resistors, and capacitors, while
the major components of the street light pole circuits are the light dependent resistor
circuit sensors, infrared sensors, PIC microcontroller, capacitor and resistors.

The Light Dependent Resistor is used for Automation, the Infrared sensor is used for
Intelligence; sensing movement and taking the LEDs to a full ON state and the GSM
module for fault detection.

The Printed Circuit Board circuits and their components are housed in its physical
framework. The circuit for the main board and the circuit for the street light pole were
tested and worked properly as intended.

9
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: System Architecture

04

Figure 3.3.1: Circuit Diagram of the PIC Microcontroller pin configuration

18

Figure 3.3.2: Circuit Breakout Diagram for GSM Module

18

Figure 3.4: LDR Resistor Diagram

20

Figure 3.4.2a: Diagram of an IR resistor

20

Figure 3.2b: Pin Configuration of an IR sensor

20

Figure 3.2bii: Circuit Breakout for IR sensor

20

10
Figure 3.5a: Circuit Diagram of the Light Main Board
23

Figure 3.5b : Circuit Diagram for Street Light Poles

24

Figure 4.1: Main Board PCB before implementation

26

Figure 4.2: Street Light PCB before Implementation

27

Figure 4.3: PIC Microcontroller after Soldering on the PCB

28

Figure 4.4: LDR after Soldering

28

Figure 4.5: Infrared Sensor after soldering

29

Figure 4.6: GSM Module after soldering

29

Figure 4.7: LED after soldering

30

Figure 4.8: Power Supply Unit

30

Figure 4.9a: Street Light Prototype for the Main Board

31

Figure 4.9b: Street Light Prototype for the Street Light Pole
31

11
Figure 4.9bi: Street Light Prototype for the Street Light Pole
32

Figure 4.10: Complete Street Light Prototype in its framework

32

12
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.14 Materials Purchased-------------------------------------------------------------33

13
 ABBREVIATIONS

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

IR Infrared Resistor

I/O Input / Output

RX Receive

RXD Receive Data

TX Transmit

TXD Transmit Data

MCU Microcontroller Unit

PIC Peripheral Interface Controller/Programmable Interface

Controller/Programmable Integrated Circuit

IC Integrated Circuit

PCB Printed Circuit Board

14
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
A well-outlined street lighting system allows road users move around freely in the
evening with great visibility, in well-being and comfort and improve the presence of the
area. Lighting framework that is inadequately composed can prompt poor visibility which
is not useful for any person on foot or driver. Regularly road lighting is ineffectively
designed and not appropriately maintained which suggests that there are a substantial
number of flawed and dead lights and uses out of date lighting innovation which expends
a lot of vitality and monetary assets. Provision of street lighting is a standout amongst the
essential duties of a city.

Automated Street lighting System is fundamentally utilized as a proficient method for

power conservation and maintenance cost. Light Dependent Resistors are attached to the
circuits for the LEDs. When the LEDs come ON, the GSM module reports status of faults

15
to the control centre. With this set up in place, the worker now can without much of a
stretch find the specific light to be taken care which limits search and repair time.

This Project makes utilization of an LDR sensor which detects light to go to an ON state,
IR sensor which detects movement variations and takes the LED to a FULL ON and
when idle takes the LED to a HALF ON state. The current sensors report issues to the
Microcontroller which at that point sends a message to an assigned GSM number/control
unit. This street lighting system is a vital method for increasing street wellbeing around
evening time. It enhances the personal satisfaction by preventing wrongdoing and makes
individuals feel safe. Lighting is used for enhancing the environment; this is monetarily
advantageous for the environment.

1.2 Aim
The Project aims to Design and Construct an automated Intelligent Street Lighting
system based PIC Microcontroller.

1.3 Objectives
The following objectives to achieve this aim are itemized:

⦁ To design the main circuit board for the street light main board where all
operations are carried out, such as: Controlling the activities of the street light
PCB, Communications between the PIC microcontroller and the GSM
module, Sending fault detection messages to an assigned GSM number,
Communications between the PIC microcontroller and the circuit board for
the street light poles.

⦁ To design a circuit board for the street light poles where the operations for the
street light module are carried out, such as: Automation of the LED through
the use of the LDR sensor, Dimming of the LED through the use of the IR
sensor

16
1.4 Statement of problem
It is very unfortunate that despite the fact that Nigeria enjoys a large amount of sunlight
in most of her cities throughout the year, our streets are still in darkness as a result of
poor electricity supply. This deprives the country of some economic activities that can
take place at night, such as ornamental beauty of our streets and hence exposes her
people to danger and other nefarious activities

1.5 Motivation
⦁ Power Conservation: Power is conserved for the street lighting when the LEDs
are at a dim state.

⦁ Automated Operation: the street lighting system is automated hence LEDs

switches ON/DIM/OF

⦁ Real time fault detection/instant maintenance: Fault is detected through the use of
a GSM module which sends fault detection messages to a control centre
stating location of faulty LED hence immediate maintenance.

⦁ Intelligence: the street light has the ability to the ability to switch ON/DIM/OFF
without human intervention.

1.6 Methodology
The primary phase of this project begins from writing a literature Review of various
automatic street lighting systems and how the street lighting system and various types of
sensors are integrated.

The following stage is the research on various street lighting control systems which is
summarized for simplicity and understanding of the concept of the system.

17
The design of the system is carried out with a PIC microcontroller. This project will
make use of components such as PIC18F26K22 microcontroller for coordinating the
activities of the system, IR sensor for dimming the LEDs, LDR sensors for automation
and a GSM module for fault detection identification. A model of this project is
constructed and tested.

1.7 Thesis Organization

The organization of this project report is stated as follows;

Chapter 1 gives the general introduction of the work, statement of problem, aim and
objectives, motivation and methodology

Chapter 2 gives a review of the project; lighting, microcontrollers, overview of

components and literature review of previous works, critically analyzing them

Chapter 3 gives a detailed description of the system design detailing the circuit diagram
for the system design, system design components, their working description and circuits

Chapter 4 gives details of the implementation of the project and results obtained. The
results are also compared to some selected previous researches

Chapter 5 gives discussions, conclusions, and recommendation for the development of

the project in the near future.

CHAPTER TWO

18
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
This Chapter gives an introduction to the overview of components used for this Project;
microcontrollers and its advantages, PIC microcontrollers, types of programmable
integrated circuits, Light Dependent Resistors, Infrared sensor and a Review of Previous
Works on Street Lighting System.

Automated Street Lighting system efficiently controls wastage of power and turns ON
and OFF. The system utilizes two sensors. These are the LDR and IR. The sensors are
placed inside the street light which is controlled by the PIC18F26K22 microcontroller.
The system is designed based on a system technique which entails that there is fault
detection with the end goal that when a street light is bad, a message is sent to a
designated number or to a designated control unit. The system is fundamentally
comprised of GSM module, Relay switch, LED, Power Supply. The system architecture
comprising of all the components is shown in figure 2.1.

wop9E8F.tmpMicrosoft_Office_Word_Document1.docx

Figure 2.1 System Architecture

2.2 Microcontroller
Microcontrollers are common components found in electronic systems. It is utilized to
the point that it is practically difficult to work in hardware without its utilization. A
microcontroller integrates a number of microprocessor components into a single
microchip. Microcontroller is a type of microprocessor which emphasizes on self-
sufficiency and viability of cost. Microcontrollers contain memory and interfaces for
input and output. A microcontroller has the following; [33] a central processing unit,

19
memory, input and output. Microcontrollers also combines the following; timer module
which allows the microcontroller perform task within a certain time period, a serial port
for input and output to enable flow of data between devices and the microcontroller, an
analog to digital converter which allows the microcontroller acknowledge the processing
of analog data.

2.2.1 The I/O Port

The controller communicates with the environment through the digital input and output
ports. Microcontrollers are configured as input bits or output bits. Microcontrollers are
utilized in a wide number of electronic systems such as; the keyboard of a PC,
Electronics measurement instrument, Printers, phones, Televisions, radio, CD players,
tape recording equipment and Hearing aids.

2.3 Advantages of Using Microcontroller

The upsides of utilizing microcontrollers are itemized below:

⦁ A microcontroller can be quick

⦁ Microcontrollers have a lot of features which also include analog to digital

converter, serial ports, flash controller and USB support.

⦁ Microcontrollers are better in reliability than a central processing unit in a

PC.[25]

2.4 PIC Microcontroller

PIC Microcontroller which is also known as Programmable Integrated Circuit or
Programmable Interface Controller is a microcontroller which has the following
functions; stores instructions, switches output devices to an on state responding to input
signals, programming and erasing of programs.

20
2.4.1 Types of PICs
⦁ Flash Programmable PIC: This is the most common form PIC which is erasable
for up to about one hundred thousand times, it is reprogrammable by
downloading a new programme into the integrated circuit.

⦁ One Time Programmable Integrated Circuit; these circuits are reprogrammable

just once and are suited for mass production.

2.5 Overview of components

⦁ Light Dependent Resistor
Light dependent resistors which is called a photoresistor or LDR is a resistor whose
resistance increases or decreases based on light intensity or degree of darkness. LDR is
an exceptionally valuable component in an LDR circuit. An LDR can have a variety of
resistance and function. An illustration is a point at which it is used to turn a light to an
ON state when the LDR is in darkness or to turns off a light during day time. [25 34]

⦁ Infrared Sensor (IR)

IR sensors are small, inexpensive, low powered sensors that sense motion. It is utilized in
detecting when a human has moved in or out of the sensor range. These sensors are
frequently referred to as pyroelectric or IR movement sensors [25]

⦁ Current sensors
Current sensor is a device used to distinguish between current in a wire and to generate a
flag corresponding to it. The signal which is generated could be an analog voltage or
current. It is used in displaying current in an ammeter and can also be used for control
purposes.[25 33]

In this project, a signal is generated which is sent to the microcontroller when the
current sensor recognizes that a LED isn't lit up by the current. The microcontroller takes
this as an error and an SMS is generated by the GSM module and sent to a designated

21
number/control unit.

2.6 Review of Previous works

[23] discussed that power could be saved in street lights. Six components were used;
PIC16ff877A Microcontroller, LCD Display, Current Transformer, GSM Module, Dual
Tone Multi-Frequency(DTMF). PIC16ff877A Microcontroller; used for interfacing all
other components together, GSM Module; used for sending SMS to the control station,
LCD used to display Value of the load, DTMF used to Dim and Brighten the LED, Time
to switch the LED is set by DTMF. The primary target was the control of the road light
(dim at dawn and also to brighten at night) using Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF).
Engineers based at the Electricity Board controlled the street light. In the event of an
overload, there was a disconnection while information was transferred to the electricity
board through GSM. In the event of grievances from consumers, Data was sent to the
electricity board through an RFID Reader, which was fixed on a street light pole where
the tag was given to all consumers. An error message was sent to the EB server through
GSM. In conclusion, this system proposed a new method for reducing power
consumption. The period of recovery from power failure was reduced. Streetlight
maintenance, load maintenance and other complaints which regarded power was
intimated through the GSM module. The authors expressed that the Electricity divisions
would embrace this system keeping in mind that the end goal is power conservation and
time. This system could be extended such that the time taken to prepare a new power
association demand could be limited by using RFID.

[10] discussed on a street light system which was optimized management and efficiency.
A lot of sensors were utilized for a better and efficient system control. The IR sensor
sensed a movement. Street lights were switched ON when a person was detected within
detection. The system used a GSM module which allowed for more efficient street lamp

22
management and system control. The state of the street light was checked and the GSM
module sent a fault message to the control centre. The system aided a substantial amount
of energy to be saved. This increased the performance and the maintainability of the
system.

[12] aimed at designing an embedded system for energy conservation of street light. This
research gave a good alternative for wastage of electrical power. Operation of the manual
lighting system was totally wiped out in this research. Two sensors were utilized which
were the Light Dependent Resistor used for indicating day and night and IR sensor which
was used to detect movement on the street. PIC16F877A microcontroller was used to
control the street light. This programming language used was the C language.The system
was implemented on a prototype version. LDR sensor and the IR sensor were the two
sensors used in the working of the circuit. Each sensor controlled the automation of each
the lighting column. The street light was successfully implemented using a
microcontroller.

[19] explained that wireless sensor network could be used with a GSM module for the
monitoring and control of a street lighting system. The system gave remote access for the
system control and maintenance. It discuses about the system would take automated
decisions for luminous control which were ON, OFF and Diming. The system
additionally detected various parameters such as the temperature of the surrounding,
mist, emission from carbon, and intensity of noise. Power theft control was additionally
incorporated into the same system.

[1] gave an alternative solution for wastage of electrical power. This research also wiped
out manual operation for the street light. The system provided a means of saving energy.
This was accomplished when the IR sensor sensed a moving vehicle. After detecting the
motion of vehicles, the sensor transmited the signal to the microcontroller.
Correspondingly when the vehicle or an obstruction leaves the Light gets turned OFF.
The street lighting could easily be accessed from anyplace and whenever via the internet.
The implementation was achieved with an embedded system that controlled the street

23
light when vehicles or obstacles were detected on the road. When an obstacle was
detected on the road, the LED automatically turned ON or OFF and the information was
accessed through the internet. The information of the street light in real time could be
accessed anywhere and anytime using the internet. This project was described as cost
effective,eco-friendly and the safest means to conserve energy. It tackled two issues;
energy conservation and incandescent lamp disposal. As discussed in this paper, the
innitial drawback of this system could be the cost initially and maintenance. The LEDs
had long life, emitted cool light and did not emit any toxic material.

[16] designed a system where light sensors were placed in circuits for light poles which
was responsible for automation. When the LEDs were switched on, current sensors
reported the status of challenges to a centralized system. This was done with the GSM
module. The status was accessed in the centralized system. The workman now could
locate the faulty street light to sort out. This minimized search and repair time. A
database was also maintained by the system for storing important information from each
LED.

[5] designed a system that provided a safe environment in the night for road users and
pedestrians. The main objective was to use a low cost microcontroller like an Arduino
and to save energy. The modes used were controlled by an LDR and IR. The system
could automatically automate LEDs according to the flow of traffic. The system worked
during the night and concentrated at a concentrated street at an intersection. The LED
came to an ON state when movement was detected otherwise it turned off. According to
the research, this design saved an awesome measure of power. Maintenance cost was
reduced and lifespan of the system was increased.

[3] designed a system that used a module for sensing real time. The intensity of the LED
could also be changed using the module. The circuit had a disadvantage; maintenance
was high. Dust easily accumulated on the sensor and occasional clean up was required.
The authors proposed that wireless communication could be incorporated for automated
detection of fault based on central system. the use of a timer circuit was another proposed

24
method by the authors for light intensity variations which used a thyristor to change the
of the brightness of the LED based on the atmospheric conditions and the day to night of
the environment.

[4] designed a system that monitored street light and detected faults with the aid of an
RF technology. A drawback of this system was that it was expensive but when its
advantages were considered, the high price of the lamp post were compensated by
cheaper wiring and power network availability. Maintenance was also very low. The
main goals of this research was reduction in the consumption of power and atmospheric
emissions which were harmful. The system had versatility and could be extended to user
needs.

[17] designed a lighting system that targeted the saving of energy and autonomous
operation with an immediate response to faults. Consumption of the street light for a
specific area could be accounted for from the system. Errors that occurred from manual
operation was also eliminated. The system could also be controlled from a PC at the
control station or could be automated. The design was based on the installation of light
sensors in the circuits for the poles. Current sensors reported status to the central system
using GSM module; with the fault status, the workman could easily locate the faulty
street light thus reducing the time it would have taken to search for faulty lamps.
Information was collected at the end of each day and stored in the data base. The
information collected and stored in the database was made up of details of power
consumption, number of burning hours, interruptions and fault detection details; the
location of faulty street light, time of fault and time of repair. The system accomplished
the feat of reducing the time taken to repair faults compared to manual system where
faults took days or months to be detected for repairs was carried out.

[6] designed a solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems which maximized
the efficiency for street lighting system and conserved the use of energy. LDR was used
for automation. The pulse width modulation and IR sensor controlled the intensity of the
LED. The resistance of the LDR decreased when light encroached on it.

25
[24] designed a system that enumerated on the fact that controlling street light was of
significant importance to reduce power consumption. This research paper used different
technologies; clock-timer, photodiodes, Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and transistors.
The IR sensors issued commands for the LEDs to glow. Pulse width modulation was also
used for intensity control based on the movement detected.thus intensity changed
dynamically. This design saved a lot of energy.

[20] designed and implanted an automatic street light control system based on UA741
operational amplifier which is configured as a Schmitt trigger and a light dependent
resistor (LDR). Amid the day the LDR faculties enough illumination and the security
light goes OFF. Furthermore, when darkness comes, resistance of the LDR increases
tremendously and causes the light come "ON'. Additionally, a transistor switching a 12V
Relay is deployed to provide the switching mechanism to activate the street lights
connected in parallel. The need for manual operation of the security lights is completely
eliminated and much energy is saved that would have been otherwise wasted if the user
were to forget to power “OFF” the light at any point in time. [20]

[22] designed a system based on GSM. The lighting system was designed to target the
reduction in consumption of power and autonomous operation. This was achieved by the
installation of chips on the circuit for the LED. The chip was made up of a
microcontroller, sensors, GSM module which was used for transmission of messages to
the PC. The programme was designed to ensure that consumption of energy was at its
minimum. Atmospheric emissions were also detected through the CO2 sensor used.
Electricity theft was also detected.

[18] designed a system where the LEDs switches to an ON state when vehicle movement
is detected. The LED turns off after some seconds. The system consisted of 5 highlights.
It automatically controlled the street light. i.e turned off during the day and turned on
during the night utilizing the LDR. It controlled the street light intensity through diming
and brightening on detecting an object. Objects were detected using PIR sensors. The
system had a camera for security purposes. Automatic fault detection i.e on failure of the

26
LEDs, fault messages are automatically sent to the to the authorities using the GSM
module technology. The feature of switching manually with the use of a GSM device was
also incorporated.

[21] designed a system where the street LEDs lit up automatically at night and turned off
at daybreak. The light dependent resistors were also used to indicate the condition of the
LEDs for effective maintenance. This system was designed to run on automatic node.
This automatic mode controlled the algorithm for the sunrise and sunset and intensity of
light.

2.7 Summary
This chapter reviewed various journal papers on automated street lighting systems. The
analysis of the designs, results and implications obtained in the literature review supports
the fact that LED lighting with automation and fault detection is more efficient than the
traditional lighting system in terms of cost, power consumption, and fault detection. It
also shows that maintenance cost is reduced because of the reduction in physical
manpower required. Components used for the construction of this project was also
reviewed in this chapter

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

27
This chapter deals with the design of an Automated street lighting system. From the
design specifications, the system is divided into two parts; the main circuit board and the
light pole circuit board.

3.2 System Specifications

The street lighting system has the following specifications which are outlined as follows;

⦁ The main PCB which has the PIC18F26K22 microcontroller and the GSM
module operates on a 5 volt DC.

⦁ The street light PCB which has the LDR, IR, and LED operates on a 5 volt DC

⦁ The GSM module operates on a 4 volt DC.

⦁ The power pack is a 5-volt pack which converts 230 volts to 5 volts.

⦁ Fault messages are sent to a designated GSM number

3.3 Operation of the Main Circuit Board

The main circuit board comprises mainly of the PIC18F26K22 microcontroller and the
GSM module. The PIC microcontroller coordinates the activities of the system. It is
responsible for instructing the GSM module send a fault detection message to the
assigned GSM number when a fault is detected. The PIC microcontroller also
communicates with the circuits for the street light pole. These modules are explained
below;

3.3.1 PIC Microcontroller

PIC Microcontroller is used for the development of interactive tools, which takes inputs
from various switches or sensors, and controls a variety of lights, motors, and other
physical outputs. The PIC microcontroller is the brain of the system where instructions
are carried out for the Automated Intelligent Street Lighting System. This

28
Microcontroller is made up of CPU, RAM, ROM,I/O Ports. PIC18F26K22
Microcontroller is the preferred microcontroller in this project. This is because there are
more I/O pins [27]. The circuit diagram is shown figure 3.3.1.

Figure 3.3.1 Circuit Diagram of the PIC18F26K22 Microcontroller pin

configuration

3.3.2 GSM Module

GSM module is connected to the microcontroller. Its pins such as RXD (Receive Data)
are connected to TXD (Transmit Data) of other device and vice versa, whereas GND
(Ground) are be connected to other device’s GND pin to make ground common for both
systems. This is the modem which sends fault messages to the control station/designated
GSM number. [25] The circuit diagram for the GSM module is shown in figure 3.3.2

29
 Figure 3.3.2 Circuit Breakout Diagram for GSM Module

3.3.2.1 GSM Configuration

GSM modem is interfaced with the microcontroller with the aid of a PNP transistor. To
successfully interface the GSM with the microcontroller, it is important to ensure that the
transmit (TX) and the Receive (RX) pins of the GSM module and the microcontroller are
compatible. The maximum input voltage for the RXD pin is 3v and the maximum output
voltage is of the transmit (TXD) is 2v. The voltage at the transmit and receive pins of the
PIC microcontroller is between 4 – 5 volts. The PNP transistor is used to amplify the
voltage of the transmit pin of the GSM module from 2v to 4 – 5 volts which is a high
logic for the receive pin of the PIC microcontroller in order to ensure compatibility. The
GSM module uses between 3.6v – 4volts for the supply voltage(VCC).

3.4 Operation of the Street Light Pole Circuit Board

The street light pole circuit board comprises of a PIC18F26K22 microcontroller, Light
Dependent Resistor, Infrared sensor and LED. The PIC microcontroller on the circuit
board coordinates the activities of the LDR, IR and LED before communicating with the
circuit for the main board. The PIC microcontroller coordinates the LDR to bring the
LED to an ON state when darkness is detected, coordinates the IR sensor to DIM and

30
brighten the LEDs at intervals when darkness is detected. These modules are explained
below

3.4.1 Light Dependent Resistor

The working principle of an LDR is photoconductivity. When the light is absorbed by the
material then the conductivity of the material reduces. At the point when the light falls
on the LDR, the electrons in the valence band of the material move to the conduction
band. But the photons in the incident light must have energy superior to the band gap of
the material to make the electrons jump from one band to another (valence to
conduction). LDR is an electronic sensor that senses the presence of light. When light
falls on the top surface of the LDR, its resistance becomes lower and when there is low
light, its resistance becomes higher. The resistivity is inversely proportioned to the
intensity of light exposed on LDR active surface. This change in resistance can be used to
determine changes in voltage and current. [26] LDR is responsible for Automation of the
project prototype. The diagram for the LDR is shown in figure 3.4 below

Figure 3.4 LDR Resistor Diagram

3.4.2 Infrared Sensor

31
 Figure 3.4.2a Diagram of an IR sensor

Figure 3.4.2b Pin Configuration of IR Sensor

Figure 3.4.2bii Circuit Breakout of IR Sensor

The pin configuration of the IR sensor is shown in the figure above. IR sensor comprises
of three pins; ground pin, signal pin and power pin along the edge or base. The IR sensor
power is dependent upon 3.3v - 5V. It is extremely basic and simple to interface the

32
sensor with a microcontroller. The output of the IR is usually digital output which either
low or high. The IR sensor circuit comprises of three pins, power supply pin, output
signal pin, and ground pin. At whatever point a person (even a warm body or object with
some temperature) goes through the field of the perspective of IR sensor, the infrared
radiation discharged by the warm/hot body movement is detected. The infrared radiation
detected by the sensor generates an electrical signal that is used to activate the Full ON
state in the system.

3.4.3 Switch
A switch is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that
can switch on or switch off a much larger electric current. The heart of the switch is an
electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows
through it). A switch is a kind of electric lever that switches on with a tiny current. It
switches on another appliance that uses a greater current. Sensors are sensitive pieces of
electronic equipment and produce only small electric current but are often needed to
drive bigger pieces of apparatus that use bigger currents. A switch bridges the gap,
making it possible for small currents to activate larger ones. Thus switches amplifiers
small currents into larger currents. [30 31]

3.4.3.1 Working principle of a switch

Switches open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. A switch controls
one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. As the circuit
diagram shows below, when a transfer contact is typically open (NO), there is an open
contact when a switch is not energized. At the point when the switch contact is Normally
Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the switch is not energized. Applying
electrical current to the contacts will change their state. A switch is used to switch
smaller currents in a control circuit. Switches can control larger voltages by having an
amplifying effect because a small voltage applied to a switch can result in a large voltage
being switched by the contacts. The switch which is located on the street light pole is

33
used in this project to switch the LED on/off.

3.4.4 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a PN junction diode, which emits light when activated.
When a voltage is applied across its leads, electrons recombine with holes within the
LED, releasing energy in the form of photons which gives light. Hence, it is a two-lead
semiconductor light source. Light emitting diodes represents the lighting system and the
amount of light emitted by it is directly related to the detection or non-detection of
motion which amounts to a Dim ON state or a Full ON state. [31, 32]

3.4.4.1 Principle of operation of an LED

Light-emitting diode (LED) emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.
It has two sides; one with an abundance of electrons called "n-type semiconductor" & the
other with a bunch of holes that need to be filled by electrons known as "p-type
semiconductor ". With the help of these p-n junctions, these semiconductors can control
the direction of the flow of electricity. The LED works on the principle that when
electrons lose energy, they move from a higher orbit to a lower orbit. The energy lost is
in the form of light photons. The color of the light emitted depends upon the frequency of
the light photon released. The higher the frequency, the greater is the energy release.[31,
32]

3.4.4.2 Application of LED

⦁ Backlight; white LEDs are used in flat-panel computer displays.

⦁ Remote Controls of televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances:

Infrared LEDs are used here.

⦁ Automotive Lighting; LEDs are used in brake lights, turning signals & indicators.

⦁ Traffic Signals; Groups of LEDs are packaged into arrays & arranged to form a

34
 traffic light.

⦁ Street Lighting

3.5 Circuit Diagrams for the PCB boards

35
36
Figure 3.5a Circuit diagram of the Street Light Main Board

37
38
 Figure 3.5b Circuit diagram of the Street Light Pole

3.6 Summary
This chapter presented the design of the street lighting system, showed the two main
circuit boards and components in the circuits. The schematics of the circuits were also
shown for the project.

39
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

4.1 Introduction
This chapter shows details of implementation of the designed system in chapter three and
the complete system test result.

4.2 Implementation
After the circuit diagrams were thoroughly examined, all the required components were
bought. The printed circuit boards were produced and all components were mounted and
soldered properly; the PIC microcontroller is a 5volt microcontroller that is mounted and
installed on the PCB. The GSM module has a consumption of 4 volts which is also
mounted and soldered to it. A multiplexer integrated circuit is installed on the main board
circuit which communicates with the circuits for the street light pole.

40
Figure 4.1 Diagram for the Main Board PCB before implementation

41
 Figure 4.2 Diagram for the Street Light PCB before implementation

4.2.1 Implementation of the PIC18F26K22 Microcontroller

PIC18F22K26 was programmed using assembly language. The compiler used is the
Microcontroller Lab. The Microcontroller which serves as the brain of the system is
programmed to;

⦁ Power up the Light Dependent Resistor and Infra Red Sensor once there is a
considerable degree of darkness

⦁ Dim LED at Startup

⦁ Dim LED when no movement is detected

⦁ Take LED to a Full ON state when movement is detected

⦁ Send fault detection messages to a control centre or a designated GSM number

when an LED does not Light up

⦁ Cut OFF power to the sensors at daylight

42
 FIGURE 4.3 Diagram of the PIC Microcontroller after soldering on the PCB

4.2.2 Implementation of the Light Dependent Resistor

The LDR has a resistance which varies inversely proportional to light. An example is the
more the light, the less the resistance. Two Light Dependent Resistor was used for this
prototype; each of the PCB’s has an LDR soldered to it. Figure 4.4 shows the LDR
soldered to the Street Light PCB.

FIGURE 4.4 Diagram of the LDR after soldering

43
4.2.3 Implementation of the Infrared Resistor
Four Infrared sensors consisting of two pairs each of Infrared sensors were used for this
prototype; each of the PCB has a pair of Infrared sensors soldered to it. Proximity
detection for the IR sensor is between 4cm to 26cm. Figure 4.5 shows the Infrared sensor
soldered to the Street Light Printed Circuit Board.

FIGURE 4.5 Diagram of the Infrared Sensor after soldering

4.2.4 Implementation of the GSM Module

The SIM 8OOL GSM Module is used for this Project Prototype. The pins were soldered
carefully to avoid damage. Figure 4.6 shows the GSM module after soldering on the
Main Board Printed Circuit Board.

44
 FIGURE 4.6 Diagram of the GSM module after soldering

4.2.5 Implementation of LED

Four high flux LED's of two pairs each was used in this prototype LED. Each Printed
Circuit Board for the Street Light has a pair of LED soldered to it. The diagram below
shows the LED soldered to the Printed Circuit Board for the of the Street Light

45
 FIGURE 4.7 Diagram of the LED after soldering

4.2.6 Implementation of the Power Supply Unit

Electronics components used of various types used in this project prototype has various
voltage levels ranging from 3.5volts to 5volts. A power pack of 5 volts and 10 amps
switch mode power supply which is light in weight and generates high voltage was gotten
for this project. Below is the diagram for the Unit that supplies power.

Figure 4.8 Diagram for the power supply unit

46
4.3 Testing
All units of this project prototype were properly packaged after implementation. All units
worked properly as stated in the expected result in chapter one.

A fault was deliberately introduced to the system for an LED not to come up, an SMS
stating the status and location of the street light was sent to an assigned number. Below
are pictures of the circuit for main board and street pole after all components were
soldered and working properly.

FIGURE 4.9a Street Light Prototype for the Main Board

47
FIGURE 4.9b Street Light Prototype for the Street Light Pole

48
FIGURE 4.9bi Street Light Prototype for Streetlight Pole

49
 Figure 4.10 Complete Street Light Prototype in its Framework

4.4 Materials Purchased

ITEM QUANTITY PRICE

Short Range Special Infrared 4 12,500
Sensor

50
 LDR Sensors 2 1,000
0.005ohm Sensor Resistors 3,000
SIM 800L GSM Module 1 10,000
PIC Microcontroller 15,000
Components
PCB Fabrication 3 30,000
Auxiliary Board Components 4 5,000
5 volts Power Pack 9500
Shipping 15,000
Miscellaneous and Logistics 20,000
TABLE 4.14

4.5 Summary

This chapter described how the designed system discussed in chapter 3 was implemented.
The circuits were tested before their packaging and after their packing and each module
working as proposed

CHAPTER 5

51
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY
The major aim this project aimed at achieving was the design and construct a
microcontroller based automated intelligent street lighting system.

Without a street lighting system in place, crime would be on the rise on our various
roads. Whereas there is no proper street lighting system, cost of manpower and
maintenance would be on the increase; this is due to the fact that there is no intelligence
introduced to the system and there is no automation. Chapter one gave a general
introduction to the project.

In chapter two, Components used for the construction of this project was reviewed,
various journal papers on automated street lighting systems were also reviewed. The
analysis of the designs, results, and implications obtained in the literature review
supported the fact that LED lighting with automation and fault detection is more efficient
than the traditional lighting system in terms of cost, power consumption, and fault
detection.

In chapter three, the design of the street lighting system was discussed showing the two
main circuit boards and components in the circuits. The schematics of the circuits were
also shown for the project.

In chapter 4, the implementation of the system was described. This chapter also described
how circuits were tested before their packaging and after their packing and how each
module worked as intended.

And finally, the aim and objectives of this project was achieved as each unit worked
properly

52
5.2 CONCLUSION
The Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based Automated Intelligent Street
Lighting System were successfully carried out. The LED lighting with automation and
fault detection proved more efficient than the traditional lighting system in terms of cost,
power consumption and fault detection. PIC Main Board PCB programme is in the
Appendix I and also STREET LIGHT BOARD PCB Programme is in the appendix II.

5.3 ACHIEVEMENT
The following objectives were achieved during the duration of the design and
construction of the project;

⦁ Successful design, construction, and implementation of the main PCB and street
light PCB

⦁ Successful Automated Operation

⦁ Successful real-time fault detection and instant maintenance.

⦁ The intelligence of the system; Dimming of the street light.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION
Recommendations for this Project are outlined below.;

⦁ A database should be created where information on power consumed, fault

detecting, time of fault should be stored for analysis

⦁ Embedding surveillance camera to the street light PCB for security monitoring

53
 within the street lighting area.

⦁ A Wifi interface for wirelessly controlling the LED’s/ Street light on a computer
should be included

⦁ Mobile phones should not just receive fault messages but should be used to
switch ON/OFF the street light remotely.

REFERENCES

[1] Parkash, Prabu and Dandu Rajendra,(May 2016) Internet of Things Based
Intelligent Street lighting system for Smart City. "International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering, and Technology'. Volume 5, issue 5

[2] Deepak kumar rath. (2016). Arduino Based Smart Light Control System.
“International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science” Volume 4 Issue 2

[3] K.S Ruchitha, Neelakshi Agarwal, Soumya Anand, Aurima Das and Rajasree P.M,
(April 2016). Design and Development of Automatic Adjustment of Street Light
Intensity. “International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering”. Volume 5, issue 4

[4] Sakakshi Anand, Dr. Neela Jain., (May 2015). Intelligent Street lighting system using
RF transmission. “International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and
Software Engineering”. Volume 5, issue 5

[5] N.L. Ramli, N. Mohd Yamin, S.AB Ghani, N.Md Saad and S.A. Md Sharif,
(December 2015). Implementation of Passive Infrared Sensor in Street Lighting
Automation System. “Asian Research Publishing Network(ARPN) Journal of

54
Engineering and Applied Sciences”. Volume 10, No 22

[6] Sharath Patil G.S, Rudresh S.M, Kallendrachari K, M. kiran Kumar (June 2015).
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control using Sensors and Solar
Panel. “International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications”. Volume 5,
issue 6(part 1).

[7] Farzana Yasmin, MD. Al Muhaimin Sarkar. (June 2014). Automatic Light Control
System using Microcontroller Based LDR. Daffodil International University Dhaka,
Bangladesh.

[8] Vipasha, Preeti Abrol. (June 2013). Design of Traffic Flow-Based Street Light
Control System. "International Journal of Computer Applications”. Volume 72– No.18

[9] Samir A. Elsagheer Mohamed. (August 2013). Smart Street Lighting Control and
Monitoring System for Electrical Power Saving by VANET. “International Journal
Communications, Networks and System sciences”.

[10] V. Sumathi, A. Krishna Sandeep, B. Tarun Kumar.(2013). Arm Based Street

Lighting System with Fault Detection. “International Journal of Engineering and
Technology”. Volume 5 No 5

[11] Alexandra Lavric, Valentin Popa, Ilie Finis, Daniel Simion, The Design and
Implementation of an Energy Efficient Street Lighting Monitoring and Control System.
The Stefan Cel Mare University of Suceava. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY
(Electrical Review), ISSN 0033-2097, R. 88 NR 11a/2012

[12] Mustafa Saad, Abdalhalim Farij, Ahamed Salah and Abdalroof Abdaljalil Automatic
Street Light Control System using Microcontroller. “Journal of Mathematical Methods
and Optimization Techniques in Engineering”. ISBN: 978-960-474-339-1

[13] Radhi Priyasre, Rafiya H. Kauser, Vinitha E, N. Gangatharan (April 2012).

Automatic Street Light Intensity Control and Road Safety Module using Embedded

55
Systems. "International Conference on Coastal Engineering"

[14] Meihua Xu, Yujie Zhang, Guoqin Wang (2012). “Design of Intelligent Street Light
Monitoring System Based on STM 32” IEEE Symposium on Electrical and Electronics
Engineering

[15] Omkar Natu, Prof. S.A.Chavan (2013). “Gsm Based Smart Light Monitoring and
Control System, “International Journal of Computational Sciences and Engineering”
IJCSE

[16] Abdul Latif Salem, Raja Sagar R, Sachin Datta N S, Sachin H S, Usha M S (2015).
Street Lighting Monitoring and Control System.“International Journal of Engineering
and Techniques” www.ijetjournal.org ISSN: 2395-1303

[17] Akash R.B, Holabasappa K, Kiran Kumar DM, Kiran Mardi, Asst Prof
Smt.B.M.Nandini(2015). Street Light Monitoring and Control System. “International
Journal on Modern Trends Engineering and Research” (IJMTER) ISSN: 2349-9745

[18] Achana G., Aishwarya.N, Anitha.J, Vijay Kumar (2015). Intelligent Street Lighting
System. “International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology”
(IJRAET) ISSN (online): 2347-2812, Volume 3 issue 4

[19] Chaitanya Amin, AshutoshNerkar, Paridhi Holani, Rahul Kaul (2013). “GSM Based
Autonomous Street Illumination System for Efficient Power Management. “International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology” Volume 4 Issue 1

[20] Isah Abdulazeez Watson (March 2015). Design and Implementation of an Automatic
Street Light Control System. “International Journal of Engineering Technology and
Advanced Engineering”. www.ijetae.com ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 certified
journal, Volume 5, issue 3

[21] K.M. Harshitha, Lakhitha, Lubna Taranum, Mamatha G, Divya K V (June 2017).
Automatic Street Light, Fault Detection, and Traffic Density Control. “International
Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering”.

56
ISSN:2320-9801,Volume 5 special issue 5

[22] Prof. K.Y Rajput (March 2013). Intelligent Street Lighting System using GSM.
“International Journal of Engineering Science Invention”. ISSN:2319-6726.
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 issue 3 March 2013

[23] R. Rubananth and T. Kavitha (April 2012). GSM Based RFID Approach to
Automated Street Lighting System. “Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information
Technology”. www.jatit.org ISSN:1817-3195 Volume 38 no. 2

[24] S.Suganya, R. Sinduja, T. Sowmiya & S. Senthilkumar (2014) Street Light Glow on
Detecting Vehicle Movement using Sensor. “International Journal for Advance
Research in Engineering and Technology”. www.ijaret.org ISSN:2320-6802

[25] Sei Ping Lau, Geoff V. Merrett, Alex S. Weddell, Neil M. White (2015) A Traffic-
aware Street Lighting Scheme for Smart Cities using Autonomous Network Sensors.
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/compeleceng Computers and Electrical Engineering
45(2015)192-207

[26] Igor Wojnicki, Sebastian Ernst, Leszek Kotulski, Adam Sedziwy (2014) Advanced
Street Light Control. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eswa Expert systems with
applications 41(2014) 999-1005

[27] Andras Kovacs, Roland Batai, Balazs Csanad Csaji, Peter Dudas, Borbala Hay,
Gianfranco Pedone, Tibor Revesz, Jozsef Vancza.(2016) Intelligent Control for Energy
Positive Street Lighting. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/energy Energy 114(2016) 40-51

[28]Y.M. Jangadeesh, S. Akilesh, S. Karthik, Prasanth (2015) Intelligent Street Light.

http://www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Technology 21(2015) 547-551

[29] Juan De Paz, Javier Bajo, Sara Rodríguez, Gabriel Villarrubia, Juan M. Corchado
(2016) Intelligent System for Lighting Control in Smart Cities.
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ins Information Sciences 372(2016) 241-255

57
[30] Cleber Costa Da Fonseca.(2015) Public Street Lighting Remote Operation and
Supervision System. http://elsevier.com/locate/csi Computer Standards and Interfaces
38(2015)25-30

[31] Dong Jin, Christopher Hannon, Zhiyi Li, Pablo Cortes, Srinivasan Ramaraju, Patrick
Burgess, Nathan Buch, Mohammad Shahidehpour (2016) Smart Street Lighting System:
A Platform for Innovative Smart City Applications and a New Frontier for Cyber
Security. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/electr The Electricity Journal 29(2016)28-35

[32] Jayesh Patil, Sumit Tayade, Manjusha Pattadkal, Neelambari Nawale, Prof. Harsha
Bhute (2017) Smart Street Light Control System. “International Journal of Advanced
Computing and Electronics Technology” Volume 4 Issue 2 ISSN: 2394-3416

[33] Aishwarya N, Aishwarya.N, Vijay Kumar, B. Surekha (2015) Intelligent Street

Light System. Proceedings of 4th IRF International Conference. 19th April 2015 pp:82-84

[34] Umesh G Phonde and Uttam L Bombale (2014). Intelligent Automatic Street
Lighting System with Advance Control through GSM modem. “International Journal of
Advance Research in Science and Engineering”. Volume 3 issue 9

[35] Deepak Kumar Rath. (2016) Arduino Based: Smart Light Control System.
“International Journal of Engineering Research and General science”. Volume 4 issue
2

[36] Anil Kumar and Vara Prasad Rao(2015). An Advanced Intelligent Lighting,
Monitoring and Control System using Sensors and Zigbee Network. “International
Journal and Magazine of Engineering, Technology and Management Research” Volume
2 Issue 12

[37] Moeenuddin Mohsin, Ishwar S. Jadhav , V. D Chaudhari (2017). High-Efficiency

Intelligent Street Lighting System using a Zigbee Network and GSM. “International
Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology” Volume 5 Issue
2

58
[38] Deepanshu Khandelwal, Bijo M Thomas, Kritika Mehndiratta, Nitin Kumar.(2015)
Sensor Based Automatic Street Lighting System. “International Journal of Education
and Science Research Review” Volume 2 Issue 2

[39] Shilpashree. R.N, Shruthi H O, Smitha S, Veenashree C N, Arpitha Shankar S I

(2014). GSM Based Automation of street light. "International Journal of Innovative
Science, Engineering, and Technology" Volume 1 Issue 3

[40] Dr. Mamta Pandey and Shreyaansh Pandey(2015) Intelligent Street Lighting System
using Automatic Solar Led Lamps. "International Journal of Science Technology and
Engineering" Volume 2 Issue 4

[41] Lakshmiprasad and Keerthana(2014). Smart Street Lights. “International Journal

of Students Research in Technology and Management” Volume 2(02)

[42] Dipak Mhaske and Katariya(2014). Smart Street Lighting using Zigbee and GSM
Network for High Efficiency and Reliability. “International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology” volume 3 issue 4

[43] Archena M, Mahalashmi (2014). E-street: LED Powered Intelligent Street Lighting
System with Automatic Brightness Adjustment Based on Climatic Conditions and
Vehicle Movement. “International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering” Volume 3 special issue 2

[44] Popa and Marcu(2012). A Solution for Street Lighting in Smart Cities. “Carpathian
Journal of Electronic and Computer Engineering” 5(2012) 91-96

[45]Campus Component Ltd (2011). GSM Interfacing Board

http://www.campuscomponent.com

[46] Dr. D.V. Pushpa Latha.(2014). PLC Based Smart Street Lighting Control.
“International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications”.
DOI:10.5815/ijisa.2014.01.08

59
[47] Feasibility Report on Smart LED Street Lighting Supervised by Dr. Javier Barria.
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/niccolo.lamanna12/yr2proj/

[48] kunjal Nanavati, Hemant Prajapati, Hemal Pandav, Krupali Umaria, Nilay Desai
(2016). Smart Autonomous Street Light Control System. “International Journal of
Science Technology and Engineering” Volume 2 Issue 10

[49] Dheeray Sharma(2014). Microcontroller based Smart Street Light Control System.
Masters Thesis, Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar
University India.

[50] Liu Chee Wei(2011). Smart Lighting Systems: Modular Intelligent Control System.
B.sc Thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Tunku Abdul
Rahman(TAR)

[51] Osigwe Uchenna Chinyere, Oladipo Onaolapo Francisca, Onibere Emmanuel

Amano (2011) Design and Simulation of an intelligent Traffic Control System.
“International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology” Volume 1 Issue 5
pp 47-57

[52] P. A. Ambresh, M. Ashwini, Rickson Wilson Rodrigues, Vikesh And G. M.

Puspanjali (2015) Design of Smart Automatic Street Light System. "Indian Journal of
Scientific Research" Volume 12 Issue 1 Pp. 028-032

[53] B. K. Subramanyam, K. Bhaskar Reddy, P. Ajay Kumar Reddy (2013) Design and
Development of Intelligent Wireless Street Light Control and Monitoring System Along
With GUI “International Journal of Engineering Research and Application” Volume 3
Issue 4 pp. 2115-2119

APPENDIX I: PIC MAIN BOARD PCB PROGRAM

;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

60
;The streetlighting *******************

;Processor PIC18F26K22*************************

;clock frequency = 64MHz***********************

;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

list p=pic18f26k22

#include <p18f26k22.inc>

config FOSC=INTIO67, FCMEN=OFF, IESO=OFF, PRICLKEN = ON,

PLLCFG = ON

config PWRTEN=ON, BOREN=OFF ;CCP2MX=PORTBE

config WDTEN=SWON, WDTPS = 16384 ;4096

config MCLRE = INTMCLR, PBADEN=OFF, HFOFST = OFF

config STVREN=OFF, LVP=OFF, XINST=OFF, DEBUG=OFF

config CP0 = ON, CP1 = ON, CP2 = ON, CP3 = ON

;**********************************************

;WARNING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! DON'T USE THE n-BIT OF THE STATUS

REGISTER....... IT DOESN'T WORK

cblock 0x0000 ; bank1 for the gpr's

61
d1

d2

d3

myFlags

hold

movlw low printfTable

movwf tblptrl

call StringOut

goto printfDone

printfTable:

da str,0 ; Packed ASCII. 16bits per 2 chars.

printfDone

endm

;**********************************************

printfRegAscii macro par1

movf par1,w

addlw 0x30

movwf arg1

call FontOut10

endm

62
printfReg macro par1

movf par1,w

movwf arg1

call FontOut10

endm

Dprintf macro par1

movlw par1

movwf arg1

call FontOut10

endm

movwf transmit

btfss txsta,trmt

goto $-2

;now check for the echo

clrwdt

watchdog_on ;turn on the watchdog timer

63
gsmOut2:

btfss pir1,rc1if

goto $-2

movf rcreg1,w

xorwf transmit,w

btfss status,z

goto gsmOut2

****************************************

;**********************************************

;**********************************************

eeread bcf eecon1,eepgd ;point to the eeprom memory

bcf eecon1,cfgs ;access the eeprom memory

bsf eecon1,rd

return

eewrite:

bcf eecon1,eepgd ;point to the eeprom memory

bcf eecon1,cfgs ;access the eeprom memory

64
 bsf eecon1,wren

;setting up for 8-bit asynchronous transmission & reception @ 9600 baud, @64MHz,
SPBRGH:SPBRG value=1666 with BRGH=1 & BRG16=1

bsf rcsta1,cren ;enable 8-bit continous reception

bsf rcsta1,spen ;enable the eusart1 module

#1s

movlw high .1666

movwf spbrgh1

movlw low .1666

movwf spbrg1

;MSSP1 intialization (SPI mode)***********************

;SPI clock for MSSP1 module is by default at Fosc/4

;the ports must have been properly confugured: SCKx,SDOx = output, SDIx = input

;configure the SSP1STAT register**********************

; bcf ssp1stat,smp ;*input data sampled at the middle of data output time

; bsf ssp1stat,cke ;transmission occur from ctive to idle clock state

;;configure the SSP1CON1 register**********************

65
; bcf ssp1con1,ckp ;clock polarity, idle state of clock is low

; movlw 0xf0 ;configure the synchronous serial port mode

; andwf ssp1con1,f

; movlw 0x00 ;in this case it is SPI master mode with clock = Fosc/4

; iorwf ssp1con1,f

; bsf ssp1con1,sspen ;enable the MSSP1 (synchronous serial port1) module

;*****************************************************

;MSSP1 intialization (I2C mode)***********************

;*****************************************************

; movlw 0x00 ;slew rate control (SMP) set for 400KHz

; movwf ssp1stat ;and mode and input levels are 12c spec loaded in sspstat

; movlw (i2cfosc/(4*.400))-1 ;calculates sspadd setting for the

; movwf ssp1add;desired baud rate and sets up sspadd

; movlw 0x08 ; PORTD pins for I2C mode on SSP module (SSPEN is set)
AND

; movwf ssp1con1 ; Enables I2C Master Mode (SSPMx bits)

; bsf ssp1con1,sspen ;enable the MSSP1 (synchronous serial) module

;enabe/disable some peripheral registers***********************************

banksel porta

PORTB weak pull up******************************************

66
 movlw b'00000110' ;b'00000001'

call format

;
***********************************************************************
***

End

APPENDIX II: STREET LIGHT BOARD PCB PROGRAM

;Default Radix = Hex **************************

;************ StreetLight bulkhead Control *************

list p=pic18f26k22

#include <p18f26k22.inc>

config FOSC=INTIO67, FCMEN=OFF, IESO=OFF, PRICLKEN = ON,

PLLCFG = ON

config PWRTEN=ON, BOREN=OFF ;CCP2MX=PORTBE

config WDTEN=SWON, WDTPS = 16384 ;4096

config MCLRE = INTMCLR, PBADEN=OFF, HFOFST = OFF

config STVREN=OFF, LVP=OFF, XINST=OFF, DEBUG=OFF

config CP0 = ON, CP1 = ON, CP2 = ON, CP3 = ON

67
;************************************************************

cblock 0x0000

endm

switch macro par

movff par,switchcaseReg

endm

case macro par

movf switchcaseReg,w

xorlw par

btfss status,z

endm

clrw macro

movlw 0

endm

sprintf macro str

local printfStart, printfTable, printfDone

68
printfStart

movlw upper printfTable

movwf tblptru

movlw high printfTable

movwf tblptrh

movlw low printfTable

movwf tblptrl

call sOut0

movf tablat,w

movwf arg1

xorlw 0

btfsc status,z

return

movlw 0x55

movwf eecon2

movlw 0xaa

movwf eecon2

bsf eecon1,wr ;start the write sequence

; bsf intcon,gie

69
 bcf eecon1,wren

btfss pir2,eeif

goto $-2

bcf pir2,eeif ;wriet is complete.

return

fsr0l,w

xorlw 0x60

btfss status,z

goto cycle0

return

switchDetect:

btfsc portb,0

bcf latb,4

;wait for the streetlight to be restored...

btfss portb,0

goto $-2

call debounce

70
 ;this means street light is ok so restore:

return

movff adresl,value0

movf adresh,w

andlw 0x03

;resolution of ADC is 10bits, +Vref = 4.47V (measured the supply voltage of the
application circuit)

; formula is (+Vref/Resolution) * ADC value = Measured Voltage

;rearranging: (Resolution/+Vref) * Measured Voltage = ADC Value

; for a 10bit ADC, the resolution is (2^10)-1 = 1024 - 1 = 1023

; for a value of 3V, the ADC value is approx 687

; for a value of 2.1V, the ADC value is approx 481

;the digital value of the measured quantity

retlw 2

btfss myFlags,negative

Significant bits)

71
 call switchDetect

call LDRadc

movwf temp1

switch temp1 ;test register

case 0

goto st0a

case 1 ;outside valid range

goto st2a

;case 0 statement

movlw BRIGHT_MIN

movwf bright

call offsets ;

movwf ccpr2l

goto state0

st2a:

case 0 ;within valid range

goto state0

72
 ;case 1 statement

call offsets ;

movwf ccpr2l

goto state0

end

73
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATED
STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

By

AWODEYI, AFOLABI IFEDAYO

15PCJ01023

MAY, 2018

1
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATED
STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

By

AWODEYI, AFOLABI IFEDAYO

HND (Computer Engineering) (Owo)

15PCJ01023

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE

STUDIES OF COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA (PGD) DEGREE IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING, IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, NIGERIA.

SUPERVISOR
DR. ISAAC SAMUEL

2
 MAY, 2018

ACCEPTANCE

This is to attest that this Project is accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) Degree in Computer

3
Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of
Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Philip John Ainwkhai ...………………

Secretary, School of Postgraduate Studies Signature & Date

Prof. Samuel Wara ...…………..……

Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies Signature & Date

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I carried out the work reported in this Project in the Department of

4
Electrical & Information Engineering, Covenant University, under the supervision of Dr.
Isaac Samuel. I also solemnly declare that to the best of my knowledge, no part of this
Thesis has been submitted here or elsewhere in a previous application for the award of a
degree. All sources of knowledge used have been duly acknowledged.

---------------------------------------------------------------------
AWODEYI, AFOLABI IFEDAYO
(15PCJ01023)

5
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this Project titled “Design and Construction of an Automated Street
Lighting System” is an original work carried out by AWODEYI, Afolabi Ifedayo
(15PCJ01023), in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of
Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, under the supervision of Dr.
Isaac Samuel

Dr. Isaac Samuel ...………………

Supervisor Signature & Date

Dr. Victor Matthews ...…………..……

Head of Department Signature & Date

6
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty for his faithfulness, love, and Grace towards
me and to my parents Mrs Veronica Ebunoluwa Awodeyi and Professor Amos Fola
Awodeyi for making sure I get the best Education.

7
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All thanks are due to Almighty God, the Lord of the universe, the only source of
knowledge, for his divine inspiration and grace that guided me throughout the writing of
this project. I am thankful to the Chancellor of Covenant University, Dr. David Oyedepo
whose vision to establish this University has provided me the opportunity to embark on
the Post Graduate Diploma (PGD) Programme.

My gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Isaac Samuel who inspired me to work harder
through his help and support throughout this project. I am also thankful to my Head of
Department Dr. Victor Matthews for making his M2M and Embedded Systems
Laboratory available for me to carry out my research work and the prototype building. I
am also thankful to Mr. Akindele Ayoola, the M2M laboratory Research Technologist
who has been always there to listen and give advice that helped me focus my ideas and
further improve the quality of the work. I must not fail to acknowledge the
encouragement of my lecturers at some point; Dr. Ndijuiba Charles, Dr. Badejo Joke,
Professor Adetiba Emmanuel, Dr. Orovwode Hope, Professor Idachaba Francis,
Professor Adoghe Anthony, Dr. Awelewa Ayokunle, Dr. Abdulkareem Ademola, Mr
Omoruyi Odewingie, Dr. Daramola Adebayo, Dr. Agboje Oboyerulu and others whom I
have not mentioned here.

Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the love, patience,
moral and financial support of my parents; Professor Amos and Mrs. Veronica Awodeyi.
Thank you all and God bless.

8
 ABSTRACT

This Project report presents details of the design and construction of a microcontroller-
based automated intelligent street lighting system. The circuits are designed specifically
for self-intelligence and fault detection of the system.

The street light system consists of two circuit boards; the main printed circuit boards and
the street light pole printed circuit board.

The major components of the main printed circuit board are PIC microcontroller, GSM
module, voltage translator, multiplexer integrated circuit, resistors, and capacitors, while
the major components of the street light pole circuits are the light dependent resistor
circuit sensors, infrared sensors, PIC microcontroller, capacitor and resistors.

The Light Dependent Resistor is used for Automation, the Infrared sensor is used for
Intelligence; sensing movement and taking the LEDs to a full ON state and the GSM
module for fault detection.

The Printed Circuit Board circuits and their components are housed in its physical
framework. The circuit for the main board and the circuit for the street light pole were
tested and worked properly as intended.