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Application Layer

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9 views3 pages

Application Layer

Uploaded by

szymongazinski
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on source and

destination. It provides also interface for applications.

Presentation layer has 3 primary functions:


 formatting data to compatible format for user to read
 compressing and decompressing data for source and destination
 Encrypting and decrypting data upon receipt

Some well-known standards for video include:


 Matroska Video (MKV),
 Motion Picture Experts Group (MPG),
 QuickTime Video (MOV).

Some well-known graphic image formats are:


 Graphics Interchange Format (GIF),
 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPG),
 Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format.

It sets standards for file formats.

Session layer:
Functions at the session layer create and maintain dialogs between source and destination applications:

 initiate dialogs,
 keep them active,
 restart sessions that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time.

TCP/IP application layer protocols:


 DNS – translates domain names, www.cisco.com into IP address for example
 BOOTP and DHCP – dynamically assigns IP addresses, BOOTP is being superseded by DHCP
 STMP, POP3, IMAP – E-mail
 FTP, TFTP – file transfer protocols, FTP is reliable and connection-oriented, TFTP is not
 HTTP and HTTPS – exchanging media, HTTPS uses SSH for security

In client-server model, application layer describes the format of request and responses.

P2P application allows a device do act both as server and client within a specific application.
Common P2P networks include the following:
 BitTorrent
 Direct Connect
 EDonkey
 Freenet
Some P2P applications are based on Gnutella protocol, where each user
shares whole files with other users:
 uTorrent,
 BitComet,
 DC++,
 Deluge,
 emule.

BitTorrent allows users to share pieces of many files with each other at the same time

Web address is a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). URL has 3 parts:

 Protocol (for example HTTP),


 server name (www.cisco.com)
 the specific filename requested (HTML)

HTTP and HTTPS have messages to communication between server and client:

 GET – request for HTML pages


 POST – Uploads data files to the web server
 PUT – Uploads resources and content to the web
 HTTPS is used to authentication and encryption of the data by TLS or SSL

In emails, the application layer uses 3 protocols:

 STMP – sending mails to servers, it is not P2P, STMP servers are communicating with each other
to send these mails
 POP – email messages are downloaded by the host and removed from the server
 IMAP – email messages are copied to the host, they stay in the server, if a host removes the
email, the same happens on the server

DNS provides domain name addresses translation into IP addresses;


first host sends the URL to the DNS server and then it gets IP address for forwarding this proper packet.
DNS stores different types of resource records like:

 A - An end device IPv4 address


 NS - An authoritative name server
 AAAA - An end device IPv6 address (pronounced quad-A)
 MX - A mail exchange record

DNS addresses are broken into smaller parts like .com, .org or any other for countries:

 .org - non-profit organization


 .com - a business or industry
 .pl - Poland

Nslookup command is used for check which domain is assigned to which IP address by DNS

DHCP communication:
Heloł! Ewrybady! Ja jestem klient i wale ramke. O adresie ef ef ef ef ef z moim odpowiednio sors mak
adres czyli z moim mak adresem fizycznym swoim adresem na adres rozgłoszeniowy wale na wszystkie
możliwe odpowiednio miejsca gdzie to odpowiednio jest.

Stary wiesz co to ja ci proponuje adres odpowiednio taki z maską taką z taką bramą i z takim serwerem
dns. No to ja mówię: no to super!! no to weź go mi tu przydziel!! No to serwer dhcp mówi: no to dobra.
No to masz. Używaj.

DHCP server ensures that every IP address in the internet is unique.

FTP transfers files from server to client or from client to


server by 3 steps:
1. Control connection – control traffic port 21
2. Data connection – second connection for traffic port 20
3. Data transfer

Functions of Server Message Blocks (SMB):


 Start, authenticate and terminate sessions,
 Control file and printer access,
 Allow an application to send or receive messages to or from another device,
 Host can access files of another host or server like as the library in his file explorer.

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