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    General Physics 102: Phys - 102 Chap 16: Waves-I

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    This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. It covers topics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, superposition, interference, and standing waves. Standing waves can lead to resonance which is explained.

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    General Physics 102: Phys - 102 Chap 16: Waves-I

    Uploaded by

    olamideolafimihan040
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    This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. It covers topics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, superposition, interference, and standing waves. Standing waves can lead to resonance which is explained.

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    This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. It covers topics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, superposition, interference, and standing waves. Standing waves can lead to resonance which is explained.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views13 pages

    General Physics 102: Phys - 102 Chap 16: Waves-I

    Uploaded by

    olamideolafimihan040
    This document discusses different types of waves including mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. It covers topics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, superposition, interference, and standing waves. Standing waves can lead to resonance which is explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    General Physics 102

    Phys_102
    Chap 16 : Waves-I.

    University of Hail,
    Second term, 2019-2020.
    In this chapter we will study wave phenomena.
    We will study the following topics:
    1. Types of waves
    2. Amplitude, phase, frequency, period, propagation speed of a wave
    3. Mechanical waves propagating along a stretched string
    4. Principle of superposition of waves
    5. Wave interference
    6. Standing waves, resonance
    1) Types of waves
    1. Mechanical waves. These waves have two central features: They are governed by
    Newton’s laws, and they can exist only within a material medium, such as water, air, and
    rock. Common examples include water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves.

    2. Electromagnetic waves. waves. These waves require no material medium to exist. All
    electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at the same exact speed c=
    299,792,458 m/s. Common examples include visible and ultraviolet light, radio and television
    waves, microwaves, x rays, and radar.

    3. Matter waves. These waves are associated with electrons, protons, and other
    fundamental particles, and even atoms and molecules. These waves are also called matter
    waves.

    2) Transverse and Longitudinal Waves


    In a transverse wave, the displacement of every
    such oscillating element along the wave is
    perpendicular to the direction of travel of the
    wave, as indicated in Figure.

    In a longitudinal wave the motion of


    the oscillating particles is parallel to the direction of
    the wave’s travel, as shown in Figure.
    3) Wavelength and Frequency

    The amplitude ym of a wave is the magnitude of the maximum The period of oscillation T of a wave is the time for an element
    displacement of the elements from their equilibrium positions as to move through one full oscillation. It is related to the angular
    the wave passes through them. frequency, w, by

    The phase of the wave is the argument (kx –wt) of the sine
    function. As the wave sweeps through a string element at a
    particular position x, the phase changes linearly with time t.
    The frequency f of a wave is defined as 1/T and is related to the
    The wavelength l of a wave is the distance parallel to the angular frequency w by
    direction of the wave’s travel) between repetitions of the shape
    of the wave (or wave shape). It is related to the angular wave
    number, k, by:
    4) The Speed of a Traveling Wave

    As the wave moves, each point of the moving wave form, such as point A marked on a peak, retains its
    displacement y. (Points on the string do not retain their displacement, but points on the wave form do.) If point
    A retains its displacement as it moves, the phase giving it that displacement must remain a constant:
    5) Wave Speed on a Stretched String
    Tension of stretched ideal string

    The speed of a wave:

    linear density of the string


    6) The principle of Superposition for Waves

    7) Interference of Waves

    using
    8) Standing Waves
    In the standing wave equation, the amplitude is zero
    for values of kx that give sin kx= 0.

    Those values are kx =n, for n =0,1,2, . . . .


    /
    Since k =2 , we get /2), for n =0,1,2, ... (nodes),
    x = n(

    The amplitude of the standing wave has a maximum value of 2ym, which occurs for
    values of kx that give |sin kx| =1.Those values are

    , (3/2)
    kx= (1/2) , . . .=(n+1/2)
    , (5/2) , for n =0,1,2, . . . .
    That is, x = (n+1/2) /2, for n 0,1,2, . . . (antinodes),
    9) Standing Waves and Resonance

    The frequencies associated with these modes are often labeled f1, f2, f3, and so
    on. The collection of all possible oscillation modes is called the harmonic
    series, and n is called the harmonic number of the nth harmonic.

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