Iterated Integrals

Type I Integrals
In this section, we begin the study of integrals over regions in the plane. To
do so, however, requires that we examine the important idea of iterated integrals,
in which inde…nite integrals are the integrand of a de…nite integral.
To begin with, we de…ne a type I iterated integral to be an integral of the
form Z Z b q(x)
f (x; y) dy dx
a p(x)

To evaluate a type I integral, we …rst evaluate the inner integral

Z q(x)
f (x; y) dy
p(x)

treating x as a constant. We then evaluate the result with respect to x:

Z b Z q(x) Z b " Z q(x) #
f (x; y) dy dx = f (x; y) dy dx
a p(x) a p(x)

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the type I integral

Z 1Z x
xy 2 + 1 dydx
0 0

Solution: To begin with, we integrate with respect to y:

Z x x
y3
xy 2 + 1 dy = x +y
0 3 0
x3 03
= x +x x +0
3 3
1 4
= x +x
3
As a result, we have
Z 1Z x Z 1
2 1 4
xy + 1 dydx = x + x dx
0 0 0 3
1
1 x4 x2
= +
3 4 2 0
1 1
= +
12 2
7
=
12

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Often we evaluate the innermost integral inside the integrand of the outer inte-
gral rather than writing the integrations separately.

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate the type I integral

Z 2Z x
x2 ydydx
0 1

Solution: We …rst evaluate the inner integral:

Z 2Z x Z 2 Z x
2
x ydydx = x2 ydy dx
0 1 0 1
Z 2 x
y2
= x2 dx
0 2 1
Z 2
x2 1
= x2 x2 dx
0 2 2
Z 2
x4 x2
= dx
0 2 2
28
=
15

Check your Reading: Why is 15 the denominator of the result in example 2?

Type II Integrals

Similarly, we de…ne a type II integral to be an iterated integral of the form

Z d Z v(y)
f (x; y) dxdy
c u(y)

It is evaluated by considering y to be constant in the innermost integral, and

then integrating the result with respect to y.

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate the type II integral

Z 1Z y
(x + y) dxdy
0 y2

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 Solution: We treat y as a constant in the innermost integral:
Z 1Z y Z 1 Z y
(x y) dxdy = (2x y) dx dy
0 y2 0 y2
Z 1 h i
y
= x2 xy y2
dy
0
Z 1 h i
2
= y2 y2 y2 y2 y dy
0
Z 1
= y4 y 3 dy
0
1
=
20

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluate the type II integral

Z Z y
sin (y) dxdy
0 0

Solution: Since we treat y as a constant in the innermost integral,

the function sin (y) can be considered constant and
Z Z y Z Z y
sin (y) dxdy = sin (y) dx dy
0 0
Z0 0

= [y sin (y)] dy
0

We now use integration by parts with u = y and dv = sin (y) dy to

obtain
Z Z
u=y dv = sin (y) dy
[y sin (y)] dy = y cos (y)j0 + cos (y) dy
du = dy v = cos (y) 0 0

As a result, we have
Z Z y
sin (y) dxdy = cos ( ) =
0 0

Ry Ry
Check your Reading: Why can we write 0
sin (y) dx as sin (y) 0
dx?

Volumes of Solids over Type I Regions

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Let g; h be continuous on [a; b] and supppose that g (x) h (x) for x in [a; b].
If R is a region in the xy-plane which is bounded by the curves x = a; x = b;
y = g (x), and y = h (x),

then R is said to be a type I region. Let’s …nd the volume of the solid between
the graph of f (x; y) and the xy-plane over a type I region R when f (x; y) 0:

To do so, let’s notice that if the solid is sliced with a plane parallel to the
xz-plane, then its area is
Z h(x)
A (x) = f (x; y) dy
g(x)

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It follows that if fxj ; tj g , j = 1; : : : ; n, is a tagged partition of [a; b] ; then the
volume of the solid under the graph of f (x; y) and over the region R is
n
X
V A (tj ) xj
j=1

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A limit of such simple function approximations yields the volumes by slicing
formula Z b
V = A (x) dx
a

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which is illustrated below:

After combining this with the de…nition of A (x) ; the result is the iterated
integral
Z b "Z h(x) #
V = f (x; y) dy dx (1)
a g(x)

EXAMPLE 5 Find the volume of the solid under the graph of

f (x; y) = 2 x2 y 2 over the type I region

x=0 y=0
x=1 y=x

Solution: According to (1), the volume of the solid is

Z 1 Z x
V = 2 x2 y 2 dy dx
0 0

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 We evaluate the resulting type I iterated integral by …rst evaluating
the innermost integral:d
Z 1 x
y3
V = 2y x2 y dx
0 3 0
Z 1
4 3
= 2x x dx
0 3
2
=
3

Check your Reading: Why is 2 x2 y 2 non-negative over the region bounded

by x = 0; x = 1; y = 0; y = x? Explain.

Volumes of Solids over Type II Regions

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Similarly, if p (y) q (y) for y in [c; d], then the region R in the xy-plane bounded
by the curves y = c; y = d; x = p (y), and x = q (y),

is said to be a type II region. Correspondingly, if f (x; y) 0 for all (x; y) in a

type II region R; then the volume of the solid under z = f (x; y) and over the
region R is
Z d Z q(y)
V = f (x; y) dxdy (2)
c p(y)

EXAMPLE 6 Find the volume of the solid under the graph of

f (x; y) = x2 + y 2 over the type II region

y = 0 x = y2
y=1 x=y

Solution: To do so, we use (2) to see that

Z 1 Z y
V = x2 + y 2 dxdy
0 y2

Evaluating the innermost integral leads to

Z 1" 3 y
#
x 2
V = + xy dy
0 3 y2
Z 1
4 3 1 6
= y y y 4 dy
0 3 3
3
=
35

Finally, let us note that unbounded regions can lead to convergent improper
integrals. Indeed, unbounded solids can have a …nite volume.

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 EXAMPLE 7 Find the volume of the solid under the graph of
f (x; y) = e x y
over the …rst quadrant.

Solution: In the …rst quadrant, x is in (0; 1) and y is in (0; 1) :

Thus, (2) implies that
Z 1Z 1
V = e x y dydx
0 0

The inner integral is evaluated as an improper integral

Z 1 Z R
x y
V = lim e dydx
0 R!1 0
Z 1
x 0 x R
= lim e e dx
0 R!1
Z 1
x
= e dx
0

The resulting integral is also evaluated as an improper integral, lead-

ing to
Z S
V = lim e x dx = lim e0 e R = 1
S!1 0 S!1

Exercises

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Identify each integral as either type I or type II and evaluate:
R1R1 R2R3 2
1. (x + y) dydx 2. x y dydx
R02 R03 R01 R13
3. xy dxdy 4. dydx
R01 R0x 2 2
R0 R0sin(x)
5. R0 R0 x + y dydx 6. R0 R0 dydx
x
7. cos (x) dydx 8. sin (y) dydx
R0 =40R sec(x) tan(x) R02 R0 sin(x)
9. dydx 10. ydydx
R0 R x 0 R01 R y0 x+y
11. sin (x) dydx 12. e dxdy
R0 R0exp(x) R01 R0y
13. xdydx 14. sin y 2 dxdy
R2Ry
0 0
2
R03 R01 y
15. 0 0
ln y + 1 dxdy 16. 0 x
e dxdy
R 2 R x2 x
R2Rx 1
17. 1 0 x2 +y 2 dydx 18. 1 0 x2 +y 2
dydx

Sketch the region R and determine its type. Then …nd the volume of the solid
under z = f (x; y) and over the given region.

19. f (x; y) = x2 + y 2 20. f (x; y) = 3

R: y = 0; y = 1 R: x = 0; x = 2
x = 0; x = 1 y = 0; y = 4
21. f (x; y) = 3x + 2y 22. f (x; y) = 6x + y
R: x = 0; x = 1 R: x = 2; x = 3
y = 0; y = x2 y = 0; y = ex
23. f (x; y) = xy 24. f (x; y) = y 2
R: y = 0; y = 1 R: y = 0; y = =2
x = y; x = y x = 0; x = sin (y)
25. f (x; y) = ex+y 26. f (x; y) = 9 x2 y 2
R: y = 0; y = 1 R: x = 1; x = 3
x = 0; x = 1 y y = x; y = x2

The following regions are unbounded. Sketch the region R and determine its
type. Then …nd the volume of the solid under z = f (x; y) and over the given
region.

27. f (x; y) = x21y2 28. 1

f (x; y) = x2 +y 2

R: x in (1; 1) ; y in (1; 1) R: x = 0; x = 2
29. f (x; y) = x 2 e y 30. f (x; y) = 1
R: x in (1; 1) R: x in (0; 1)
y = 0; y = x 2 y = x e x; y = x + e x

31. A regular cone with a height h and a base with radius R is positioned
so that its axis is horizontal. Find the area A (x) of a vertical cross-section of

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the cone perpendicular to the axis as a function of x in [0; h] :

What is the volume of a regular cone with height h and a base with radius R?
32. A hemisphere with radius R is positioned so that its axis is horizontal.
Find the area A (x) of a vertical cross-section of the cone perpendicular to the
axis as a function of x in [0; R] :

What is the volume of a hemisphere with radius R?

33. A regular pyramid has height h and a square base with each side a
length s: It is positioned as shown in the …gure below:

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Find the area A (x) of a cross-section at x. What is the volume of the pyramid?
34. The Great Pyramid is 4810 tall and has a square base which is 7560 wide
on each side.

What is the volume of the Great Pyramid? (hint: see problem 33).
35. Explain why the area of a type I region can be written in the form
Z b Z h(x)
A= dydx
a g(x)

36. Explain why the area of a type II region can be written in the form
Z d Z q(y)
A= dxdy
c p(y)

37. Explain why if a; b; c; and d are all constant, then

Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x; y) dydx = f (x; y) dxdy
a c c a

when both iterated integrals exist.

38. Show that if a; b; c; and d are constant, then
Z bZ d "Z # "Z #
b d
f (x) g (y) dydx = f (x) dx g (y) dy
a c a c

39. Use properties of the integral to show that

Z b Z q(x) Z b Z q(x) Z b Z q(x)
[f (x; y) + g (x; y)] dy dx = f (x; y) dy dx+ g (x; y) dy dx
a p(x) a p(x) a p(x)

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 40. Use properties of the integral to show that
Z b Z q(x) Z b Z q(x) Z b Z q(x)
[f (x; y) + g (x; y)] dy dx = f (x; y) dy dx+ g (x; y) dy dx
a p(x) a p(x) a p(x)

41. Show that if f is di¤erentiable on (a; b), then for all c in (a; b) we have
Z b Z b Z x
f (c) (b a) + f (x) dx = f 0 (u) dudx
a a c

42. Show that if f is di¤erentiable and if f (0) = 0; then

Z b Z b Z 1
f (x) dx = f 0 (ux) dudx
a a 0

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