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Physical Layer

The document discusses the physical layer of the OSI model including standards organizations, physical components, encoding, signaling, bandwidth, quality measures, copper cabling types, fiber optic cables, wireless media, and common wireless technologies.

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szymongazinski
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6 views3 pages

Physical Layer

The document discusses the physical layer of the OSI model including standards organizations, physical components, encoding, signaling, bandwidth, quality measures, copper cabling types, fiber optic cables, wireless media, and common wireless technologies.

Uploaded by

szymongazinski
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Purpose of the Physical layer:

 Wireless connections work between end devices like laptops and Wireless Access Points
(AP) or wireless routers
 NIC – Network Interface cards, can be Ethernet NIC, for wired connectivity and WLAN NIC for
wireless connection, some devices like laptops have both, some have only one.
The physical layer transports full frame including every OSI layer

Physical layer standards organisations:


 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronic Industries Association (TIA/EIA)
 International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

National telecommunications regulatory authorities including the Federal Communication


Commission (FCC) in the USA and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

Regional cabling standards:

 CSA (Canadian Standards Association),


CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization),
JSA/JIS (Japanese Standards Association), which develop local specifications

Physical layer takes care of 3 main areas:


 Physical components
 encoding (changing frame into bits (01 code) and then to a voltage,
 signalling (the way that 1st OSI layer represents 0 and 1)

Bandwidth – the number of bits that can be transmitted per second (mbps, gbps). Example:

Quality of bandwidth terms:

 Latency
 Throughput, influenced by amount and type of traffic and latency created by number of
networks between src and dst end devices
 Goodput, which is throughput, but only usable data, excluding all lacks in transmission

Copper cabling:
Connection by copper cabling is vulnerable for interference from two sources:
 ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI or radio frequency interference
 Crosstalk – when during two or more transmissions on the same wire, one end device
accidentally hears the other transmission.

Types of copper cabling:

 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) (four colour and white-colour twisted pairs, shielded by
bigger plastic shield
 Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) (more expensive, harder to install UTP, however it’s protected
by a metallic or aluminium shield that protects Transmision from EMI and RFI)
 Coaxial Cable (copper conductor in the middle, next shield, another copper layer that is used
for encounter interruptions, UTP mainly replaced Coaxial Cable but it’s still used in wireless
installations and cable internet installations, such as TV)

Fiber Optic Cables:


Properties:

 More expensive
 Higher bandwidth
 Can transmit signal for longer distances,
 Completely immune to EMI and RFI

It is flexible, transparent strand of a very pure glass, in which we have light signals which are
encoded bits

They are classified into two types:

 Single-mode fiber (SMF) - Expensive single ray of light technology usually used on long
distances.
 Multimode fiber (MMF) - less expensive multi rays of LED lights

Main difference between them is dispersion, when light comes from different angles, dispersion
works faster.

Fiber optic cables usage:

 Enterprise Networks
 Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
 Long-Haul Networks
 Submarine Cable Networks

Fiber optic connectors:

 Straight-Tip connectors (ST) - the first ones


 Subscriber connector connectors (SC) - widely used in WLAN and LAN, can be to either type
of fibers
 Lucent connector Simplex connectors (LC) - smaller version of SC
 Lucent Connector Duplex – same like LC, but with 2 enters

Wireless media:
Properties:

 easy to use
 small coverage area
 comfortable for smartphones and other wireless devices
 security is low, almost everyone in the distance of it can gain access to transmission because
of no physical cable
 shared medium, bandwidth is getting lower for each user more

Each type of wireless media includes:

 data to radio signal encoding


 frequency and power transmission
 signal reception and decoding arguments
 Antenna design and construction

Types of wireless media:

 Wi-Fi – wireless LAN technology, wireless NIC must first listen before sending a message
 Bluetooth – wireless personal area network (WPAN). Technology can communicate between
1-100 metres
 Wi-Max – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave access – point to multipoint topology
to provand wireless broadband access
 Zigbee – low data rate and low power communication, industrial and Internet of Things (IoT)
such as wireless light switches and so one

In general WLAN requires the following:

 Wireless AP – concentrates wireless signals into the copper cable,


 Wireless NIC adapters – provides network connection between hosts.

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