SHREE AGRASIAN COLLEGE

NAME – KISHAN SINGH

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO – 211434-21-0055
REG.NO. – 434-1111-0159-21
 A STUDY ON LOCAL BIODIVERSITY

(WESTBENGAL, HOWRAH): -
COMMON FLORA, FAUNA AND THEIR
INTERDEPENDENCE.
CONTENT

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE SUBJECT………. PAGE 4

2. INTRODUCTION…………………………. PAGE 4 -13
2.1. ECOSYSTEM
2.2. BIODIVERSITY
2.3. BIODIVERSITY OF INDIA
2.4. BIODIVERSITY OF WEST BENGAL
2.5. FOOD CHAINS
2.6. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD
WEBS
2.7. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
3. OBSERVATION………………………… PAGE 13-14
4. RESULTS…………………………………. PAGE 15-17
5. SOURCES………………………………… PAGE 18
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………. PAGE 18
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
With the increase in temperature day by day which is also known as Global Warming we find
that A lot of species are on edge of extinction. I went down for an observation in my locality
(Place of Observation: - Victoria Memorial, Liluah Railway colony). I have tried to
observe my environment in terms of flora and fauna i.e., plants, animals, insects etc. which I
would further elaborate in my project. I also witnessed the system of Food Chain which was
quite interesting as I got to know the process how actually the Eco-System works and how an
Individual is dependent on the environment for their survival. Coordinates of the area of
observation.

INTRODUCTION
The living community of plants and animals in any area together with the non-living
components of the environment such as soil, air and water, constitute the ecosystem.

2.1 WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM?

A 'Biological system' is a locale with a particular and conspicuous scene structure like
backwoods, field, desert, wetland or seaside region. The nature of the biological system
depends on its geological highlights like slopes, mountains, fields, streams, lakes,
waterfront regions or islands. It is additionally constrained by climatic circumstances, for
example, the measure of daylight, the temperature and the precipitation in the locale. The
geological, climatic furthermore, soil quality’s structure its non-living (abiotic) part.
These highlights make conditions that help a local area of plants and creatures that
development has delivered to live in these particular circumstances. The living piece of
the environment is alluded to as its biotic part.

2.2 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?

It is the variety of life on Earth, in all its forms and all its interactions. If that sounds
confusing, that’s because it is. Biodiversity is the most complex feature of our planet and
it is the most vital. More formally, biodiversity is comprised of several levels, starting
with genes, then individual species, then communities of creatures and finally entire
ecosystems, such as forests or coral reefs, where life interplays with the physical
environment. These myriad interactions have made Earth habitable for billions of years.

A more philosophical way of viewing biodiversity is this: it represents the knowledge

learned by evolving species over millions of years about how to survive through the
vastly varying environmental conditions Earth has experienced. Seen like that, experts
warn, humanity is currently “burning the library of life”.
2.3 BIODIVERSITY OF INDIA?

India is the world’s 8th most biodiverse region with 92037 species of fauna and 23.39% of the
nation’s geographical area under forest and tree cover in 2020. India encompasses a wide
range of biomes: desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical temperate forests, swamplands,
plains, grasslands, area surrounding rivers, as well as island archipelago. It has four
biodiversity hotspots. The Himalayas, the western Ghats, north east India and the Nicobar
Island.

FAUNA OF INDIA – Within only about 2 percent of the world's total land surface, India
is known to have over 7.5% of the species of animals that the world holds. The Zoological
Survey of India (ZSI), with its headquarters in Kolkata and 16 regional stations is responsible
for surveying the faunal resources of India. Possessing a tremendous diversity of climate and
physical conditions, India has great variety of fauna, numbering 92,037 species, of which
insects alone include 61,375 species, 2000 species of birds and 2500 species of fishes which
contribute nearly 12% of the world stock It is estimated that about two times that number of
species still remain to be discovered in India alone.
FLORA IN INDIA- India is rich in flora. Available data place India in the tenth position
in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical area
surveyed so far, over 46,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of
India (BSI), Kolkata. With a wide range of climatic conditions from the torrid to the arctic,
India has a rich and varied vegetation, which only a few countries of comparable size
possess. India can be divided into eight distinct-floristic-regions, namely, the western
Himalayas, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, the Indus plain, the Ganga plain, the Deccan,
Malabar and the Andamans.

2.4. Biodiversity of West Bengal

i) Coastal and Marine Ecosystem: - The Marine ecosystem in India Covers 2.1 million
Sq.km. areas. The available data on faunal diversity reveals that it represents more than
15% of total fauna of the country. Such ecosystem in the state is located in Sundarbans in
S. 24 Pgs. district under Tiger Reserve and Biosphere Reserve areas covering coastline of
650 Kms in the northern part of Bay of Bengal.

ii) Mangrove: - Mangrove Forest ecosystem is a typical salt evergreen forest found mainly
at Sundarbans covering an area of about 4200 Sq. km. The main characteristic feature of
mangrove vegetation is the presence of aerial breathing root and oviparous germination.
The predominant mangrove species are Avisennia officinalis, Excoecana agallocha,
Herittera tomes, Brugutera parviflora, Cenops decandia, Rhtzophora mucronate and
Zylocarpus granatum. Sundarbans mangrove forest is well known for man eating tigers
hunting on land and large size dangerous estuarine crocodiles in water also harbour a
number of mollusks, polychaetes and honeybees.

iii) Wetlands: - These ecosystems encompass diverse and heterogeneous habitats ranging
from rivers, fold plains and rain lakes to swamps, estuaries and salt marshes. India has
about 4.1 million ha. Of wetlands (excluding paddy fields nod mangroves) of which 1.5
 million ha, are natural and 2.6 million ha are man-made. The predominant wetland types
of the State are marshes, jheels, terai, swamps and char lands of the Gangetic plains,
wetlands in Island of Bay of Bengal and coastal brackish water. These wetlands harbour
enormous diversity of flora and fauna species many of which are endangered.

iv) Grasslands: - In West Bengal Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary has pure grassland extends
over 30.55 Sq. km. which is the important habitat of Rhino, Hog Deer, Spotted Deer,
Barking Deer, Elephant and Gaur. In Bauxa Tiger Reserve, riverine grasslands and
savannah woodlands occupy a considerable part of 51.31 Sq.km. which offers grazing
ground for Cheetal, Sambar, Barking Deer, Hog Deer, Gaur and Elephant. The riverine
grassland and Savannah woodland occupy about 20% of the total plant cover of
Gorumara National Park, which is the grazing ground of wild herbivores. In Sundarbans
Tiger Reserve, the sea facing areas have a long line of Saccharum grassland ideally suited
for tiger and its prey species.

v) Forest Tropical: - Forest rises roughly to an altitude of about 1200 m, contains deep
sided valleys and gorges with well drained flanking slope clothed in dense evergreen
jungles. It is characterized by gigantic trees, climbers draping their tops. These tropical
forest harbour enormous diversity of flora and fauna species many of which are
endangered.

vi) Alpine Forest Ecosystem (Mountain): - Alpine zone stretches between 3650 and 5500m
altitude- the limit of tree growth. The vegetation is restricted here fir, pine, rhododendron,
juniper and cotoneasters scrub. Plant life in this zone is dependent entirely on snowfall
and melting snow, and gets progressively dwarfed and scanty towards the upper limits. In
this habitat snow leopard, bear and a large number of beautiful coloured birds and
butterflies can be seen.

2.5 WHAT IS FOOD CHAIN?

A food chain explains which organism eats another organism in the environment. The
food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where nutrients and energy are transferred
from one organism to the other. This occurs when one organism consumes another
organism. It begins with producer organism then to primary consumer to secondary
consumer to tertiary consumer and then ends with decomposer.
Food Webs: - The concept of a food chain is an abstraction or generalization.
Ecosystems are more complicated than a single food chain would indicate. Most aquatic
ecosystems contain many more species than those in a single food chain, and all of these
species interact and are interdependent. Like people, most aquatic organisms consume
more than one type of food. A food web is a diagram of a complex, interacting set of food
chains within an ecosystem. A food web illustrates complex feeding relationships within
an ecosystem. All organisms in a food web are interdependent. A food chain is just one
strand of a food web.
As shown in the diagram below: -
2.6 IMPORTANCE OF FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

FOOD CHAIN
The food chains are the living components of the biosphere. These are the vehicles of
transfer of energy from one level to another. Through the food chains, transfer of
materials and nutrients also takes place.

So, a food chain is a picture of organisms in an ecological community that are linked to
each other through the transfer of energy and nutrients, beginning with an autotrophic
organism such as a plant and continuing with each organism being consumed by one
higher in the chain. A food chain also shows how the organisms are related with each
other by the food they eat.

We all depend upon food to survive. Energy is necessary for the biotic world to grow and
sustain. A food chain describes the method in which a particular organism collects its
food. It is an arrangement of who eats whom in a biological community or an ecosystem
to obtain food. A food chain is a way of depicting the flow of energy from one organism
to the next and to the next and so on. Everyone needs the energy transmitted through a
food chain in order to survive.

FOOD WEB
◆ The food chain keeps the ecology in check: Food chains depict the conditions in
which a producer or customer is lost as a result of an incident. Entire communities can be
wiped out. As a result, food chains assist scientists in learning more about ecosystems and
ensuring that they remain balanced.

◆ Plants are the cornerstone of food webs: Plants are the cornerstone of all ecosystems
and food chains, and food webs are useful tools for recognizing this. Photosynthesizing
plants provide us with the first product of the food chain, which is sustenance.
◆ Natural Selection: Food webs aid in the comprehension of natural selection by
illustrating the species hierarchy, with carnivorous, omnivorous, and tertiary organisms at
the top of all food chains. It is a pattern of eating based on inherent survival traits and
instincts that represents the physical and behavioural adaptations of plants and animals.

◆ The circulation of energy and nutrients: The movement of energy, nutrients, and
organic compounds through an ecosystem is described by a food chain. Plants are at the
bottom of the food chain, producing energy, which is then passed on to higher-level
species like herbivores. After that, energy is transmitted from one to the other when
carnivores eat herbivores.

◆ The food web helps determine the trophic level of organisms: An organism can be
classified as belonging to more than one trophic level, depending on the food chain.
Seals, for example, maybe considered apex predators at the highest trophic level in some
situations where they devour primary and secondary consumers of fish.
 2.7 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Conservation of biodiversity is vital for maintaining the Earth’s environment and sustaining
life on the planet. There are a number of ways in which the richness of biodiversity helps in
maintaining the ecological system. Conservation of biodiversity is important for the survival
of living beings on Earth. Hence, a lot of emphases is being given on the conservation of
biodiversity these days. Due to human activities, numerous varieties of animals go extinct
each year. Western Black Rhinoceros, Dodo, Tasmanian tiger, Golden Toad, Woolly
Mammoth, Caribbean Monk Seal, Ivory-billed Woodpecker, and Japanese Sea Lion are some
of the species of animals that have gone extinct. Lemur, Mountain Gorilla, Vaquita, Sea
Turtles, Amur Leopard, and Tiger are some of the species that are on the verge of extinction.

Apart from these many species of plants and trees including Lepidodendron, Araucaria
Mirabilis, Wood Cycad and Kokia Cookie have gone extinct and many species are
endangered. Earth is a beautiful planet which has given us many things which occur
naturally. Natural resources, rivers, valleys, oceans, different species of animals and
beautiful varieties of plants and trees are among some of these. In today’s world, we are
busy developing our surroundings and spoiling our beautiful environment. Today, we
have exploited most of the things that were available abundantly in nature. Thus, there
arises a need to conserve these natural things. Among other things, there is a serious need
for the conservation of biodiversity.

Why Biodiversity needs to be conserved?

It is believed that an area with higher species abundance has a more stable environment
compared to an area with lower species abundance. We can further claim the necessity of
biodiversity by considering our degree of dependency on the environment. We depend
directly on various species of plant for our various needs. Similarly, we depend on various
species of animals and microbes for different reasons.
Factors Affecting Biodiversity: - Biodiversity is being lost due to the loss of habitat,
overexploitation of resources, climatic changes, pollution, invasive exotic species,
diseases, hunting, etc. Since it provides us with several economic and ethical benefits and
adds aesthetic value, it is very important to conserve biodiversity.

i) Biodiversity is declining rapidly due to factors such as land use change, climate
change, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution. Such natural or human-induced
factors – referred to as drivers – tend to interact and amplify each other.

ii) While changes in biodiversity are more clearly linked to direct drivers such as habitat
loss, they are also linked to indirect drivers that are at the root of many changes in
ecosystems. The main indirect drivers are changes in human population, economic
activity, and technology, as well as socio-political and cultural factors.
iii) Different direct drivers have been critically important in different ecosystems over the
past 50 years. For example, in terrestrial ecosystems, the main driver has been land cover
change such as the conversion of forest to agriculture. In marine systems, however,
fishing, and particularly overfishing, have been the main drivers of biodiversity loss.
iv) Overall, the main factors directly driving biodiversity loss are: habitat change, such as
fragmentation of forests; invasive alien species that establish and spread outside their
normal distribution; overexploitation of natural resources; and pollution, particularly by
excessive fertilizer use leading to excessive levels of nutrients in soil and water.

v)Recent changes in climate have already had significant impacts on biodiversity and
ecosystems in certain regions. As climate change will become more severe, the harmful
impacts on ecosystem services are expected to outweigh possible benefits, such as a
longer growing season, in most regions of the world. Climate change is expected to
exacerbate risks of extinctions, floods, droughts, population declines, and disease
outbreaks.

How Biodiversity can be conserved?

Biodiversity refers to the variability of life on earth. It can be conserved in the following
ways:

1. In-situ Conservation: - In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of

species within their natural habitat. In this method, the natural ecosystem is
maintained and protected. The insitu conservation has several advantages.
Following are the important advantages of in-situ conservation: It is a cost-
effective and a convenient method of conserving biodiversity. A large number of
living organisms can be conserved simultaneously. Since the organisms are in a
natural ecosystem, they can evolve better and can easily adjust to different
environmental conditions. Certain protected areas where in-situ conservation takes
place include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves. National
Parks These are small reserves maintained by the government. Its boundaries are
well demarcated and human activities such as grazing, forestry, habitat and
cultivation are prohibited. For e.g., Kanha National Park, Bandipur National Park.
Wildlife Sanctuaries These are the regions where only wild animals are found.
Human activities such as timber harvesting, cultivation, collection of woods and
other forest products are allowed here as long as they do not interfere with the
conservation project. Also, tourists visit these places for recreation. Biosphere
Reserves Biosphere reserves are multipurpose protected areas where the wildlife,
traditional lifestyle of the inhabitants and domesticated plants and animals are
protected. Tourist and research activities are permitted here.
2. Ex-situ Conservation: - Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity involves the
breeding and maintenance of endangered species in artificial ecosystems such as
zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, gene banks, etc. There is less competition for
food, water and space among the organisms. Ex-situ conservation has the
following advantages:

The animals are provided with a longer time and breeding activity. The species bred in
captivity can be reintroduced in the wild. Genetic techniques can be used for the
preservation of endangered species Following are the important strategies for biodiversity
conservation: All the varieties of food, timber plants, livestock, microbes and agricultural
animals should be conserved.
 i) All the economically important organisms should be identified
and conserved.
ii) Unique ecosystems should be preserved first.
iii) The resources should be utilized efficiently.
iv) Poaching and hunting of wild animals should be prevented.
v) The reserves and protected areas should be developed carefully.
vi) The levels of pollutants should be reduced in the environment.
vii) Deforestation should be strictly prohibited.

3. Biodiversity Hotspots: - Biodiversity is the collection of flora and fauna of a place.

Biodiversity Hotspot is a region which is a prime location for the existence of rich
biodiversity but also faces the threat of destruction. It is a place which needs our
immediate and constant attention to survive and thrive in the future as well. This idea of
identifying hotspots was put forth by Norman Myers in 1988. By now, a total of 35
biodiversity hotspots have been identified out of which most of them lie in tropical
forests. Almost 2.3% of the land surface of Earth is represented by these hotspots. These
also comprise of around 50% of the world's most common plant species and 42% of
terrestrial vertebrates prevalent. Sadly, these biodiversity hotspots have been losing 86%
of their habitats some of which are still on the verge of extinction due to serious threats
posed by climate change and human intervention. Biodiversity is the collection of flora
and fauna of a place. Biodiversity Hotspot is a region which is a prime location for the
existence of rich biodiversity but also faces the threat of destruction. It is a place which
needs our immediate and constant attention to survive and thrive in the future as well.
This idea of identifying hotspots was put forth by Norman Myers in 1988. By now, a total
of 35 biodiversity hotspots have been identified out of which most of them lie in tropical
forests. Almost 2.3% of the land surface of Earth is represented by these hotspots. These
also comprise of around 50% of the world's most common plant species and 42% of
terrestrial vertebrates prevalent. Sadly, these biodiversity hotspots have been losing 86%
of their habitats some of which are still on the verge of extinction due to serious threats
posed by climate change and human intervention.

* Four biodiversity hotspots of India are as follows: -

1. The Western Ghats: - These hills are present along the western edge of peninsular
India. Since they are situated near the ocean, they are likely to receive a good amount of
rainfall. Most of the deciduous, as well as rainforests, are present in this region. Around
77% of the amphibians and 62% of the reptiles found here cannot be spotted elsewhere in
the world. Sri Lanka in South India is a country which is rich in species too. It is
connected to India through a land bridge which has a width of nearly 140 km. There are
more than 6000 vascular plants here which belong to more than 2500 genus. 3000 plants
out of these are endemic. Most of the spices found in the world such as black pepper and
cardamom all are believed to have originated in the Western Ghats. Most of the species
are however present in the Agasthyamalai Hills situated in extreme South. The region is
also home to around 450 species of birds, 140 mammals, 260 reptiles and 175
amphibians. Such diversity is quite beautiful as well as rare but now lies on the verge of
extinction. The vegetation in
this region was originally spread over 190,000 square kilometres but has reduced to
43,000 square kilometres today. Only 1.5% of the original forest is still prevalent in Sri
Lanka.

2. The Himalayas: - This region comprises of Bhutan, Northeast India, and Southern,
Central and Eastern Nepal. These Himalayan Mountains are the highest in the world and
abode to some of the highest peaks of the world including Mount Everest and K2. Some
of the major rivers in the world originate from the Himalayas. The Himalayas comprise of
more than 100 mountains beyond 7200 meters. There are almost 163 endangered species
in this region including one horned rhinoceros, wild Asian water buffalo and as many as
45 mammals, 50 birds, 12 amphibians, 17 reptiles, 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species.
One such endangered species found here is the relict dragonfly whose only other species
is found in Japan. Himalayan Newt is also present in this region. Coming to the fauna,
there are 10,000 species of plants in the Himalayas a third of which are endemic and
cannot be located anywhere else in the world. Some of the threatened ones include Cheer
pheasant, Western Tragopan, Himalayan quail, Himalayan vulture, White bellied heron
and the like. Mammals too can be spotted here with over 300 species such as Asiatic wild
dogs, sloth bears, snow leopard, black bear, blue sheep and wild water buffalo.
Namadapha flying squirrel is, however, a mammal which is almost on the verge of
extinction and therefore needs immediate attention.

3. Indo-Burma Region: - This region consists of numerous countries including

NorthEastern India (to the south of the Brahmaputra River), Myanmar, and China's
Yunnan province’s southern part, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Vietnam,
Cambodia, and Thailand. It is spread over a distance of 2 million square kilometres.
Although this region is quite rich in its biodiversity, it has been worsening over the past
few decades. Six species of mammals have been discovered in this region recently
including large antlered muntjac, Annamite Muntjac, Gray-shanked douc, leaf deer, saola
and Annamite striped rabbit. Other species such as monkeys, langurs, and gibbons too can
be found here with a population as less as a hundred. Freshwater turtle species found in
the region are however endemic. 1300 species of birds too can be spotted here including
the white eared night-heron, Graycrowned crocias, and orange necked Patridge most of
which are endangered. Almost 13,500 plant species can be spotted in the region half of
which are endemic and cannot be found in any other place in the world.

4. Sundaland: - This region lies in South-East Asia and includes Thailand, Singapore,
Indonesia, Brunei, and Malaysia. The Nicobar Islands represent India. These islands were
declared as the world biosphere reserve in 2013 by the United Nations. These islands
have a rich terrestrial as well as marine ecosystem including mangroves, seagrass beds,
and coral reefs. Species such as dolphins, whales, turtles, crocodiles, fishes, prawns,
lobsters and seashells comprise the marine biodiversity. In case the marine resources are
over-used, it can pose a serious threat to biodiversity.
6. Materials and Methodology: -

A study was carried out on the terrace of my home liluah, Howrah to understand the frequent
changes between the natural flora fauna during the morning and day time. After the 5
study/Observation it was found that there were more involvement of flora and fauna during
the morning (between 06:00AM to 08:00AM) as compare to the afternoon (between
12.00PM to 04:00PM). The sole purpose of this study was to differentiate about the different
plants, insects, animals, amphibians, reptiles, bacteria etc. A description about such organism
is given below in the table: -

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Role in Number in

Names Scientific names Group
No. Ecosystem locality
1. Grass Poaceae Plantae Producer Infinite

Green
2. Chlorophyta Protista Producer Infinite
Algae
Holy basil Ocimum
3. Plant Producer 20-25
(Tulsi) tenuiflorum
Primary
4. Caterpillar Lepidoptera Insect 2
consumer
5. Mango Mangifera indica Tree Producer 2
6. Marigold Tagetes flower producer 6
Rice paddy Tertiary
7. Enhydris plumbea reptile 3-4
snake consumer
Primary
8. Grasshopper Caelifera Insect 4-5
consumer
Primary
9. Mosquitoes Culicidae Insect Infinite
consumer
Plain Tiger Danaus Primary
10. Insect 2-3
Butterfly chrysippus consumer
Hawk Accipitridae Tertiary
11. Bird 2
consumer
12. Primary
Ant Formicidae Insect Uncountable
consumer
13. Secondary
Sparrow Passeridae Birds 10-15
consumer
14. Primary
Crow Corvus Birds 30-50
consumer
15. Tertiary
Owl Strigiformes Birds 1
consumer
16. Secondary
Chameleons Chamaeleonidae Reptiles 1-2
consumer
17. Primary
Worms Annelida Animalia 50-60
consumer
18. Primary
Cows Bos Taurus Animalia 40-50
consumer
19. Primary
Rats Rattus Animalia 30-40
consumer
20. Bee Anthophila Insect Primary 30-35
consumer
21. Cat Felis catus Animalia Primary 10-12
consumer
22. Sunflower Helianthus Plant Producer 10-15
23. Neem Azadirachta Plant Producer 18-22
indica
24. Banana Musa Tree Producer 8-10
25. House lizard Hemidactylus Reptile Primary 2-3
frentaus consumer
RESULTS:

EXAMPLE:1 EXAMPLE:2

Marigold Grass
(producer) (producer)

Caterpillars Grasshoppers
(Primary consumer) (Primary consumer)

Chameleon Rat
(Secondary consumer) (Secondary consumers)

Rice paddy snake Hawks

(Territory consumer) (Territory consumer)
EXAMPLE:3 EXAMPLE:4

Weed Aqua plants

(Producer) (Producers)

Goats Small fishes

(Primary consumer) (Primary consumer)

Human (Secondary consumer) Large fishes

(Secondary consumer)

Bird
(Territory consumer)
MAP :

 Lat long of point A: 22.62477’N, 88.34457’E

 Lat long of point B: 22.5448’N, 88.34255’E
 SOURCES:

Sources for the data, photos and other various information are as follows: -

▪ www.wikipedia.com
▪ www.studentproject.com
▪ www.unacademy.com
▪ www.thehindu.com
▪ https://indiabiohiversity.org
▪ https://byjus.com
▪ www.google.com

Acknowledgement: -

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to

my teachers Miss Aritri, My Parents, My Friends and everyone for their
exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the
course of this project. The blessing, help and guidance given by them time to
time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to
embark.
INTRODUCTION
The living community of plants and animals in any area together with
the non-living components of the environment such as soil, air and
water, constitute the ecosystem.

2.4WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM?
A 'Biological system' is a locale with a particular and conspicuous scene
structure like backwoods, field, desert, wetland or seaside region. The
nature of the biological system depends on its geological highlights like
slopes, mountains, fields, streams, lakes, waterfront regions or islands.
It is additionally constrained by climatic circumstances, for example,
the measure of daylight, the temperature and the precipitation in the
locale. The geological, climatic furthermore, soil quality’s structure its
non-living (abiotic) part. These highlights make conditions that help a
local area of plants and creatures that development has delivered to
live in these particular circumstances. The living piece of the
environment is alluded to as its biotic part.

2.2 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?

It is the variety of life on Earth, in all its forms and all its interactions. If that
sounds confusing, that’s because it is. Biodiversity is the most complex feature
of our planet and it is the most vital. More formally, biodiversity is comprised of
several levels, starting with genes, then individual species, then communities of
creatures and finally entire ecosystems, such as forests or coral reefs, where life
interplays with the physical environment. These myriad interactions have made
Eart0068