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Received: 20 December 2017 | Revised: 6 February 2018 | Accepted: 1 March 2018

DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12957

2017 WORLD WORKSHOP

Peri‐implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report

of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the
Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐Implant Diseases and
Conditions

Tord Berglundh1 | Gary Armitage2 | Mauricio G. Araujo3 | Gustavo Avila‐Ortiz4 |

Juan Blanco5 | Paulo M. Camargo6 | Stephen Chen7 | David Cochran8 | Jan Derks1 |
Elena Figuero9 | Christoph H.F. Hämmerle10 | Lisa J.A. Heitz‐Mayfield11 | Guy Huynh‐
Ba8 | Vincent Iacono12 | Ki‐Tae Koo13 | France Lambert14 | Laurie McCauley15 |
Marc Quirynen16 | Stefan Renvert17 | Giovanni E. Salvi18 | Frank Schwarz19 |
Dennis Tarnow20 | Cristiano Tomasi1 | Hom‐Lay Wang15 | Nicola Zitzmann21
1
Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
2
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
3
State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
4
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
5
Universidad Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
6
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
7
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
8
University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
9
Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
10
Clinic of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
11
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
12
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
13
Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
14
Department of Periodontology and Oral Surgery, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
15
School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
16
Leuven University, Flanders, Belgium
17
Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
18
Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
19
Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
20
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
21
Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

© 2018 American Academy of Periodontology and European Federation of Periodontology

S286 | wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcpe J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S286–S291.

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BERGLUNDH et al. | S287

Correspondence
Prof. Tord Berglundh, Department of Abstract
Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, A classification for peri‐implant diseases and conditions was presented. Focused
Sahlgrenska Academy, University of
Gothenburg, PO Box 450, 405 30 questions on the characteristics of peri‐implant health, peri‐implant mucositis, peri‐
Gothenburg, Sweden. implantitis, and soft‐ and hard‐tissue deficiencies were addressed.
Email: [email protected]
Peri‐implant health is characterized by the absence of erythema, bleeding on prob‐
Sources of Funding: The workshop was ing, swelling, and suppuration. It is not possible to define a range of probing depths
planned and conducted jointly by the
American Academy of Periodontology and compatible with health; Peri‐implant health can exist around implants with reduced
the European Federation of Periodontology bone support.
with financial support from the American
Academy of Periodontology Foundation, The main clinical characteristic of peri‐implant mucositis is bleeding on gentle prob‐
Colgate, Johnson & Johnson Consumer ing. Erythema, swelling, and/or suppuration may also be present. An increase in prob‐
Inc., Geistlich Biomaterials, SUNSTAR, and
Procter & Gamble Professional Oral Health. ing depth is often observed in the presence of peri‐implant mucositis due to swelling
The proceedings of the workshop were or decrease in probing resistance. There is strong evidence from animal and human
jointly and simultaneously published in experimental studies that plaque is the etiological factor for peri‐implant mucositis.
the Journal of Periodontology and Journal of
Clinical Periodontology. Peri‐implantitis is a plaque‐associated pathological condition occurring in tissues
around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri‐implant mucosa and
subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. Peri‐implantitis sites exhibit clinical
signs of inflammation, bleeding on probing, and/or suppuration, increased probing
depths and/or recession of the mucosal margin in addition to radiographic bone loss.
The evidence is equivocal regarding the effect of keratinized mucosa on the long‐
term health of the peri‐implant tissue. It appears, however, that keratinized mucosa
may have advantages regarding patient comfort and ease of plaque removal.
Case definitions in day‐to‐day clinical practice and in epidemiological or disease‐
surveillance studies for peri‐implant health, peri‐implant mucositis, and peri‐implanti‐
tis were introduced. The proposed case definitions should be viewed within the
context that there is no generic implant and that there are numerous implant designs
with different surface characteristics, surgical and loading protocols. It is recom‐
mended that the clinician obtain baseline radiographic and probing measurements
following the completion of the implant‐supported prosthesis.

KEYWORDS
case definition, dental implant, hard tissue deficiencies, peri‐implant mucositis, peri‐implant
tissues, peri‐implantitis, soft tissue deficiencies

The objective of Workgroup 4 was to present a classification on peri‐ reconstructions; and 2) an appropriate differential diagnostic analy‐
implant diseases and conditions. Five position papers describing the sis has been performed.
characteristics of peri‐implant health,1 peri‐implant mucositis, 2 peri‐ The following questions and case definitions are intended to
implantitis,3 soft and hard tissue deficiencies4 and case definitions apply to situations in which the clinician has reasons to believe
and diagnostic considerations5 were prepared prior to the workshop. that biofilms on implant surfaces are the main etiological expo‐
In preparing this consensus report regarding the criteria for sures associated with the development of peri‐implant mucositis
peri‐implant health and disease it was recognized that there are a and peri‐implantitis. It is important to emphasize that there are
number of somewhat unusual peri‐implant problems (e.g., implant major patient‐specific differences in inflammatory responses to
fractures) and other conditions that may mimic or share certain the microbial challenge of bacterial communities that reside on
clinical features with biofilm‐associated peri‐implant diseases. The implants. In addition, it has been assumed that the implants were
following assumptions have been made: 1) complete medical‐dental properly placed and subsequently integrated with soft and hard
histories have been obtained including details on implant‐supported tissues.
 1600051x, 2018, S20, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12957 by UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA, Wiley Online Library on [06/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
S288 | BERGLUNDH et al.

PE R I ‐ I M PL A NT H E A LTH 8. What are the main histological differences between healthy peri‐im‐
plant and periodontal tissues?
1. What are the clinical characteristics of a healthy peri‐implant site?
In health, the peri‐implant site is characterized by absence of Compared to the periodontium, the peri‐implant tissues do not
erythema, bleeding on probing, swelling and suppuration. have cementum and periodontal ligament. The peri‐implant epi‐
2. What are the main clinical differences between healthy peri‐implant thelium is often longer and in the connective tissue zone there
and periodontal tissues? are no inserting fibers into the implant surface. The peri‐implant
In health, there are no visual differences between peri‐implant tissues are less vascularized in the zone between the bone crest
and periodontal tissues. However, the probing depths are usually and the junctional epithelium when compared to the connective
greater at implant versus tooth sites. The papillae at the inter‐ tissue zone of the periodontium.
proximal sites of an implant may be shorter than the papillae at
interproximal tooth sites. PE R I ‐ I M PL A NT M U COS ITI S
3. What clinical methods and instruments should be used to detect the
presence or absence of inflammation at an implant site? 1. What are the clinical characteristics of peri‐implant mucositis?
The clinical methods to detect the presence of inflammation The main clinical characteristic of peri‐implant mucositis is
should include visual inspection, probing with a periodontal bleeding on gentle probing. Erythema, swelling and/or suppu‐
probe, and digital palpation. ration may also be present.
4. Why is it important to probe peri‐implant tissues during a complete 2. Does peri‐implant mucositis exist in the absence of clinical signs of
oral examination? inflammation?
It is necessary to probe peri‐implant tissues to assess the pres‐ Clinical signs of inflammation are necessary for a diagnosis of
ence of bleeding on probing, and to monitor probing depth peri‐implant mucositis.
changes and mucosal margin migration. This assessment may 3. How does probing depth relate to the detection of peri‐implant mucositis?
alert the clinician to the need for therapeutic intervention. There An increase in probing depth is often observed in the presence of
is evidence that probing of the peri‐implant tissue using a light peri‐implant mucositis due to swelling or decrease in probing
probing force is a safe and important component of a complete resistance.
oral examination. 4. What is the evidence for plaque as the main etiological factor for peri‐
5. What peri‐implant probing depths are compatible with peri‐implant implant mucositis?
health? There is strong evidence from animal and human experimental
It is not possible to define a range of probing depths compatible studies that plaque is the etiological factor for peri‐implant
with health; of more importance are the clinical signs of mucositis.
inflammation. 5. Does non–plaque‐induced peri‐implant mucositis exist?
6. Can peri‐implant health exist around implants with reduced bone There is limited evidence for non–plaque‐induced peri‐implant
support? mucositis.
Yes, peri‐implant tissue health can exist around implants with re‐ 6. Can peri‐implant mucositis resolve?
duced bone support. There is evidence from experimental human studies that peri‐
7. What are the histological characteristics of a healthy peri‐implant implant mucositis can resolve. Resolution of the clinical signs of
site? inflammation may take more than 3 weeks following reinstitu‐
The histological characteristics of a healthy peri‐implant site tion of plaque/biofilm control.
are derived mainly from animal studies. The healthy peri‐im‐ 7. What are the environmental and patient‐specific risk indicators for
plant mucosa averages 3 to 4 mm in height and is covered by peri‐implant mucositis?
either a keratinized (masticatory mucosa) or non‐keratinized The major etiological factor is plaque accumulation. Host re‐
epithelium (lining mucosa). The portion of the peri‐implant mu‐ sponse to the bacterial challenge may vary between patients.
cosa that is facing the implant/abutment contains a “coronal” Smoking, diabetes mellitus, and radiation therapy may modify
portion that is lined by a sulcular epithelium and a thin junc‐ the condition.
tional epithelium, and a more “apical” segment in which the 8. What are the histological characteristics of peri‐implant mucositis?
connective tissue is in direct contact with the implant surface. Peri‐implant mucositis is characterized by a well‐defined inflam‐
The connective tissue lateral to the sulcular epithelium harbors matory lesion lateral to the junctional/pocket epithelium with
a small infiltrate of inflammatory cells. Most of the intrabony an infiltrate rich in vascular structures, plasma cells, and lym‐
part of the implant is in contact with mineralized bone, while phocytes. The inflammatory infiltrate does not extend “apical”
the remaining portion faces bone marrow, vascular structures, of the junctional/pocket epithelium into the supracrestal con‐
or fibrous tissue. nective tissue zone.
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BERGLUNDH et al. | S289

PE R I ‐ I M PL A NTITI S diabetes as potential risk indicators for peri‐implantitis are

inconclusive.
1. What is peri‐implantitis? Implants that have been placed under less than ideal circum‐
Peri‐implantitis is a plaque‐associated pathological condition stances are often encountered in day‐to‐day practice. As a re‐
occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by sult, there may be an increased prevalence of peri‐implantitis
inflammation in the peri‐implant mucosa and subsequent pro‐ associated with these situations.
gressive loss of supporting bone. There is some limited evidence linking peri‐implantitis to factors
2. What is the evidence for plaque/biofilm as a principal etiological fac‐ such as post‐restorative presence of submucosal cement and
tor for peri‐implantitis? positioning of implants that does not facilitate oral hygiene and
There is evidence from observational studies that patients exhib‐ maintenance. The role of peri‐implant keratinized mucosa, oc‐
iting poor plaque control and not attending regular maintenance clusal overload, titanium particles, bone compression necrosis,
therapy are at higher risk of developing peri‐implantitis. Studies overheating, micromotion and biocorrosion as risk indicators for
on treatment of peri‐implantitis reveal that anti‐infective treat‐ peri‐implantitis remains to be determined.
ment strategies are successful in decreasing soft tissue inflam‐ There is a high priority to conduct studies that are designed to
mation and in suppressing disease progression. develop diagnostic, preventive, and intervention strategies for
3. What are the clinical characteristics of peri‐implantitis? the management of these peri‐implant issues.
Peri‐implantitis sites exhibit clinical signs of inflammation, bleed‐ 9. Does progressive crestal bone loss around implants occur in the ab‐
ing on probing and/or suppuration, increased probing depths sence of soft tissue inflammation?
and/or recession of the mucosal margin in addition to radio‐ Observational studies have indicated that crestal bone level
graphic bone loss compared to previous examinations. At sites changes at implants are typically associated with clinical signs of
presenting with peri‐implantitis, probing depth is correlated with inflammation. However, there are situations in which peri‐im‐
bone loss and is, hence, an indicator for the severity of disease. It plant bone loss may occur due to iatrogenic factors, including
is important to recognize that rate of progression of bone loss malpositioning of the implant or surgical trauma.
may vary between patients.
4. What are the histological characteristics of peri‐implantitis?
Peri‐implantitis lesions extend apical of the junctional/pocket H A R D ‐ A N D S O F T‐TI S S U E D E FI C I E N C I E S
epithelium and contain large numbers and densities of plasma
cells, macrophages and neutrophils. In addition, peri‐implantitis 1. What are the main factors associated with hard‐ and soft‐tissue
lesions are larger than those at peri‐implant mucositis sites. deficiencies at potential implant sites?
5. Are there any specific microbiological and immunological characteris‐ The healing process following tooth loss leads to diminished
tics of peri‐implantitis? dimensions of the alveolar process/ridge representing hard‐
No specific or unique bacteria or proinflammatory cytokines and soft‐tissue deficiencies. Larger deficiencies may occur
have been identified. at sites exposed to the following factors: loss of periodontal
6. What is the evidence for peri‐implant mucositis being the precursor of support, endodontic infections, longitudinal root fractures,
peri‐implantitis? thin buccal bone plates, buccal/lingual tooth position in
Peri‐implant mucositis is assumed to precede peri‐implantitis. relation to the arch, extraction with additional trauma to
Data indicate that patients diagnosed with peri‐implant mucosi‐ the tissues, injury, pneumatization of the maxillary sinus,
tis may develop peri‐implantitis, especially in the absence of medications, and systemic diseases reducing the amount of
regular maintenance care. However, the features or conditions naturally formed bone, agenesis of teeth, pressure from
characterizing the progression from peri‐implant mucositis to soft‐tissue supported removable prosthesis, and
peri‐implantitis in susceptible patients have not been identified. combinations.
7. What is known about the onset and progression pattern of 2. What factors are associated with recession of the peri‐implant
peri‐implantitis? mucosa?
The onset of peri‐implantitis may occur early during follow‐up as The principal factors for recession of the peri‐implant mucosa
indicated by radiographic data. Peri‐implantitis, in the absence of are malpositioning of implants, lack of buccal bone, thin soft tis‐
treatment, seems to progress in a non‐linear and accelerating sue, lack of keratinized tissue, status of attachment of the adja‐
pattern. Data suggest that the progression of peri‐implantitis ap‐ cent teeth and surgical trauma.
pears to be faster than that observed in periodontitis. 3. Does the presence/absence of keratinized mucosa play a role in the
8. What are the major risk indicators for peri‐implantitis? long‐term maintenance of peri‐implant health?
There is strong evidence that there is an increased risk of devel‐ The evidence is equivocal regarding the effect of keratinized mu‐
oping peri‐implantitis in patients who have a history of severe cosa on the long‐term health of the peri‐implant tissue. It ap‐
periodontitis, poor plaque control, and no regular maintenance pears, however, that keratinized mucosa may have advantages
care after implant therapy. Data identifying smoking and regarding patient comfort and ease of plaque removal.
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S290 | BERGLUNDH et al.

4. What is the role of the peri‐implant bone in giving form to the peri‐im‐ examinations.
plant soft tissues? • Absence of bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting
The papilla height between implants and teeth is affected by the from initial bone remodeling.
level of the periodontal tissues on the teeth adjacent to the im‐
plants. The height of the papilla between implants is determined It should be noted that visual signs of inflammation can vary and
by the bone crest between the implants. Results are equivocal that peri‐implant mucositis can exist around implants with variable lev‐
whether the buccal bone plate is necessary for supporting the els of bone support.
buccal soft tissue of the implant in the long‐term.
How do we define a case of peri‐implantitis in day‐to‐day clinical prac‐
tice and teaching situations?
C A S E D E FI N ITI O N S A N D D I AG N OS TI C Diagnosis of peri‐implantitis requires:
CO N S I D E R ATI O N S • Presence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing.
• Increased probing depth compared to previous examinations.
The following case definitions and characteristics of peri‐implant
• Presence of bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting
health, peri‐implant mucositis, and peri‐implantitis should be viewed
from initial bone remodeling.
within context of several potential confounding factors.
It is known that there is no generic implant and that there are
In the absence of previous examination data diagnosis of peri‐im‐
numerous implant designs with different surface characteristics,
plantitis can be based on the combination of:
surgical and loading protocols. The degree of physiological remod‐
eling after implant placement may vary and will determine the cr‐
• Presence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing.
estal level of bone expected in peri‐implant health. The amount of
• Probing depths of ≥6 mm.
remodeling will also be influenced by a number of local and systemic
• Bone levels ≥3 mm apical of the most coronal portion of the in‐
factors. Clinicians should be aware that extensive peri‐implant bone
traosseous part of the implant.
loss may also be reflective of the development of peri‐implantitis
during the remodeling phase. It should be noted that visual signs of inflammation can vary and
It is recommended that the clinician obtain baseline radiographic that recession of the mucosal margin should be considered in the prob‐
and probing measurements following the completion of the implant‐ ing depth evaluation.
supported prosthesis. An additional radiograph after a loading pe‐
riod should be taken to establish a bone level reference following How do we define a case of peri‐implant health and peri‐implant muco‐
physiological remodeling. If the patient presents for the first time sitis in epidemiological or disease surveillance studies?
with an implant‐supported prosthesis the clinician should try to The same criteria used to define peri‐implant health and peri‐im‐
obtain clinical records and previous radiographs in order to assess plant mucositis in day‐to‐day practice should be applied in epidemi‐
changes in bone levels. ological studies.
How do we define a case of peri‐implant health in day‐to‐day clinical
practice and teaching situations? How do we define a case of peri‐implantitis in epidemiological or disease
Diagnosis of peri‐implant health requires: surveillance studies?
Diagnosis of peri‐implantitis requires:
• Absence of clinical signs of inflammation.
• Absence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing. • Presence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing.
• No increase in probing depth compared to previous examinations. • Increased probing depth compared to previous examinations.
• Absence of bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting • Presence of bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes re‐
from initial bone remodeling. sulting from initial bone remodeling. Epidemiological studies
need to take into account the error of measurements in rela‐
It should be noted that probing depths depend on the height of
tion to assessments of bone level changes. Bone loss should be
the soft tissue at the location of the implant. Furthermore, peri‐im‐
reported using thresholds exceeding the measurement error
plant tissue health can exist around implants with variable levels of
(mean 0.5 mm).
bone support.

Epidemiological studies should ideally include previous exam‐

How do we define a case of peri‐implant mucositis in day‐to‐day clinical
inations performed after the first year of loading. In the absence of
practice and teaching situations?
previous radiographic examinations, bone levels ≥3 mm apical of the
Diagnosis of peri‐implant mucositis requires:
most coronal portion of the intra‐osseous part of the implant to‐
• Presence of bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing gether with bleeding on probing are consistent with the diagnosis of
with or without increased probing depth compared to previous peri‐implantitis.
 1600051x, 2018, S20, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpe.12957 by UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA, Wiley Online Library on [06/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
BERGLUNDH et al. | S291

AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S A N D D I S C LO S U R E S 3. Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang H‐L. Peri‐implantitis. J Clin

Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S246–S266.
Workshop participants filed detailed disclosure of potential conflicts 4. Hämmerle CHF, Tarnow D. The etiology of hard‐ and soft‐tissue de‐
of interest relevant to the workshop topics, and these are kept on ficiencies at dental implants: a narrative review. J Clin Periodontol.
2018;45(Suppl 20):S267–S277.
file. The authors receive, or have received, research funding, con‐
5. Renvert S, Persson GR, Pirih FQ, Camargo PM. Peri‐implant health,
sultant fees, and/or lecture compensation from the following com‐
peri‐implant mucositis, and peri‐implantitis: case definitions
panies: BioHorizons, Dentsply Sirona, Geistlich Pharma, Intra‐Lock, and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl
ITI Foundation, J. Morita, LaunchPad Medical, Maxillent, Medtronic, 20):S278–S285.
Osteogenics Biomedical, Osteology Foundation, Straumann, and
SUNSTAR.
How to cite this article: Berglundh T, Armitage G, et al. Peri‐
implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of
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FIGURE 1 Participants of Workgroup 4