ALX LESSON
0x04 Python - More
Data Structures
Set, Dictionary
python - Programming
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02
Overview Learning
topics Objectives
03 04
Quiz hands on lab
questions practice
01
OVERVIEW topics
Topics
What are sets and how to use them
What are the most common methods of set and how to
use them
When to use sets versus lists
How to iterate into a set
python What are dictionaries and how to use them
Programming When to use dictionaries versus lists or sets
Topics What is a key in a dictionary
How to iterate over a dictionary
What is a lambda function
What are the map, reduce and filter functions
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02
Learning Objectives
What are sets and how to use them
set is a built-in data type that is useful when you want to store a collection of
items where each item appears only once and the order of the items doesn't
matter.
Creating a Set: You can create a set by enclosing a comma-separated list of
elements within curly braces {}
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
You can also create a set from a list using the set() constructor:
my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
my_set = set(my_list)
the most common methods of set and how to use them
add(element): Adds an element to the set.
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.add(4)
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}
remove(element): Removes the specified element from the set. Raises an error if
the element is not found.
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.remove(2)
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 3}
discard(element): Removes the specified element from the set if it is present,
without raising an error if the element is not found.
my_set.discard(2)
print(my_set) # Output: {1, 3}
the most common methods of set and how to use them
pop(): Removes and returns an arbitrary element from the set. Raises an error if
the set is empty.
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
popped_element = my_set.pop()
print(popped_element) # Output: (some element)
clear(): Removes all elements from the set, making it empty.
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.clear()
print(my_set) # Output: set()
copy(): Returns a shallow copy of the set.
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
copied_set = my_set.copy()
the most common methods of set and how to use them
union(other_set) or | : Returns a new set containing all the unique elements from
both sets.
set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
union_set = set1.union(set2)
# OR
union_set = set1 | set2
intersection(other_set) or & : Returns a new set containing elements that are
present in both sets.
intersection_set = set1.intersection(set2)
# OR
intersection_set = set1 & set2
the most common methods of set and how to use them
difference(other_set) or - : Returns a new set containing elements that are in the
first set but not in the second set.
difference_set = set1.difference(set2)
# OR
difference_set = set1 - set2
symmetric_difference(other_set) or ^ : Returns a new set containing elements
that are in either of the sets, but not in both.
symmetric_difference_set = set1.symmetric_difference(set2)
# OR
symmetric_difference_set = set1 ^ set2
When to use sets versus lists
How to iterate into a set
For loop:
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
for element in my_set:
print(element)
What are dictionaries and how to use them
dictionary is a built-in data structure that stores a collection of key-value pairs.
Each key in a dictionary is unique and maps to a specific value. Dictionaries are
useful when you want to associate data with specific labels (keys) for efficient
and quick access.
Creating a Dictionary: You can create a dictionary by enclosing a comma-
separated list of key-value pairs within curly braces {}.
my_dict = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2", "key3": "value3"}
You can also create a dictionary using the dict() constructor:
my_dict = dict(key1="value1", key2="value2", key3="value3")
What is a key in a dictionary
key is a unique identifier that is used to associate a specific value with it.
my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
# Accessing values using keys
name = my_dict["name"]
age = my_dict["age"]
city = my_dict["city"]
Adding and Modifying Items: You can add or modify items in a dictionary by
assigning a value to a key.
my_dict["name"] = "jack" # Modifying an existing item
my_dict["color"] = "red" # Adding a new item
What is a key in a dictionary
Removing Items: You can remove items from a dictionary using the del keyword
or the pop() method.
del my_dict["key2"] # Deleting an item by key
removed_value = my_dict.pop("key3") # Removing an item and returning its
value
Checking Membership: You can check if a key exists in a dictionary using the in
keyword.
if "key1" in my_dict:
print("Key 'key1' exists in the dictionary")
Dictionaries have several useful methods, including keys(), values(), items(), get(),
clear(), copy(), update(), and more.
How to iterate over a dictionary
# Iterating over keys
for key in my_dict:
print(key)
# Iterating over values
for value in my_dict.values():
print(value)
# Iterating over key-value pairs
for key, value in my_dict.items():
print(key, value)
When to use dictionaries versus lists or sets
What is a lambda function
A lambda function in Python is a small, anonymous, and inline function that can
have any number of arguments, but can only have one expression. It is sometimes
referred to as an "anonymous function" because it doesn't require a named
function definition using the def keyword.
lambda arguments: expression
add = lambda x, y: x + y
result = add(5, 3)
print(result) # Output: 8
#equal to
def sum(x,y):
return x + y
What are the map, reduce and filter functions
map(function, sequence): The map() function applies a given function to each
element in a sequence (such as a list) and returns a new sequence containing the
results.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared = map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers)
squared_list = list(squared)
print(squared_list) # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
What are the map, reduce and filter functions
filter(function, sequence): The filter() function filters elements from a sequence
based on whether they satisfy a given function (predicate). It returns a new
sequence containing only the elements that pass the filter.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
evens = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers)
evens_list = list(evens)
print(evens_list) # Output: [2, 4, 6]
What are the map, reduce and filter functions
reduce(function, sequence): The reduce() function, previously part of the functools
module (in Python 3.0+), successively applies a given function to the elements of
a sequence, reducing it to a single accumulated result.
from functools import reduce
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)
print(product) # Output: 120 (1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5)
04
Hands on lab Practice
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