MATLAB Program for Formation of Incidence Matrices

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
linedata=[ 1 2 1
213
341
432
5 3 4];
e=max(linedata(:,1));
disp('no of elements');
disp(e);
n=max(max(linedata(:,2)),(max(linedata(:,3))));
disp('no of nodes');
disp(n);
disp('no of branches');
b=n-1;
disp(b);
l=e-b;
disp('no of links');
disp(l);
A1=zeros(e,n);
for i=1:e
A1(i,linedata(i,2))=1;
A1(i,linedata(i,3))=-1;
end
disp('element-node incidence matrix(A1)');
disp(A1);
A1(:,1)=[];
A=A1;
disp('bus incidence matrix A');
disp(A);
Ab=A(1:b,:);
Al=A(n:e,:);
Kt=inv(Ab);
K=(Kt');
disp('branch path incidence matrix K');
disp(K);
Bl=Al*Kt;
B=eye(b,b);
for i=1:b
for j=1:l
B(b+j,i)=Bl(j,i);
end
end
for i=1:l;
B(b+j,:)=Bl(i,:);
end
disp('cutset incidence matrix B');
disp(B);
Cb=-transpose(Bl);
Ccap=eye(e,e);
for i=1:b;
for j=1:l;
Ccap(i,b+j)=Cb(i,j);
 end
end
for i=1:l;
C(:,i)=Ccap(:,b+i);
end
disp('loop incidence matrix C');
disp(C);

Output:-

no of elements
5

no of nodes
4

no of branches
3

no of links
2

element-node incidence matrix(A1)

-1 1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
-1 0 0 1
0 -1 1 0
0 0 1 -1

bus incidence matrix A

1 0 0
0 -1 0
0 0 1
-1 1 0
0 1 -1

branch path incidence matrix K

1 0 0
0 -1 0
0 0 1

cutset incidence matrix B

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
-1 -1 0
0 -1 -1

loop incidence matrix C

1 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
0 1
 MATLAB Program YBus Formation Using Singular Transformation Method

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
linedata=[1 1 2 0.2i
2 2 3 0.4i
3 3 4 0.25i
4 1 4 0.2i
5 2 5 0.4i
6 5 4 0.25i];
e=max(linedata(:,1));
n=max(max(linedata(:,2)),(max(linedata(:,3))));
A1=zeros(e,n);
for i=1:e
A1(i,linedata(i,2))=1;
A1(i,linedata(i,3))=-1;
end
A1(:,1)=[];
A=A1;
disp('A');
disp(A);
At=A';
disp('At');
disp(At);
z=linedata(:,4);
z=diag(z)
y=inv(z);
disp('y');
disp(y);
Ybus=At*y*A;
disp('Resulted Ybus')
disp(Ybus);
Output:-
A
-1 0 0 0
1 -1 0 0
0 1 -1 0
0 0 -1 0
1 0 0 -1
0 0 -1 1

At
-1 1 0 0 1 0
0 -1 1 0 0 0
0 0 -1 -1 0 -1
0 0 0 0 -1 1

z=

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.4000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.2500i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.4000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.2500i

y
0.0000 - 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 2.5000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 4.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 2.5000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 - 4.0000i

Resulted Ybus
0.0000 -10.0000i 0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 2.5000i
0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 - 6.5000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 -13.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i
0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 - 6.5000i
 MATLAB Program YBus Formation Using Direct Inception Transformation Method

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
linedata=[1 1 2 0.05 0.15
2 1 3 0.10 0.30
3 2 3 0.15 0.45
4 2 4 0.10 0.30
5 3 4 0.05 0.15];
e=max(linedata(:,1));
n=max(max(linedata(:,2)),(max(linedata(:,3))));
b=n-1;
l=e-b;
j=sqrt(-1);
for k=1:e
se(k)=linedata(k,2);
re(k)=linedata(k,3);
r(k)=linedata(k,4);
x(k)=linedata(k,5);
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k)
y(k)=inv(z(k))
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for k=1:e
p=se(k);
q=re(k);
ybus(p,p)=ybus(p,p)+y(k);
ybus(q,q)=ybus(q,q)+y(k);
ybus(p,q)=-y(k);
ybus(q,p)=ybus(p,q);
end
disp('ybus');
disp(ybus);
Output:-

ybus
3.0000 - 9.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
-2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.0000 - 9.0000i
 MATLAB Program ZBus Formation Using ZBus Building Algorithm Method

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
% Add branch 1 from reference to bus1
s=1; %matrix size
z=input('enter the impedence value z01 ==');
z1=z
% Add branch 2 between buses 1 to 2
s=2;%matrix size
z12=input('enter the impedence value z12 ==');
z(s,s)=z(s-1,s-1)+z12;
for i=1:(s-1);
z(s-i,s)=z(s-i,s-1);
z(s,s-i)=z(s-1,s-i);
end;
z2=z
% From branch 3 from buses 2 to 3
s=3;%matrix size
z23=input('enter the impedence value z23 ==');
z(s,s)=z(s-1,s-1)+z23;
for i=1:(s-1);
z(s-i,s)=z(s-i,s-1);
z(s,s-i)=z(s-1,s-i);
end;
z3=z
% From branch 4 from buses 3 to reference
s=4;%matrix size
z30=input('enter the impedence value z30 ==');
z(s,s)=z(s-1,s-1)+z30;
for i=1:(s-1);
z(s-i,s)=z(s-i,s-1);
z(s,s-i)=z(s-1,s-i);
end;
z4=z
% Kron's Reduction
remove=input('enter which row/column to remove ==');
for jj=1:remove;
if jj ~= remove;
j=jj;
if jj >= remove;
j=jj-1;
end
for kk=1:remove;
if kk ~= remove;
k=kk;
if kk >= remove;
k=kk -1;
end;
znew(j,k)=z(jj,kk)-z(jj,remove)*z(remove,kk)/z(remove,remove);
end;
end;
end;
end;
z=znew
Output:-

enter the impedence value z01 ==0.2i

z1 =

0.0000 + 0.2000i

enter the impedence value z12 ==0.3i

z2 =

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i

enter the impedence value z23 ==0.4i

z3 =

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i
0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.9000i

enter the impedence value z30 ==0.1i

z4 =

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.2000i

0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i
0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.9000i 0.0000 + 0.9000i
0.0000 + 0.2000i 0.0000 + 0.5000i 0.0000 + 0.9000i 0.0000 + 1.0000i

enter which row/column to remove ==4

z=

0.0000 + 0.1600i 0.0000 + 0.1000i 0.0000 + 0.0200i

0.0000 + 0.1000i 0.0000 + 0.2500i 0.0000 + 0.0500i
0.0000 + 0.0200i 0.0000 + 0.0500i 0.0000 + 0.0900i
 MATLAB Program for Load Flow Analysis Using Guass Siedel method

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
%linedata: se re z
linedata=[1 2 0.02+0.04i
1 3 0.01+0.03i
2 3 0.0125+0.025i];
%busdata: busno. v=Vmag+iVangle Sg=Pg+jQg Sl=Pl+jQl
busdata=[1 1.05+0i 0 0
2 1+0i 0 256.6+110.2i
3 1+0i 0 138.6+45.5i];
nb=length(busdata(:,1));
nl=length(linedata(:,1));
bmva=100;
itermax=7;%---Enter desired number of iterations---%
se=linedata(:,1);
re=linedata(:,2);
z=linedata(:,3);
y=1./z;
ybus=zeros(nb);
for k=1:nl
p=se(k);
q=re(k);
ybus(p,p)=ybus(p,p)+y(k);
ybus(q,q)=ybus(q,q)+y(k);
ybus(p,q)=-y(k);
ybus(q,p)=ybus(p,q);
end
ybus
busno=busdata(:,1);
v=busdata(:,2);
vint=v;
sg=busdata(:,3)/bmva;
sl=busdata(:,4)/bmva;
si=sg-sl;
for kk=1:itermax
iteration=kk
for i=1:nb-1
k=i+1;
sum=0;
for j=1:nb
if j~=k;
sum=sum+ybus(k,j)*v(j);
end
end
v(k)=[conj(si(k))/conj(v(k))-sum]/ybus(k,k);
end
v
end
I12=ybus(1,2)*(v(1)-v(2)); I21=-I12;
I13=ybus(1,3)*(v(1)-v(3)); I31=-I13;
I23=ybus(2,3)*(v(2)-v(3)); I32=-I23;
S12=v(1)*conj(I12); S21=v(2)*conj(I21);
S13=v(1)*conj(I13); S31=v(3)*conj(I31);
S23=v(2)*conj(I23); S32=v(3)*conj(I32);
loss12=(S12+S21)*100;
loss13=(S13+S31)*100;
loss23=(S23+S32)*100;
disp('loss12');
disp(loss12);
disp('loss13');
disp(loss13);
disp('loss23');
disp(loss23);

Output:-

ybus =

20.0000 -50.0000i -10.0000 +20.0000i -10.0000 +30.0000i

-10.0000 +20.0000i 26.0000 -52.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i
-10.0000 +30.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i 26.0000 -62.0000i

iteration =1
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9825 - 0.0310i
1.0011 - 0.0352i

iteration =2
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9816 - 0.0520i
1.0008 - 0.0459i

iteration =3
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9808 - 0.0578i
1.0004 - 0.0488i

iteration = 4
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9803 - 0.0593i
1.0001 - 0.0496i

iteration =5
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9801 - 0.0598i
1.0000 - 0.0499i
iteration = 6
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9800 - 0.0599i
1.0000 - 0.0499i

iteration =7
v=
1.0500 + 0.0000i
0.9800 - 0.0600i
1.0000 - 0.0500i

loss12
-8.4983 -16.9965i

loss13
-5.0015 -15.0044i

loss23
-0.7979 - 1.5958i
 MATLAB Program for Load Flow Analysis Using NRLF method

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
%ybusdata
Y11=20;
Y12=20;
Y21=20;
Y22=20;
t11=-90*pi/180;
t12=90*pi/180;
t22=-90*pi/180;
t21=90*pi/180;
% t21=t12;
% t22=t11;
p2s=-1;
q2s=-0.5;
v1=1;
del1=0;
v2=1;
del2=0;
for i=1:4
p2cal=(v2*v1*Y21*cos(t21+del1-del2))+(v2*v2*Y22*cos(t22+del2-del2));
q2cal=-((v2*v1*Y21*sin(t21+del1-del2))+(v2*v2*Y22*sin(t22+del2-del2)));
j1=v2*v1*Y21*sin(t21+del1-del2);
j2=v1*Y21*cos(t21+del1-del2);
j3=v2*v1*Y21*cos(t21+del1-del2);
j4=-(v1*Y21*sin(t21+del1-del2)+2*v2*Y22*sin(t22));
j=[ j1 j2;j3 j4]; %j is the jacobian matrix
dp=p2s-p2cal;
dq=q2s-q2cal;
dpdq=[dp;dq]; %dpdq is the power mismatch vector
ddv=inv(j)*dpdq; %ddv is the correction vector
%updation of angle & voltage magnitude
del2=del2+ddv(1)
v2=v2+ddv(2)
end
Output:-

del2 =

-0.0500

v2 =

0.9750

del2 =

-0.0514

v2 =

0.9730

del2 =

-0.0514

v2 =

0.9730

del2 =

-0.0514

v2 =

0.9730
 MATLAB Program for Load Flow Analysis Using DCLF method

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
%ybusdata
Y11=20;
Y12=20;
Y21=20;
Y22=20;
t11=-90*pi/180;
t12=90*pi/180;
t22=-90*pi/180;
t21=90*pi/180;
% t21=t12;
% t22=t11;
p2s=-1;
q2s=-0.5;
v1=1;
del1=0;
v2=1;
del2=0;
for i=1:4
p2cal=(v2*v1*Y21*cos(t21+del1-del2))+(v2*v2*Y22*cos(t22+del2-del2));
q2cal=-((v2*v1*Y21*sin(t21+del1-del2))+(v2*v2*Y22*sin(t22+del2-del2)));
j1=v2*v1*Y21*sin(t21+del1-del2);
j2=0;
j3=0;
j4=-(v1*Y21*sin(t21+del1-del2)+2*v2*Y22*sin(t22));
j=[ j1 j2;j3 j4]; %j is the jacobian matrix
dp=p2s-p2cal;
dq=q2s-q2cal;
dpdq=[dp;dq]; %dpdq is the power mismatch vector
ddv=inv(j)*dpdq; %ddv is the correction vector
%updation of angle & voltage magnitude
del2=del2+ddv(1)
v2=v2+ddv(2)
end
Output:-

del2 =

-0.0500

v2 =

0.9750

del2 =

-0.0513

v2 =

0.9731

del2 =

-0.0514

v2 =

0.9730

del2 =

-0.0514

v2 =

0.9730
 MATLAB Program for Load Flow Analysis Using FDCLF method
Program:-

clc
clear all
basemva=100;
% Sno From To R X Y/2
linedata=[1 1 2 0 0.1 0.01
2 1 3 0 0.1 0.01
3 2 3 0 0.1 0.01];
e = max(linedata(:,1));
% n code v del pg qg pd qd qmin qmax qsh
busdata=[1 0 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1.00 0 40 30 20 10 0 0 0
3 2 1.00 0 0 0 45 15 0 0 0 ];
% Bus Type Slack =1, PV = 2, PQ = 3
n=max(max(linedata(:,2)),(max(linedata(:,3))));
j==sqrt(-1);
for k=1:e
se(k)=linedata(k,2);
re(k)=linedata(k,3);
r(k)=linedata(k,4);
x(k)=linedata(k,5);
z(k)=r(k)+j*x(k);
y(k)=inv(z(k));
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for k=1:e
p=se(k);
q=re(k);
ybus(p,p)=ybus(p,p)+y(k);
ybus(q,q)=ybus(q,q)+y(k);
ybus(p,q)=-y(k);
ybus(q,p)=ybus(p,q);
end
nbus=length(busdata(:,2));
for n=1:nbus
bus(n)=busdata(n,1);
kb(n)=busdata(n,2);
vm(n)=busdata(n,3);
delta(n)=busdata(n,4);
pg(n)=busdata(n,5);
qg(n)=busdata(n,6);
pd(n)=busdata(n,7);
qd(n)=busdata(n,8);
qmin(n)=busdata(n,9);
qmax(n)=busdata(n,10);
qsh(n)=busdata(n,11);
delta(n)=pi/180*delta(n);
v(n)=vm(n)*cos(delta(n))+j*vm(n)*sin(delta(n));
p(n)=(pg(n)-pd(n))/basemva;
q(n)=(qg(n)-qd(n))/basemva;
s(n)=p(n)+j*q(n);
end
ym=abs(ybus);
t=angle(ybus);
nline=length(linedata(:,1));
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==1|kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==1|kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B1(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end
ii=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)==2)
ii=ii+1;
jj=0;
for m=1:nbus
if(kb(m)==2)
jj=jj+1;
B2(ii,jj)=imag(ybus(n,m));
end
end
end
end
B1inv=inv(B1);
B2inv=inv(B2);
maxerror=0.1;
iter=0;
while maxerror>0.00001&iter<15
iter=iter+1;
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
J11=0;
J33=0;
for m=1:nline
if(p(m)==n|q(m)==n)
if(p(m)==n)
l=q(m);
end
if(q(m)==n)
l=p(m);
end
J11=J11+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)-delta(n)+delta(l));
J33=J33+vm(n)*vm(l)*ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)-delta(n)+delta(l));
end
end
pk=vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
qk=-vm(n)^2*ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if(kb(n)==0)
p(n)=pk;
q(n)=qk;
end
 if(kb(n)==1)
q(n)=qk;
qgc=q(n)*basemva+qd(n)-qsh(n);
if qmax(n)~=0
if iter<=20
if iter>=10
if(qgc<qmin(n)|qgc>qmax(n))
if(qgc<qmin(n))
vm(n)=vm(n)+0.0005;
else
vm(n)=vm(n)-0.0005;
end
end
end
end
end
end
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
dp(id)=p(n)-pk;
dpv(id)=(p(n)-pk)/vm(n);
iv=iv+1;
dq(iv)=q(n)-qk;
dqv(iv)=(q(n)-qk)/vm(n);
end
end
f=dpv';
dd=-B1inv*dpv';
dv=-B2inv*dqv';
id=0;
iv=0;
for n=1:nbus
if(kb(n)~=0)
id=id+1;
delta(n)=delta(n)+dd(id);
iv=iv+1;
vm(n)=vm(n)+dv(iv);
end
end
maxerror=max(max(abs(dp)),max(abs(dq)));
iter
E=vm.*cos(delta)+j*vm.*sin(delta)
end
Output:-

iter = 1
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9917 + 0.0017i -1.0031 + 0.0234i

iter =2
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9910 - 0.0002i 0.9988 - 0.0002i

iter = 3
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9877 + 0.0017i -0.9966 + 0.0234i

iter = 4
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9853 - 0.0002i 0.9941 - 0.0001i

iter = 5
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9827 + 0.0017i -0.9913 + 0.0233i

iter = 6
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9801 - 0.0002i 0.9889 - 0.0001i

iter = 7
E = 1. 0600 + 0.0000i -0.9774 + 0.0017i -0.9860 + 0.0233i

iter = 8
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9748 - 0.0002i 0.9837 + 0.0000i

iter = 9
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9721 + 0.0017i -0.9808 + 0.0232i

iter = 10
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9695 - 0.0002i 0.9785 + 0.0001i

iter = 11
E = 1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9668 + 0.0017i -0.9755 + 0.0231i

iter =12
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9642 - 0.0002i 0.9732 + 0.0001i

iter =13
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9615 + 0.0017i -0.9702 + 0.0231i

iter =14
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i 0.9588 - 0.0002i 0.9679 + 0.0002i

iter = 15
E =1.0600 + 0.0000i -0.9561 + 0.0017i -0.9649 + 0.0230i
 MATLAB Program for GOSF
Program:-
clc;
clear all;
% Line Data: SE RE R X
linedata=[1 2 0 0.2000
1 4 0 0.2500
2 3 0 0.1500
2 4 0 0.3000
3 4 0 0.4000];
nb=max(max(linedata(:,1)),max(linedata(:,2)));
nl=length(linedata(:,1));
se=linedata(:,1);
re=linedata(:,2);
r=linedata(:,3);
x=linedata(:,4);
z=complex(r,x);
y=1./z;
ybus=zeros(nb);
for k= 1:nl
p = se(k); q = re(k);
ybus(p,p) = ybus(p,p)+ y(k);
ybus(q,q) = ybus(q,q)+ y(k);
ybus(p,q) = -y(k);
ybus(q,p) = ybus(p,q);
end
By=-imag(ybus);
By1=By(2:end,2:end);
X2=inv(By1);
X1=zeros(nb);
X1(2:end,2:end)=X1(2:end,2:end)+X2
genk=input('Enter the bus k on outage other than slack bus : \n ');
for i=1:nl
a(i)=0;
a(i)=(1/linedata(i,4))*(X1(linedata(i,1),genk)-(X1(linedata(i,2),genk)));
end
disp(' Generation outage sensitivity Factor ');
disp(a)
OUTPUT:-
Enter the bus k on outage other than slack bus :
2
Generation outage sensitivity Factor
-0.6895 -0.3105 0.1096 0.2009 0.1096

Enter the bus k on outage other than slack bus :

3
Generation outage sensitivity Factor
-0.6073 -0.3927 -0.6849 0.0776 0.3151

Enter the bus k on outage other than slack bus :

4
Generation outage sensitivity Factor
-0.3881 -0.6119 -0.1370 -0.2511 -0.1370
 MATLAB Program for LOSF

Program:-
clc;
clear all;
% Line Data: SE RE R X
linedata=[1 2 0 0.2000
1 4 0 0.2500
2 3 0 0.1500
2 4 0 0.3000
3 4 0 0.4000];
nb=max(max(linedata(:,1)),max(linedata(:,2)));
nl=length(linedata(:,1));
se=linedata(:,1);
re=linedata(:,2);
r=linedata(:,3);
x=linedata(:,4);
z=complex(r,x);
y=1./z;
ybus=zeros(nb);
for k=1:nl
p = se(k);
q = re(k);
ybus(p,p) = ybus(p,p)+ y(k);
ybus(q,q) = ybus(q,q)+ y(k);
ybus(p,q) = -y(k);
ybus(q,p) = ybus(p,q);
end
By=-imag(ybus);
By1=By(2:end,2:end);
X2=inv(By1);
X1=zeros(nb);
X1(2:end,2:end)=X1(2:end,2:end)+X2;
mnn=input('Enter the outage line number (mn) position ');
for i=1:nl
b(i)=0;
n1=(X1(se(i),re(mnn)))-(X1(se(i),se(mnn)));
n2=(X1(re(i),re(mnn)))-(X1(re(i),se(mnn)));
d1=X1(se(mnn),se(mnn))+X1(re(mnn),re(mnn))-2*(X1(se(mnn),re(mnn)));
d2=x(mnn);
mf1=x(mnn)/x(i);
b(i)=mf1*(n1-n2)/[d1-d2];
end
disp(' Line Outage Sensitivity factor ');
disp(b)
Output:-

Enter the outage line number (mn) position 1

Line Outage Sensitivity factor
2.2206 1.0000 -0.3529 -0.6471 -0.3529

Enter the outage line number (mn) position 2

Line Outage Sensitivity factor
1.0000 1.5765 0.3529 0.6471 0.3529

Enter the outage line number (mn) position 3

Line Outage Sensitivity factor
-0.4000 0.4000 3.8667 0.6000 -1.0000

Enter the outage line number (mn) position 4

Line Outage Sensitivity factor
-0.5500 0.5500 0.4500 0.8250 0.4500

Enter the outage line number (mn) position 5

Line Outage Sensitivity factor
-0.4000 0.4000 -1.0000 0.6000 0.8250
 MATLAB Program for Fault Analysis of LG fault
Program:-

clc;
clear all;
disp('Title: To Obtain Fault current IpF, Sequence Components of voltages at all buses for a Single Line
to Ground Fault at bus p');
Zbus0=input('Enter Zbus0 matrix:\n');
Zbus1=input('Enter Zbus1 matrix:\n');
k=length(Zbus0);
p=input('Enter the node at which fault occurs:');
Zf=input('\n enter fault impedance Zf:');
disp('Line to ground(L-G) fault calculations');
IpF=(1/(Zbus0(p,p)+2*Zbus1(p,p)+3*Zf))*[1 1 1]';
fprintf('\n fault current I %d(F)=',p);
disp(IpF);
disp('Zero, Positive and Negative sequence components of voltages are:');
for i=1:k
EiF=[0 1 0]-(1/(Zbus0(p,p)+2*Zbus1(p,p)+3*Zf))*[Zbus0(i,p) Zbus1(i,p) Zbus1(i,p)];
fprintf('E%d(F)=',i);
disp(EiF)
end
Output:-

Enter Zbus0 matrix:

[0.085714 0 0 0;
0 0.35 0.1 0;
0 0.1 0.1 0;
0 0 0 2.498];

Enter Zbus1 matrix:

[0.272 0.144 0.112 0.08;
0.144 0.288 0.224 0.16;
0.112 0.224 0.252 0.18;
0.08 0.16 0.18 0.12];

Enter the node at which fault occurs:3

enter fault impedance Zf:1

Line to ground(L-G) fault calculations

fault current I 3(F)=

0.2775
0.2775
0.2775

Zero, Positive and Negative sequence components of voltages are:

E1(F)= 0 0.9689 -0.0311

E2(F)= -0.0277 0.9378 -0.0622

E3(F)= -0.0277 0.9301 -0.0699

E4(F)= 0 0.9501 -0.0499

 MATLAB Program for Fault Analysis of LLLG fault
Program:-

clc;
clear all;
disp('Title: Obtain Fault Current IpF and Voltages at all buses for a 3-Phase Fault at bus p');
% Zbus=input('Enter Zbus1 matrix:\n');
Zbus= [0.14074i 0.11111i 0.08889i 0.05926i;
0.11111i 0.16667i 0.13333i 0.08889i;
0.08889i 0.13333i 0.16667i 0.11111i;
0.05926i 0.08889i 0.11111i 0.14074i];
k=length(Zbus);
p=input('Enter the node at which fault occurs:');
Zf=input('\n enter fault impedance Zf:');
disp('LLLG fault calculations');
IpF=(1/(Zbus(p,p)+Zf));
fprintf('\n fault current I %d(F)=',p);
disp(IpF);
disp('Voltages at all buses:');
for i=1:k
EiF=1-(IpF*Zbus(i,p));
fprintf('E%d(F)=',i);
disp(EiF);
End
Output:

Title: Obtain Fault Current IpF and Voltages at all buses for a 3-Phase Fault at bus p
Enter the node at which fault occurs:2

enter fault impedance Zf:1

LLLG fault calculations

fault current I 2(F)= 0.9730 - 0.1622i

Voltages at all buses:

E1(F)= 0.9820 - 0.1081i

E2(F)= 0.9730 - 0.1622i

E3(F)= 0.9784 - 0.1297i

E4(F)= 0.9856 - 0.0865i

 MATLAB Program for PV Curve

Program:-
clear all;
clc;
phi=input('enter phi:');
phi=phi*(pi/180);
pf=cos(phi);
k=tan(phi);
disp(pf);
disp(k);
pint=0;
for i=1:100000;
p(i)=pint+i*0.00001;
q=p(i)*k;
vb(i)=0.25-p(i)*p(i)-q;
va(i)=0.5-q;
if vb(i)<0
break
end
vc(i)=sqrt(vb(i));
v1(i)=va(i)+vc(i);
if v1(i)<0
break
end
v11(i)=sqrt(v1(i));
pr1(i)=p(i);
v2(i)=va(i)-vc(i);
if v2(i)<0
break
end
v22(i)=sqrt(v2(i));
pr2(i)=p(i);
end
plot(pr1,v11,pr2,v22)
hold on;
grid on
Output:-

enter phi:25
0.9063

0.4663

enter phi:35
0.8192

0.7002
 MATLAB Program for QV Curve
Program:-
clear all;
clc;
p=0.4;
x=input('enter x angle:');
for i=1:7400
y=i*0.01-x;
phi=y*pi/180;
pf=cos(phi);
t(i)=tan(phi);
q=p*t(i);
Va(i)=(0.5-q);
Vb(i)=0.25-p*p-q;
if Vb(i)<0
break
end
Vc(i)=sqrt(Vb(i));
V1(i)=Va(i)+Vc(i);
if V1(i)<0
break
end
pr1(i)=p;
qr1(i)=q;
Vs(i)=sqrt(V1(i));
V2(i)=Va(i)-Vc(i);
if V2(i)<0
break
end
Vr(i)=sqrt(V2(i));
pr2(i)=p;
qr2(i)=q;
end
qr1;
Vs;
qr2;
Vr;
plot(Vs,-qr1);
hold on;
plot(Vr,-qr2);
grid on
Output:-

enter x angle:35