ef 2 o> £ Messing Noatins Power Quality Problems WH ‘Ati ur Rehman ead Electrical Design Engineer |Fower aie tem Studies | Projet Manager| (open immersive Reader Under voltage: Under voltage is a decrease in rms voltage to less than 0.8 ou for a period more than one min. Typical values are oetween 0.8 and 0.9 pu at different stages. Under voltages are usually caused by switching of loads, capacitor banks and may persist until the voltage regulation equipment of the system has time to react and bring the voltage back within acceptable tolerance. Overloaded circuits can also may cause under voltages Over voltage Over voltage is an increase in rms voltage to more than 1.1 ou for longer than one min, Typical values are between 1.1 and 1.2 pu. Over voltages result from load switching, garticularly when large loads like motors are switched off; variations in reactive compensation, usually the switching of capacitor banks; poor system voltage regulation capabilities; and incorrect tap settings on transformers. Voltage sags and swells: Voltage dips/sags and swells are the most common power quality issues and impossible to eliminate fully from system as impedance's change over the whole day, system voltage will also change proportionally. That's unfortunate, as even short duration sags may lead to process shutdowns that take many hours to re-start. Voltage swells are one of the most frequent causes of circuit breaker nuisance tripping. In short, sags and swells can cause major financial losses, garticularly in the manufacturing sector. In case of class A sag/swell detection in system, its threshold level is Urms(1/2) voltage levelTransients: Thee are two main types of transients: low frequency anc nigh frequency or impulse transients. In case of low frequency transient’, frequency components in the sundreds of hertz range. Low frequency oscillatory transients are typically caused by capacitor switching. High frequency or impulsive transients have frequency components in the hundreds of kilohertz range. High frequency impulse transients are typically caused by ightning o the switching of inductive loads. Unbalance Unbalance is a condition in a poly phase system where the values of the fundamental component of the line voltages, or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages are not equal, as defined by IEEE 1159 and IEC 61000-4-7. Voltage unbalance is most commonly seen in relation to individual customer loads with an imbalance of the loads on the phases, especially where large single-phase loads, such as arc furnaces, are in use. It is important to note that a small unbalance in the phase voltages can produce @ ‘nuch larger unbalance in the phase currents Flicker Flicker is a very specific problem related to human gerception of the light output of incandescent light bulbs. It 's not a general term for voltage fluctuations. The human eye is very sensitive to the light flicker that is produced by voltage variations. Because of this, flicker is almost always the limiting criteria for controlling small voltage fluctuations Harmonics Harmonics are sinusoidal periodic waves with frequencies, that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonics can cause many problems, including excessive ‘eating in neutral conductors, overheating of motors and transformers, and failure of electronic equipment. IEEE 519 defines a harmonic as a component of order greater than ‘one of the Fourier series of a periodic quantity. IEC 61000- 4-30 defines a harmonic frequency as a frequency which is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, anc defines a harmonic component as any of the components naving a harmonic frequencyPublished by u tke Seommen 9 Share Reactions EBAEAG ARES & 1. Comment ostreleart™ a ee Qe Sat PE, MT 2c zy ‘rls 8 on es ae Ceres P tectcalfover EAPDlrt PSRM SWIeDEGSeMICAPPSCAD ‘tig Ur Rehman you are mashAloh exceling day by dy in power quality problems 3 keep it ued Aig ur Rehman ad Electrical Design Engineer | wer System Studies | Project Manager [Technica Constant | Project Engineer | Seni Fawer Systems Engineer | ETA, PSCAD, PSS he © 1 | Reply More from Atig ur Rehmar HV Substation Project Risk Management cf HV Management Substation Project: ‘iq ur Fehman on Linkedin tig ur Rahman on Linked a Clea’ re outage Coneitions ane Symptoms of Blacouts! ‘iq ur Rehman on Linkedin