KOLADAISI UNIVERSITY, IBADAN (KDU)

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTING SCIENCES
PHYSICS WITH ELECTRONICS PROGRAMME

B.Sc. Physics with Electronics

Overview

The programme is intended to equip the students with broad knowledge of Physics and electronics to
address the challenges of the 21st century. The classroom instruction includes lectures and laboratory
research. Students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is included in the syllabus to provide
students with necessary skills for employment and entrepreneurship. The first and second year comprise
of introductory courses in physics, mathematics, computer science and general studies. Foundation
courses in physics that underpin an understanding of electronics and basic electronics courses are
provided at the third and fourth year with entrepreneurship courses that will equip the graduates of the
programme with relevant skills for job creation and innovations in the areas of applied physics and
electronics

Philosophy

The curriculum of physics with electronics is meant to broaden the electronics engineering base of
students who may wish to study pure electronics with physics without the Electrical Engineering aspects
and also prepares them for higher degrees in Physics and Electronics Engineering. The programme is
designed to give the students theoretical and practical skills in the areas of applied physics and
electronics such as medical radiology, magnetic resonance imaging, analogue electronics systems, digital
electronics systems, etc.

Objectives

The objectives of the programme are to:

1. involve the students in intellectually stimulating and satisfying experience of learning and

studying;

2. prepare the students for advanced Physics and professional fields of Electronics Engineering;

3. prepare students with skills for self-reliance and entrepreneurship;

4. prepare the students for postgraduate studies in either Physics or Electronics Engineering;

And

5. prepare the students for research and innovation advancement in Physics and Electronics
Engineering.

Unique Features

1. The programme is unique in the way in which it is designed to provide the students with

broader knowledge of physics and electronics so that they can utilize modern discoveries in

physics for innovations in electronics.

2. The programme is also unique in the way in which applied physics and digital electronics

system courses are included in the curriculum to prepare the students for global challenges.

Employability Skills

The programme is designed to provide the students with employability skills in the following

areas:

1. IT Skills

2. Time management

3. Creativity

4. Resourcefulness

5. Communication

6. Organization

21st Century Skills

The 21st century skills of the programme are

1. Communication

2. Creativity

3. Collaboration

4. Critical Thinking

5. Innovation

6. Technology literacy

7. Flexibility

Admission and Graduation Requirements

Admission Requirements
The entry requirements shall be at least passes at credit level at Senior Secondary Certificate (SSC) in
five subjects at not more than two sittings. Such subjects include English Language, Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry. In addition, an acceptable pass in the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination
(UTME) is required for admission into 100 Level.

Candidates with at least two A level passes in Physics and Mathematics at the Advanced Level may be
considered for admission into 200 Level.

Graduation Requirements

Expected duration for UTME candidates shall be 4 years and students are required to pass a minimum of
120 units, while for direct entry students, expected duration for graduation shall be 3 years and would
be expected to pass a minimum of 90 units which must include all compulsory courses.

Course Structure

100 Level
Course Code Course Title Unit(s) Status LH PH
KDU- PHY 110 Electronics circuit simulation 2 C 15 45
GST 111 Communication in English 2 C 30 -
MTH 101 Elementary Mathematics I 2 C 30 -
MTH 102 Elementary Mathematics II 2 C 30 -
COS 101 Introduction to Computing Sciences 3 C 30 45
PHY 101 General Physics I 2 C 30 -
PHY 102 General Physics II 2 C 30 -
PHY 103 General Physics III 2 C 30 -
PHY 104 General Physics IV 2 C 30 -
PHY 107 General Physics Practical I 1 C - 45
PHY 108 General Physics Practical II 1 C - 45
TOTAL 23

200 Level
Course Code Course Title Unit(s) Status LH PH
KDU- PHY 213 Programming in C 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 221 Python 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 224 Programming in C++ 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 215 Introduction to Microprocessors 2 C 30
KDU- PHY 217 PIC microprocessor- Assembly language 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 218 Programming PIC microprocessor using C 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 219 Printed Circuit Board Design 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 220 Electronic packaging tools and techniques 2 C 30 45
KDU- PHY 222 Field trips 2 C 90
GST 212 Philosophy, Logic and Human Existence 2 C 30 -
ENT 211 Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2 C 15 45
PHY 205 Thermal Physics 3 C 45 -
PHY 206 General Physics VII (Energy & Environment) 2 C 15 45
PHY 211 Workshop Practice 2 C 15 45
PHY 213 Classical Physics I 2 C 30 -
TOTAL 31
300 Level
Course Code Course Title Unit(s) Status LH PH
KDU- PHY 309 Home automation 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 312 Marketing and sales of electronics products 2 C 30
KDU- PHY 311 Start-ups and capital ventures 2 C 30
GST 312 Peace and Conflict Resolution 2 C 30 -
ENT 312 Venture Creation 2 C 15 45
PHY 301 Analytical Mechanics I 2 C 30 -
PHY 303 Electromagnetism 3 C 45 -
PHY 305 Quantum Physics 3 C 45 -
PHY 306 Statistical and Thermal Physics 2 C 30 -
PHY 312 Analogue Electronics 2 C 30 -
PHY 315 Electronics 2 C 30 -
PHY 316 Circuit Theory 2 C 30 -
PHY 317 Experimental Physics V 1 C - 45
PHY 325 Measurement and Instrumentation 2 C 30 -
PHY 399 Industrial Attachment 3 C
TOTAL 32

400 Level
Course Code Course Title Unit(s) Status LH PH
KDU- PHY 407 Power Electronics 2 C 30
KDU- PHY 411 Smart Cities 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 408 Emerging Technologies- Robotics and AI 2 C 15 45
KDU- PHY 410 Physics of Solar Systems 2 E 30
KDU- PHY 412 Introduction to Astrophysics and Cosmology 2 E 30
PHY 410 Quantum Mechanics I 3 C 45 -
PHY 403 Mathematical Methods in Physics I 3 C 45 -
PHY 404 Mathematical Methods in Physics II 3 C 45 -
PHY 413 Digital Systems 2 C 30 -
PHY 415 Digital Communication Systems 2 C 30 -
PHY 417 Advanced Electronics Lab 1 C - 45
PHY 422 Digital Electronics 2 C 30 -
PHY 423 Entrepreneurship in Physics Electronics 2 C 30 -
PHY 499 Project 6 C - 270
TOTAL 34

*Students must register at least two (2) units of elective courses

COURSE CONTENTS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

100 Level

GST 111: Communication in English (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to

1. identify possible sound patterns in English Language;

2. list notable Language skills;

3. classify word formation processes;

4. construct simple and fairly complex sentences in English;

5. apply logical and critical reasoning skills for meaningful presentations;

6. demonstrate an appreciable level of the art of public speaking and listening; and

7. write simple and technical reports.

Course Contents

Sound patterns in English Language(vowels and consonants, phonetics and phonology). English word
classes (lexical and grammatical words, definitions, forms, functions, usages, collocations). Sentence in
English (types: structural and functional, simple and complex). Grammar and usage (tense, mood,
modality and concord, aspects of language use in everyday life). Logical and critical thinking and reasoning
methods (logic and syllogism, inductive and deductive argument and reasoning methods, analogy,
generalisation and explanations). Ethical considerations, Copyright rules and infringements. Writing
activities: (pre-writing, writing, post writing, editing and proofreading; brainstorming, outlining,
paragraphing. Types of writing: summary, essays, letter, curriculum vitae, report writing, note making etc.
Mechanics of writing). Comprehension strategies: (reading and types of reading, comprehension skills,
3RsQ). Information and Communication Technology in modern language learning. Language skills for
effective communication. Major word formation processes. Writing and reading comprehension
strategies. Logical and critical reasoning for meaningful presentations. Art of public speaking and listening.
Report writing.

GST 112: Nigerian Peoples and Culture (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. analyse the historical foundation of the Nigerian culture and arts in pre-colonial times;

2. list and identify the major linguistic groups in Nigeria;

3. explain the gradual evolution of Nigeria as a political unit;

4. analyse the concepts of Trade, Economic and Self-reliance status of the Nigerian peoples

towards national development;

5. enumerate the challenges of the Nigerian State towards Nation building

6. analyse the role of the Judiciary in upholding people’s fundamental rights

7. identify acceptable norms and values of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria; and

8. list and suggest possible solutions to identifiable Nigerian environmental, moral and value

problems.

Course Contents

Nigerian history, culture and art up to 1800 (Yoruba, Hausa and Igbo peoples and culture; peoples and
culture of the ethnic minority groups). Nigeria under colonial rule (advent of colonial rule in Nigeria;
Colonial administration of Nigeria). Evolution of Nigeria as a political unit (amalgamation of Nigeria in
1914; formation of political parties in Nigeria; Nationalist movements and struggle for independence).
Nigeria and challenges of nation building (military intervention in Nigerian politics; Nigerian civil war).
Concept of trade and economics of self-reliance (indigenous trade and market system; indigenous
apprenticeship system among Nigeria people; trade, skill acquisition and self-reliance). Social justice and
national development (law definition and classification. Judiciary and fundamental rights. Individual,
norms and values (basic Nigeria norms and values, patterns of citizenship acquisition; citizenship and civic
responsibilities; indigenous languages, usage and development; negative attitudes and conducts. Cultism,
kidnapping and Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Re-orientation; Re-orientation strategies: Operation
Feed the Nation (OFN), Green Revolution, Austerity Measures, War Against Indiscipline (WAI), War
Against Indiscipline and Corruption(WAIC), Mass Mobilization for Self-Reliance, Social Justice and
Economic Recovery (MAMSER), National Orientation Agency (NOA). Current socio-political and cultural
developments in Nigeria.

COS 101: Introduction to Computing Sciences (3 Units C: LH 30; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. explain basic components of computers and other computing devices;

2. describe the various applications of computers;

3. explain information processing and its roles in the society;

4. describe the Internet, its various applications and its impact;

5. explain the different areas of the computing discipline and its specializations; and

6. demonstrate practical skills on using computers and the internet.

Course Contents

Brief history of computing. Description of the basic components of a computer/computing device.

Input/Output devices and peripherals. Hardware, software and human ware. Diverse and growing
computer/digital applications. Information processing and its roles in society. The Internet, its
applications and its impact on the world today. The different areas/programs of the computing discipline.
The job specializations for computing professionals. The future of computing.

Lab Work: Practical demonstration of the basic parts of a computer. Illustration of different operating
systems of different computing devices including desktops, laptops, tablets, smart boards and smart
phones. Demonstration of commonly used applications such as word processors, spreadsheets,
presentation software and graphics. Illustration of input and output devices including printers, scanners,
projectors and smartboards. Practical demonstration of the Internet and its various applications.
Illustration of browsers and search engines. How to access online resources.

MTH 101: Elementary Mathematics I (Algebra and Trigonometry) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course students should be able to:

1. explain basic definition of set, subset, union, intersection, complements and use of Venn

diagrams;

2. solve quadratic equations;.

3. solve trigonometric functions;

4. identify various types of numbers; and

5. solve some problems using Binomial theorem.

Course Contents

Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, complements, Venn diagrams. Real numbers;
integers, rational and irrational numbers, mathematical induction, real sequences and series, theory of
quadratic equations, binomial theorem. Complex numbers; algebra of complex numbers; the Argand
diagram. De-Moivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity. Circular measure, trigonometric functions of angles of
any magnitude, addition and factor formulae.
MTH 102: Elementary Mathematics II (Calculus) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course students should be able to:

1. identify the types of rules in differentiation and Integration;

2. describe the meaning of Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and continuity; and

3. Solve some applications of definite integrals in areas and volumes.

Course Contents

Function of a real variable, graphs, limits and idea of continuity. The derivative as limit of rate of change.
Techniques of differentiation. Extreme curve sketching; Integration as an inverse of differentiation.
Methods of integration, Definite integrals. Application to areas, volumes.

PHY 101: General Physics I (Mechanics) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

Upon the completion of course, the student should be able to:

1. identify and deduce the physical quantities and their units;

2. differentiate between vectors and scalars;

3. describe and evaluate motion of systems on the basis of the fundamental laws of mechanics;

4. apply Newton’s laws to describe and solve simple problems of motion;

5. evaluate work, energy, velocity, momentum, acceleration, and torque of moving or rotating

objects;

6. explain and apply the principles of conservation of energy, linear and angular momentum;

7. describe the laws governing motion under gravity; and

8. explain motion under gravity and quantitatively determine behaviour of objects moving under

gravity.

Course Contents

space and time. units and dimension. vectors and scalars. differentiation of vectors: displacement,
velocity and acceleration. Kinematics. Newton laws of motion (Inertial frames, Impulse, force and action
at a distance, momentum conservation). relative motion. Application of Newtonian mechanics.
equations of motion. conservation principles in physics, conservative forces, conservation of linear
momentum, Kinetic energy and work, Potential energy, System of particles, Centre of mass. Rotational
motion. torque, vector product, moment, rotation of coordinate axes and angular momentum, polar
coordinates. conservation of angular momentum; Circular motion. Moments of inertia, gyroscopes and
precession. gravitation: Newton’s Law of Gravitation, Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion, Gravitational
Potential Energy, Escape velocity, Satellites motion and orbits.

PHY 102: General Physics II (Electricity & Magnetism) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. describe the electric field and potential, and related concepts, for stationary charges;

2. calculate electrostatic properties of simple charge distributions using Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s

law and electric potential;

3. describe and determine the magnetic field for steady and moving charges;

4. determine the magnetic properties of simple current distributions using Biot-Savart and

Ampere’s law;

5. describe electromagnetic induction and related concepts, and make calculations using Faraday

and Lenz’s laws;

6. explain the basic physical of Maxwell’s equations in integral form;

7. evaluate DC circuits to determine the electrical parameters; and

8. determine the characteristics of AC voltages and currents in resistors, capacitors, and

inductors.

Course Contents

Forces in nature. Electrostatics (electric charge and its properties, methods of charging). Coulomb’s law
and superposition. Electric field and potential. Gauss’s law. Capacitance. Electric dipoles. Energy in electric
fields. Conductors and insulators. DC circuits (current, voltage and resistance. Ohm’s law. Resistor
combinations. Analysis of DC circuits. Magnetic fields. Lorentz force. Biot-Savart and Ampère’s laws.
Magnetic dipoles. Dielectrics. Energy in magnetic fields. Electromotive force. Electromagnetic induction.
Self and mutual inductances. Faraday and Lenz’s laws. Step up and step down transformers. Maxwell's
equations. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves. AC voltages and currents applied to inductors,
capacitors, and resistance.

PHY 103: General Physics III (Behaviour of Matter) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. explain the concepts of heat and temperature and relate the temperature scales;

2. define, derive, and apply the fundamental thermodynamic relations to thermal systems;

3. describe and explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and the concept of

entropy;

4. state the assumptions of the kinetic theory and apply techniques of describing macroscopic

behaviour;

5. deduce the formalism of thermodynamics and apply it to simple systems in thermal

equilibrium; and

6. describe and determine the effect of forces and deformation of materials and surfaces.

Course Contents

Heat and temperature (temperature scales). Gas laws. General gas equation. Thermal conductivity. First
Law of thermodynamics (heat, work and internal energy, reversibility). Thermodynamic processes
(adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric). Second law of thermodynamics (heat engines and entropy). Zeroth law
of thermodynamics. Kinetic theory of gases. Molecular collisions and mean free path. Elasticity (Hooke's
law, Young's, shear and bulk moduli). Hydrostatics (Pressure, buoyancy, Archimedes' principles).
Bernoulli’s equation and incompressible fluid flow. Surface tension (adhesion, cohesion, viscosity,
capillarity, drops and bubbles).

PHY 104: General Physics IV (Vibration Waves and Optics) (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to;

1. describe and quantitatively analyse the behaviour of vibrating systems and wave energy;

2. explain the propagation and properties of waves in sound and light;

3. identify and apply the wave equations; and

4. explain geometrical optics and principles of optical instruments.

Course Contents

Simple harmonic motion (SHM): energy in a vibrating system, Damped SHM, Q values and power response
curves, Forced SHM, resonance and transients, Coupled SHM. Normal modes. Waves: types and
properties of waves as applied to sound; Transverse and Longitudinal waves; Superposition, interference,
diffraction, dispersion, polarization; Waves at interfaces; Energy and power of waves, the 1-D wave
equation, 2-D and 3-D wave equations, wave energy and power, phase and group velocities, echo, beats,
the Doppler effect, Propagation of sound in gases, solids and liquids and their properties.
Optics: nature and propagation of light; reflection, refraction, and internal reflection, dispersion,
scattering of light, reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lenses and optical
instruments; wave nature of light; Huygens’s principle, interference and diffraction.

PHY 107: General Practical Physics I (1Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. conduct measurements of some physical quantities;

2. make observations of events, collect and tabulate data;

3. identify and evaluate some common experimental errors;

4. plot and analyse graphs; and

5. draw conclusions from numerical and graphical analysis of data.

Course Contents

This introductory course emphasizes quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors,
and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques should be employed. The experiments
include studies of meters, the oscilloscope, mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant
systems, light, heat, viscosity, etc., covered in PHY 101, 102, 103 and PHY 104. However, emphasis should
be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation, measurements, data collection, analysis and
deduction.

PHY 108: General Practical Physics II (1Unit C: PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to;

1. conduct measurements of some physical quantities;

2. make observations of events, collect and tabulate data;

3. identify and evaluate some common experimental errors;

4. plot and analyse graphs;

5. draw conclusions from numerical and graphical analysis of data; and

6. prepare and present practical reports.

Course Contents

This practical course is a continuation of PHY 107 and is intended to be taught during the second
semester of the 100 level to cover the practical aspect of the theoretical courses that have been covered
with emphasis on quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors, and graphical
analysis. However, emphasis should be placed on the basic physical techniques for observation,
measurements, data collection, analysis and deduction

KDU-PHY 110 Electronics circuit simulation (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)

Electronics simulation is aimed at making project development cost efficient. This course is developed
with the aim of teaching students the art of simulating electronics projects, from concept to
development. The knowledge will be useful for the students to effectively develop and implement
electronics projects. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce
graduates with high employability and competences. The course was approved by the university senate.

Overview
The course has been designed to provide a sound understanding of development and simulation of
electronics project. The developmental stage of electronics can be expensive making prototyping
difficult. This course aims to provide a practical approach to help students acquire the skill that
will take their ideas from concept to projects.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students who will apply electronics simulation
software to solving developmental needs of the society. Such graduates would have the attributes
and competence to actualize a knowledge-driven economy and as such, substantiating the mission
of the University.
Objective
This course intends to teach students to:
1. Simulate electronics projects.
2. Understand the working principle of various electric components.
3. Select basic components from the simulation tool.
4. Simulate linear circuit.
5. Attach machine code to circuits.
6. Simulate digital circuits.
7. Create new electronics components.
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Simulate electronics projects.
2. Describe the working principle of various electric components.
3. Select basic components from the simulation tool.
4. Draw and simulate linear circuit.
5. Upload machine code to circuits.
6. Draw and simulate digital circuits.
7. Add new electronics components to the simulation library.
Course Content
Installation of Protues. Adding electronics components to projects. Drawing basic circuit (lighting
LED, opamp, and discreat ICs). Importing libraries. Simulating digital circuits (instructor should
provide the code). Exporting circuit to PCB design.
Minimum Academic Standards: PC with at least dual core processor and 4G RAM.

200 Level

GST 212: Philosophy, Logic and Human Existence (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

A student who has successfully gone through this course should be able to:

1. know the basic features of philosophy as an academic discipline;

2. identify the main branches of philosophy & the centrality of logic in philosophical discourse;

3. know the elementary rules of reasoning;

4. distinguish between valid and invalid arguments;

5. think critically and assess arguments in texts, conversations and day-to-day discussions;

6. critically asses the rationality or otherwise of human conduct under different existential

conditions;

7. develop the capacity to extrapolate and deploy expertise in logic to other areas of knowledge,

and

8. guide his or her actions, using the knowledge and expertise acquired in philosophy and logic.

Course Contents

Scope of philosophy; notions, meanings, branches and problems of philosophy. Logic as an indispensable
tool of philosophy. Elements of syllogism, symbolic logic— the first nine rules of inference. Informal
fallacies, laws of thought, nature of arguments. Valid and invalid arguments, logic of form and logic of
content — deduction, induction and inferences. Creative and critical thinking. Impact of philosophy on
human existence. Philosophy and politics, philosophy and human conduct, philosophy and religion,
philosophy and human values, philosophy and character molding, etc.

ENT 211: Entrepreneurship and Innovation (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. explain the concepts and theories of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, opportunity

2. seeking, new value creation, and risk taking;

3. state the characteristics of an entrepreneur;

4. analyse the importance of micro and small businesses in wealth creation, employment,

5. and financial independence;

6. engage in entrepreneurial thinking;

7. identify key elements in innovation;

8. describe stages in enterprise formation, partnership and networking including business

planning;

9. describe contemporary entrepreneurial issues in Nigeria, Africa and the rest of the world; and

10. state the basic principles of e-commerce.

Course Contents

Concept of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship/corporate entrepreneurship,).

Theories, rationale and relevance of entrepreneurship (Schumpeterian and other perspectives, risk-
taking, necessity and opportunity-based entrepreneurship and creative destruction). Characteristics of
entrepreneurs (opportunity seeker, risk taker, natural and nurtured, problem solver and change agent,
innovator and creative thinker). Entrepreneurial thinking (critical thinking, reflective thinking, and creative
thinking). Innovation (concept of innovation, dimensions of innovation, change and innovation,
knowledge and innovation). Enterprise formation, partnership and networking (basics of business plan,
forms of business ownership, business registration and forming alliances and joint ventures).
Contemporary entrepreneurship issues (knowledge, skills and technology, intellectual property, virtual
office, networking). Entrepreneurship in Nigeria (biography of inspirational entrepreneurs, youth and
women entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship support institutions, youth enterprise networks and
environmental and cultural barriers to entrepreneurship). Basic principles of e-commerce.

PHY 205: Thermal Physics (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. discuss the concept of heat and temperature;

2. explain and determine thermodynamic processes;

3. explain and evaluate properties of real and ideal gases;

4. evaluate the consequences of the thermodynamic laws;

5. describe the basis of the kinetic theory; and

6. describe the statistical behaviour of gases with applications.

Course Contents

The foundations of classical thermodynamics including the definition of temperature. The first law. Work,
heat and internal energy. The second law. Carnot cycles and Carnot engines. Zeroth law. Entropy and
irreversibility. Thermodynamic potentials and the Maxwell relations. Ideal gas equation. Internal energy
and internal molecular modes. Qualitative discussion of phase transitions. Gibbs free energy. Clausius-
Clapeyron equation. Examples of phase transitions. Van der Waals gas. Kinetic theory. Mean free path.
Equi-partition of energy. Heat transfer. Diffusion rate.

PHY 206: General Physics VI (Energy and Environment) (2 Unit C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. explain the origin and sources of energy and power;

2. describe the inter relation and transformation of energy sources and types;

3. illustrate and explain the principles of generation of power;

4. outline the concept of energy demand and supply;

5. explain the economics, politics and problems associated with energy demand and supply;

6. identify and assess categories of environmental pollutants;

7. describe effect of carbon emission on global warming;

8. describe the environmental effect of energy generation, supply, and consumption; and

9. identify and evaluate the merits and demerits of power generation from different sources.

Course Contents

Energy sources and climate impacts. Energy requirements and consumption. Energy processing and
conversion. Energy units and pricing. The greenhouse effect. Biological forms of energy (fossil fuels and
biofuels). Basic nuclear physics. The atom, radioactivity and decay laws. Interaction of radiation with
matter. Nuclear fission principles and energetics. Chain reaction and dynamics. Reactor types and control.
Current status of nuclear fission as a power source. Nuclear fusion principles and energetics. (Examples in
stars and on earth). Thermonuclear fusion. Nuclear fuels. Ignition and the Lawson criterion. Magnetic and
inertial confinement. Current status of nuclear fusion as a power source. Stellar fusion. Proton-proton
chain and CNO cycle. Solar power technologies. Solar thermal. Solar photovoltaic. Wind energy. Nature of
wind. Wind power and wind turbines. Betz criterion. Energy from waves and tides. Principles of water
waves, energy, and power. Wave power extraction. Origin and properties of tides. Tidal stream power
and tidal range power. Power from fluids. Hydro power. Energy transportation and storage. Thermal
pollution. Energy costs, capacity, reserves, and efficiency. Emerging environmental effects of energy
processing.
PHY 211: Workshop Practice (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. identify safety signs for various workshop types and abide by the underlining regulations while

working in the workshop;

2. handle workshop tools and machineries;

3. illustrate simple metal processing methods;

4. describe the criteria for selection of construction materials;

5. identify electrical and electronic devices and explain some instrumentation techniques for

measuring parameters; and

6. explain types and methods of wood and plastic processing.

Course Contents

Workshop layout and safety. Basic hand tools and bench work practices. Measurement and gauging.
Sheet metal operations. Casting. Cutting, drilling, turning, and milling. Metal joining devices and
adhesives in common use. Soldering techniques and wrap joints. Plain and cylindrical generation of
smooth surface using power operated machines. Criteria for selection of materials used for construction
(metallic and non-metallic). Instrumentation and measuring techniques. Multi-meters and oscilloscopes.
Extension of instrument range. A survey of the use of electronic circuit devices (e.g., diodes, transistors
including FET, integrated circuits). Photocells. Basic circuit development and analysis. Wood logging.
Wood types and processing. Plastic types and working. Plastic moulding, bending, and encapsulation.

PHY 213: Classical Physics I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

On Completion, the students should be able to;

1. relate the concepts of space coordinates, time and linear motion;

2. describe particle dynamics, equilibrium and conservative forces;

3. solve problems on central forces, energy and angular momentum,

4. explain the dynamics of rotational motion;

5. discuss and apply the potential theory;

6. explain the dynamics of rigid bodies;

7. apply Newton's theory of gravitation to problems of planetary motion and space travel;
8. use inertial forces to explain motion from the viewpoint of rotating frames of reference; and

9. derive the general relation between the angular velocity and angular momentum of a rigid

body, and use this to solve problems in rotational dynamics.

Course Contents

Introduction to classical mechanics. Space and time. Linear kinematics. Linear and angular momentum.
Force and torque. Motion in a plane. Newtonian gravity. The two-body systems. Forces and equilibrium.
Particle dynamics. Force fields and potentials. Collisions. Conservative forces. Inertial frames and non-
inertial frames. Motion in rotating frames. Centrifugal force. Central force motions. Kepler’s motion in a
central force field. Particle orbits as conic sections. Kepler’s laws. Rigid body motion and rotational
dynamics. Moment of inertia. Free rotation and stability. Gyroscopes.

KDU-PHY 215 Introduction to Microprocessors (2 Units; C; LH 30)

Microcontrollers are the fundamentals of smart electronics. The PIC microcontroller family is a popular
class of microcontrollers used in many commercial and industrial applications. The application of PICs
ranges from home automation, defense, lighting etc. This course is developed to introduce students to
various families of PICs- design and architecture. The knowledge will be useful for the students to
effectively select suitable microcontrollers among the PICs family for their projects. This is in tandem
with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates with high employability and
competences.

Overview

The course has been designed to introduce students to the PIC microcontroller family. This will enable
the students know the resources available when implementing projects to solve problems.

The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students who will apply the course to know about
resources available for solving problems essential for the developmental needs of the society. Such
graduates would have the attributes and competence to select appropriate technology to provide
solutions, substantiating the mission of the University.

Objective

This course intends to:

1. Introduce students to microcontrollers.
2. Teach students the PIC microcontroller family
3. Introduce students to the instructions used to control each family of PICs
4. Allow students to learn about the architecture and design of PICs
5. Allow students to learn the applications of PICs
6. Teach students how to read datasheets
7. Expose students to PIC learning tools
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Describe and identify microcontrollers.
2. Identify the various PIC microcontroller family and read data sheet.
3. Write instructions to control PICs.
4. Describe the architecture and design of PICs
5. Identify the applications of PICs
6. Read and interpret technical details written by manufacturers in the datasheets
7. Identify PICs development kits and programmers
Course Content
History of PIC; Key components of a Microcontroller; RISC and CISC architecture; Architecture of the PIC
microcontroller; The PIC Microcontroller Family- 12-bits, 14-bits and 16-bits instruction word Inside a PIC;
16F8X series; parallel ports, power supply and the clock oscillator.
Minimum Academic Standards: Standard Electronics Laboratory equipped with PCs and PICs

KDU-PHY 217 PIC Microprocessor – Assembly Language (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)

Programmable ICs are the fundamentals of modern electronics. The application of PICs ranges from home
automation, defense, lightings etc. This course is developed with the aim of teaching students the how to
program PICs in assembly language. The knowledge will be useful for the students to effectively develop
and implement digital electronics projects. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi
University to produce graduates with high employability and competences.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn how to use PICs in assembly language. Assembly
language is a low level language, though tedious to implement, it is simple to learn and faster to
implement. Devices built using assembly language are also very fast in term of program execution. PICs
are versatile and the limitations of PICs are the imagination of the users. Hence, learning this technology
will help to arm students with the right skills to bring their ideas into reality.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students program PIC microcontroller using assembly
language and apply it to providing the developmental needs of the society. Such graduates would have
the attributes and competence to solve problems using technology, substantiating the mission of the
University.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Introduce students to assembly language
2. Teach students to Build assembler programs
3. Teach students how to draw and implement flowcharts
4. Introduce students to the implementation of subroutines
5. Teach students project development cycle
6. Introduce students to prototyping using development kits
7. Enable students to complete a project.
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Read and write instructions for electronics using assembly language
2. Build assembler programs
3. Draw and implement flowcharts
4. Implement subroutines in assembly language
5. Acquaint themselves with the project development cycle
6. Develop electronics project prototypes using development kits
7. Complete an electronics project.
Course Content
Assemblers and Assembler format; Adopting a Development Environment; Introductory MPLAB tutorial;
Downloading program to a microcontroller; Building Structure programs; Flow control- branching and
subroutines; Generating Time Delays and Intervals; Dealing with Data; Arithmetic instructions and the
carry flag; Program Timing; Interrupts; Special features; Using inputs- switch flowcharts, program
development, scanning, control application, keypad scanning; program example- the instructor should
choice a sample project to implement with the students.

Minimum Academic Standards: PC with relevant software installed and PIC Development Kits.

KDU-PHY 218 Programming PIC Microprocessor in C (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)

Programmable ICs are the fundamentals of modern electronics. The application of PICs ranges from home
automation, defense, lightning etc. This course is developed with the aim of teaching students the how to
program PICs in C. The knowledge will be useful for the students to effectively develop and implement
digital electronics projects. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce
graduates with high employability and competences.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn how to use PICs using C- language. C- language is a
high level language. Though, more challenging to master, it is easier to implement. Programing PIC
microcontroller using C-language makes system development faster and complex system design and
solutions can easily be achieved. Hence, students will be able to compete with at global level. PICs are
versatile and the limitations of PICs are the imagination of the users. Hence, learning this technology will
help to arm students with the right skills to be productive.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics graduates program PIC microcontroller using C-
language and apply it to providing the developmental needs of the society. Such graduates would have
the attributes and competence to solve problems using technology, substantiating the mission of the
University.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Introduce students to PIC C- language
2. Introduce student to MicroC IDE or its equivalent used in the industry.
3. Allow students to explore the Explorer 16 demonstration boards
4. Introduce students to the implementation of subroutines in C
5. Teach students advance programming techniques
6. Introduce students to prototyping using development kits
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Program PIC using C- language
2. Use MicroC IDE or its equivalent used in the industry.
3. Use the Explorer 16 demonstration boards for quick prototyping
4. Implement subroutines in C
5. Implement advance programming techniques
6. Develop electronics project prototypes using development kits
Course Content
PIC micro-C; loops; Test with the logic analyzer; Explorer 16 demonstration board; Numbers; Interrupts;
projects executed by students.
Minimum Academic Standards: PC and PIC Development Kits.

KDU-PHY 219 Printed Circuit Board Design (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)

Electric circuits in electronics are built using printed circuit boards (PCB). PCB has help to improve the
complexity of electronics while also compacting it. The design of reliable PCB is an essential stage of an
electronics project. Hence, this course will teach students the various techniques of designing and
producing PCB. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates
with high employability and competences. This course has been approved by university senate.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn how to produce PCBs for electronics projects. Hence,
learning this technology will help to arm students with the right skills to be productive.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students program how to produce Printed Circuit Board
Design and apply it to providing the developmental needs of the society. Such graduates would have the
attributes and competence to solve problems using technology, substantiating the mission of the
University.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Introduce students to PCB design software like ARES professional (Protues)
2. Show students how to etch PCBs
3. Teach students how to solder on PCB
 4. Mentor students to design and implement a PCB for an electronics project

Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Use PCB design software like ARES professional (Protues) for designing PCB layouts
2. Familiarize with various Etch PCBs.
3. Solder electronics components on PCB.
4. Complete a PCB designed and implemented for an electronics project under the mentorship of
the instructor.
Course Content
PIC microC; loops; Test with the logic analyzer; Explorer 16 demonstration board; Numbers; Interrupts;
projects executed by students.
Minimum Academic Standards: None.

KDU-PHY 220 Electronics Packaging Tools and Techniques (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)
Packaging is a very important part of product development. A well packaged product will likely receive
better acceptability both locally and on the international market. Training our student to package finished
product will give them a better chance in the labour market. This is in tandem with the vision and mission
of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates with high employability and competences.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn how to package finished electronics projects.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students to properly package finished products using
the right material and esthetics. Such graduates would have the attributes and competence to produce
globally marketable products, substantiating the mission of the University.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Teach students to choice the right material for packaging projects
2. Introduce students to plastics production.
3. Introduce students to the use of 3-D printer.
4. Introduce students to the use of 3-D scanners
5. Introduce students to industrial and hobbyist packaging techniques such as the production of
fiberglass, paper-mache etc
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Choice the right material for packaging projects
2. Produce plastics for projects packaging.
 3. Use of 3-D printer.
4. Operate of 3-D scanners
5. Familiar with industrial and hobbyist packaging techniques such as the production of fiberglass,
paper-mache etc
Course Content
Plastic molding; metal enclosure; material choice for categories of electronics projects; 3-D scanner; 3-D
printers; Students should be made to produce a casing for a project.
Minimum Academic Standards: Mechanical workshop, plastic mould and 3D printer.

KDU-PHY 222 Field Trips (2 Units; C; PH 90)

Having firsthand knowledge of process helps creativity and imagination. This course is aimed at giving
students the opportunity to get acquitted with the best industrial standards and need. This will help
stimulate students to choose area of interest and focus. Thus acquiring skills that enables them fit into
the industry of interest. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce
graduates with high employability and competences.
Overview
This course has been designed to give students the opportunity to interact with the industry.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Allow student know the required skills needed in the industry.
2. Help student link up with the industry.
3. Bridge the gap between the town and the gown
4. Allow students to explore more possibilities
5. Enhance creativity and production.
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Identify the required skills needed in the industry.
2. Link up with the industry leveraging on the department/university network and collaborations.
3. Bridge the gap between the town and the gown
4. Explore more possibilities in their career choice.
5. Enhance their creativity and production.
Course Content
At least a field trip to relevant research facility, laboratory, industry, booth camp or work space; Special
talks by industrial experts.
Minimum Academic Standards: Places to visit must be relevant to the course of study.
300 Level

GST 312: Peace and Conflict Resolution (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. analyse the concepts of peace, conflict and security;

2. list major forms, types and root causes of conflict and violence;

3. differentiate between conflict and terrorism;

4. enumerate security and peace building strategies; and

5. describe roles of international organisations, media and traditional institutions in peace

building.

Course Contents

Concepts of peace, conflict and security in a multi-ethnic nation. Types and theories of conflicts: ethnic,
religious, economic, geo-political conflicts; structural conflict theory, realist theory of conflict, frustration-
aggression conflict theory. Root causes of conflict and violence in Africa: indigene and settlers
phenomenon; Boundaries/boarder disputes; Political disputes; Ethnic disputes and rivalries; Economic
inequalities; Social disputes; Nationalist movements and agitations; Selected conflict case studies – Tiv-
Junkun; Zango Kataf, chieftaincy and land disputes etc. Peace building, management of conflicts and
security: peace & human development.

Approaches to peace & conflict management --- (religious, government, community leaders etc.).
Elements of peace studies and conflict resolution: conflict dynamics assessment scales: constructive &
destructive. Justice and legal framework: concepts of social justice; the Nigeria legal system. Insurgency
and terrorism. Peace mediation and peace keeping. Peace & security council (international, national and
local levels) Agents of conflict resolution – conventions, treaties community policing: evolution and
imperatives. Alternative Dispute Resolution, ADR. Dialogue b). Arbitration, c). Negotiation d).
Collaboration etc. Roles of International Organizations in Conflict Resolution. (a). The United Nations, UN
and its Conflict Resolution Organs. (b). The African Union & Peace Security Council (c). ECOWAS in peace
keeping. Media and traditional institutions in peace building. Managing post-conflict situations/crisis:
refugees. Internally Displaced Persons, IDPs. The role of NGOs in post-conflict situations/crisis

ENT 312: Venture Creation (2 Units C: LH 15; PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, students, through case study and practical approaches, should be able

to:

1. describe the key steps in venture creation;

2. spot opportunities in problems and in high potential sectors regardless of geographical

location;

3. state how original products, ideas, and concepts are developed;

4. develop business concept for further incubation or pitching for funding;

5. identify key sources of entrepreneurial finance;

6. implement the requirements for establishing and managing micro and small enterprises;

7. conduct entrepreneurial marketing and e-commerce;

8. apply a wide variety of emerging technological solutions to entrepreneurship; and

9. appreciate why ventures fail due to lack of planning and poor implementation.

Course Contents

Opportunity identification (sources of business opportunities in Nigeria, environmental scanning,

demand and supply gap/unmet needs/market gaps/market research, unutilised resources, social and
climate conditions and technology adoption gap). New business development (business planning,
market research). Entrepreneurial finance (venture capital, equity finance, micro finance, personal
savings, small business investment organizations and business plan competition). Entrepreneurial
marketing and e-commerce (principles of marketing, customer acquisition & retention, B2B, C2C and
B2C models of e-commerce, first mover advantage, E-commerce business models and successful E-
Commerce companies,). Small business management/family business: leadership & management, basic
book keeping, nature of family business and family business growth model. Negotiation and business
communication (strategy and tactics of negotiation/bargaining, traditional and modern business
communication methods). Opportunity discovery demonstrations (business idea generation
presentations, business idea contest, brainstorming sessions, idea pitching). Technological solutions (the
concept of market/customer solution, customer solution and emerging technologies, business
applications of new technologies - Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual/Mixed Reality (VR), Internet of
Things (IoTs), Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Renewable Energy etc. Digital Business and E-Commerce
strategies).

PHY 301: Analytical Mechanics I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. explain particle motion in one, two, and three dimensions;

2. describe the two body problem and many body systems;

3. define and solve problems of conservative forces;

4. explain Newton theory of gravitation;

5. describe the nature of generalised motion;

6. explain the theory of relativity;

7. identify an appropriate set of generalised coordinates to describe a dynamical system and

obtain its Lagrangian in terms of those coordinates and the associated 'velocities'; and

Sciences 600 New

8. derive and solve the corresponding equations of motion. Treat small oscillations as an

eigenvalue problem.

Course Contents

Review of Newtonian Mechanics. Motion of a particle in one, two and three dimensions. Internal forces.
External forces. Forces of constraint. Systems of particles and collision theory. Newtonian gravitation;
conservative forces and potentials, oscillations, central force problems; accelerated frames of reference.
Rigid body dynamics. Rotational problems and space coordinates. Mechanics of continuous media.
Galilean relativity. Relativistic kinematics and dynamics. Applications of relativistic kinematics.

PHY 303: Electromagnetism (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to;

1. derive Maxwell's equation set from the empirical laws of electromagnetism;

2. identify the fundamental laws of electromagnetism to solve simple problems of electrostatics,

magnetostatics and electromagnetic induction in a vacuum;

3. modify Maxwell's laws to apply in the presence of materials and solve problems involving

them;

4. derive the electromagnetic boundary conditions which apply at the interface between two

simple media, and to use them to solve problems involving two or more materials;

5. explain the properties of plane electromagnetic waves in a vacuum and in simple media and

to be able to derive these properties from Maxwell's equations; and

6. apply the special theory of relativity to problems in electromagnetism.

Course Contents

Review of Vector calculus. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics. Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility.
Laplace's equation and boundary value problems. Multipole expansions. EM waves in dielectric and
magnetic materials. Polarization of EM waves. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's and Lenz’s laws. A.C.
Circuits. Maxwell's equations. Lorentz covariance and special relativity. Gauss theorem in dielectrics.
Poisson’s equations. Uniqueness theorem. Magnetic properties. Motors. Generators. Poynting vectors.

PHY 305: Quantum Physics (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. explain the origin of quantum physics and principles of quantum theory;

2. apply the mathematical tools of quantum physics;

3. explain how quantum states are described by wave functions;

4. apply operators and solve eigenvalue problems in quantum mechanics;

5. solve the Schrodinger equation and describe the properties of the simple harmonic oscillator;

6. use the algebra of angular momentum operators and solve the simple eigenvalue problems

of an angular momentum in quantum mechanics;

7. apply quantum mechanics to describe the hydrogen atom;

8. employ quantum mechanics to describe the properties of one-electron atoms; and

Sciences 601 New

9. use quantum mechanics to describe the simple multi-electron systems such as helium atom

and hydrogen molecule.

Course Contents

Review of Vector calculus. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics. Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility.
Laplace's equation and boundary value problems. Multipole expansions. EM waves in dielectric and
magnetic materials. Polarization of EM waves. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's and Lenz’s laws. A.C.
Circuits. Maxwell's equations. Lorentz covariance and special relativity. Gauss theorem in dielectrics.
Poisson’s equations. Uniqueness theorem. Magnetic properties. Motors. Generators. Poynting vectors.

PHY 306: Statistical and Thermal Physics I (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to;

1. describe an ideal gas on the basis of classical statistics;

2. explain the basic concepts of statistical mechanics, including entropy, its statistical

interpretation and relation to disorder, and the statistical origin of the second law of

thermodynamics;

3. illustrate the canonical and grand-canonical partition functions for systems in thermal

equilibrium, and use them to obtain thermodynamic quantities of interest;

4. describe the implications of the indistinguishability of particles for systems of non-interacting

quantum particles;

5. deduce the Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distribution functions, and apply them to calculate

the properties of Bose and Fermi gases, for example in the context of White Dwarf stars and

black-body radiation;

6. explain the physical origin of Bose-Einstein condensation, to characterise it quantitatively, and

to explain the experiments confirming Bose-Einstein condensation.

Course Contents

Review of Vector calculus. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics. Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility.
Laplace's equation and boundary value problems. Multipole expansions. EM waves in dielectric and
magnetic materials. Polarization of EM waves. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's and Lenz’s laws. A.C.
Circuits. Maxwell's equations. Lorentz covariance and special relativity. Gauss theorem in dielectrics.
Poisson’s equations. Uniqueness theorem. Magnetic properties. Motors. Generators. Poynting vectors.

PHY 312: Analogue Electronic Circuits (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course students will be able to:

1. explain single stage transistor amplifiers and operational amplifier circuits;

2. analyse and design multistage amplifiers;

3. design and analyse broadband and narrow band amplifiers circuits;

4. design and analyse RC and LC crystal oscillators circuits; and

5. develop skills to build and troubleshoot analogue electronic systems.

Course Contents

Review of single stage transistor amplifiers and operational amplifier circuits. Analysis and design of
multistage amplifiers. Feedback, broadband and narrow band amplifiers, power amplifiers, voltage and
current stabilizing circuits. Sinusoldal RC and LC crystal oscillators, other communication circuits.

PHY 315: Electronics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. describe behaviours of semiconductors and their significance in the development of

modern electronics;

2. explain the operation of semiconductor devices and their advantages over their vacuum tube

counter parts; and

3. demonstrate the significance of modulation in telecommunication.

Course Contents

Thermionic emission, vacuum tubes: diodes and transistors; semiconductors; p-n junction;
characteristics of p-n junction; uses of diodes; bipolar junction and unipolar transistors, transistor
biasing, transistor switch. Equivalent circuits of semi-conductors, diodes, transistors. Small and large
signal operations. Wave from generation by transistors. Class A, B. and C amplifiers. Feedback amplifiers
and control systems. Multi-vibrators. Transmission lines. Basic communication theory and its practical
significance.

PHY 317: Basic Experimental Physics V (1 Units C: LH 15)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. design experiments in the courses taught in the first semester 300 level;

2. acquire data in order to explore physical principles in the courses taught in the first semester

300 level and effectively communicate results; and

3. critically evaluate related scientific studies.

Course Contents

A 3 hour/week laboratory course covering basic experiments illustrative of the 2nd semester, 300

Level Physics Electronics syllabus.

PHY 316: Circuit Theory (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. identify proper network reduction techniques, circuital laws and theorems for

magnetic/electric circuit solution considering economic, performance, efficiency and

availability constraints;

2. estimate parameters for different types of attenuators and filters used in signal modulation

for power systems and communication systems;

3. analyse circuits and systems by their standard parameters to identify their characteristics in

general form, applicable for generation, transmission and distribution considering

economical, ethical and practical limitation;

4. develop various methodology/strategies through various domain of analysis to evaluate

performance characteristics of electrical networks and analyse their operation under different

operating conditions for various electrical /electromagnetic systems; and

5. apply computer mathematical and simulation programmes to various real life

multidisciplinary topics through circuit solution.

Course Contents

Laplace and Fourier transformations, application of Laplace transformation to transient analysis of RLC
circuits, transfer function concept, reliability of transfer functions, Foster and Cauer’s methods of
synthesis 2-port network synthesis, active filters. Analysis of continuous and discrete signals and systems,
families. Concepts of small, medium, large and very large scale integration and their consequences. Some
digital building blocks; flip-flops, counters, register, and decoders. Introduction to D/A and A/D conversion
principles. Approximation to non-linear characteristics, analysis and synthesis of non-linear resistive
circuits, harmonic analysis of non-linear dynamical circuits, transient states in non-linear circuits,
applications of computers in the analysis of linear and non-linear circuits.

PHY 325 Measurement and Instrumentation (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. describe mathematically and physically the design in measuring instruments and their use for

measurements;

2. design and analyse different types of measuring instruments; and

3. design a variety of electronic instruments and measuring systems used in different fields.

Course Contents

General instrumentation, Basic meter DC measurement. Basic meter in AC measurement, rectifier

voltmeter, electrodynamometer and wattmeter, instrument transformers, DC and AC bridges and their
applications, general form of AC bridge, universal impedance bridge, electronic instruments for the
measurement of voltage, current, resistance and other circuit parameter, electronic voltmeters, AC
voltmeters using rectifiers, electronic voltmeter, digital voltmeters, oscilloscope, vertical deflection
system, horizontal deflection system, sampling CRO, instrument for generating and analysing waveforms,
square wave and pulse generator, signal generators, function generators, wave analyzers, electronic
counters and their applications, time base circuitry, universal counter measurement modes, analogue and
digital data acquisition systems, tape recorders.

PHY 399: Industrial Attachment (3 Units C: 12 weeks)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. develop practical skills of the theories learned in the classroom;

2. acquire working experience of the industries;

3. handle relevant tools and equipment in the industries; and

4. write technical reports on their industrial work and present seminar.

Course Contents

Students should be attached to some relevant organisations for additional 12 weeks at the 300 Level for
the four (4) year program preferably during the long vacation, and for 24 weeks at the 400 Level for the
five (5) year B.Tech. programme during the second semester and the long.

KDU-PHY 309 Home Automation (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)

Home automation is the automatic and electronic control of household features, activity, and appliances.
This course is developed with the aim of introducing students to the world of home automation. Students
will learn about the basics of home automation systems, including the various types of systems available,
the components that make up these systems, and how they can be used to automate a variety of home
functions. The knowledge will be useful for the students to effectively develop and implement home
automation projects. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce
graduates with high employability and competences.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn about the basics of home automation systems,
including the various types of systems available, the components that make up these systems, and how
they can be used to automate a variety of home functions. Students will also explore the benefits of home
automation, as well as the potential challenges and limitations of these systems. Students will also know
how to automate various home functions, such as lighting, climate control, security and entertainment
and will be able to design, install, and configure a home automation system. The course will enable
students recognize emerging trends and technologies in home automation and their potential impact on
smart cities and the IoT. Hence, learning this concept and technology will help to arm students with the
right skills to be productive.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students who will apply the knowledge and skills
acquired in this course to solve real-world problems and recognize emerging trends and technologies in
home automation and their potential impact on smart cities and the IoT. Such graduates would have the
attributes and competence to actualize a knowledge-driven economy and as such, substantiating the
mission of the University.
Objective
This course intends to:

1. Introduce students to the world of home automation;

2. Teach students the basics of home automation systems;
3. Introduce students to the various types of systems available and the components that make up
these systems;
4. Teach students how to explore the benefits of home automation, as well as the potential
challenges and limitations of these systems.
5. Introduce students to the application of the latest technologies and tools used in home
automation and;
6. Develop the skills necessary to design, install, and manage automated systems for residential
spaces.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

1. Describe Home automation;

2. Identify and understand basics of home automation systems;
3. Describe the various types of home automation systems available and the components that
make up these systems.
4. Explore the benefits of home automation, as well as the potential challenges and limitations of
these systems.
5. Determine the application of the latest technologies and tools used in home automation and;
6. Develop the skills necessary to design, install, and manage automated systems for residential
spaces.
Course Content
Introduction to Home Automation, Overview of home automation systems, Components of a Home
Automation System, Home Automation Applications (Smart Lighting, Climate Control, Security and
Surveillance, Entertainment Systems), Building a Home Automation System (Design and Planning,
Installation and Configuration, Troubleshooting and Maintenance), Future of Home Automation,
Emerging Trends and Technologies, Integration with Smart Cities and the Internet of Things (IoT) and
projects to be executed by students.
Minimum Academic Standards: Basic understanding of electrical systems and computer networking is
recommended. Home automation studio to be used for deploying students project for practical
applications.

KDU-PHY 312 Marketing and Sales of Electronics Products (2 Units; C; LH 30)

This course is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the marketing strategies, tactics,
and techniques used in the electronics industry. In this course, students will learn how to effectively
market and sell electronics products to different target audiences. The course will cover various aspects
of marketing, including market research, product development, pricing, promotion, and distribution. At
the end of the course, students will be equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to develop effective
marketing plans, increase sales, and build customer loyalty. This is in tandem with the vision and mission
of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates with high employability and competences. The course was
approved by the university senate.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn about the different types of electronics products, their
features and benefits, and the various market segments they serve. They will also explore the key players
in the industry, including manufacturers, retailers, and distributors. The course introduces the students
to the development of effective product positioning and branding strategies, design of pricing strategies
that maximize profitability while remaining competitive in the market and utilization of promotional
techniques. Students would be able to identify and evaluate different distribution channels and
understand the role of customer service and support in building customer loyalty and driving repeat
business.

The philosophy is to train Physics with electronics students who will apply the knowledge and skills
acquired in this course to develop effective marketing plans, increase sales, and build customer loyalty.
They will also develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, enabling them to identify and exploit
market opportunities and overcome industry challenges.

Objective
This course intends to introduce students to:
1. Understand the principles of marketing and sales, and how they apply to the electronics industry
2. Analyse market trends and consumer behaviour to identify opportunities for growth
3. Develop effective product positioning and branding strategies
4. Design pricing strategies that maximize profitability while remaining competitive in the market
5. Utilize promotional techniques, including advertising and social media, to increase awareness
and sales
6. Identify and evaluate different distribution channels, including retail, online, and direct sales
7. Understand the role of customer service and support in building customer loyalty and driving
repeat business
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
 1. Understand the principles of marketing and sales, and how they apply to the electronics industry
2. Analyse market trends and consumer behaviour to identify opportunities for growth
3. Develop effective product positioning and branding strategies
4. Design pricing strategies that maximize profitability while remaining competitive in the market
5. Utilize promotional techniques, including advertising and social media, to increase awareness
and sales
6. Identify and evaluate different distribution channels, including retail, online, and direct sales
7. Understand the role of customer service and support in building customer loyalty and driving
repeat business
Course Content
Introduction to Electronics Products, Market Research and Product Development, Pricing and Promotion
Strategies, Distribution and Sales Channels, Digital Marketing and E-commerce.
Minimum Academic Standards: None.

PHY 401: Quantum Mechanics I (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. state the postulates of quantum mechanics

2. explain the basics of vectors and tensor operators;

3. solve a variety of physical problems using the Schrodinger equation;

4. work with angular momentum operators and their eigenvalues both qualitatively and

quantitatively;

5. explain electron spin and the Pauli principle; and

6. apply perturbation theory and other methods to find approximate solutions to problems in

quantum mechanics, including the fine-structure of energy levels of hydrogen.

Course Contents

The formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of state vectors and linear operators. Time evolution of
the Schrodinger equation. The theory of angular momentum and spin. Electron spin and the Stern-Gerlach
experiment. Identical particles and the Pauli exclusion principle. Multi-electron atoms. Approximation
methods. Variational methods and WKB approximation for bound states and tunnelling. Time -
independent perturbation theory. The fine structure of hydrogen. Harmonic oscillator. Creation and
annihilation operators. External fields. Zeeman and Stark effects in hydrogen.

PHY 403: Mathematical Methods for Physics I (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to;

1. explain the concepts of scalar and vector fields;

2. describe the properties of div, grad and curl and be able to calculate the divergence and

3. curl of vector fields in various coordinate systems;

4. calculate surface and volume integrals in various coordinate systems;

5. calculate flux integrals and relate them to the divergence and the divergence theorem;

6. calculate line integrals and relate them to the curl and to Stokes' theorem;

7. apply the methods of vector calculus to physical problems; and

8. calculate the Fourier series associated with simple functions and apply them to selected

physical problems.

Course Contents

Vector and scalar fields. Vector operators. Div, grad, and curl. Divergence theorem. Stoke’s theorem.
Linear Algebra and functional Analysis. Transformations in linear vector spaces and matrix theory. Hilbert
space and complete sets of orthogonal functions. Special functions of mathematical physics (The gamma
function; hypergeometric functions; Legendre functions; Bessel functions. Hermite and Laguerre
functions. The Dirac - Delta function. Integral transforms and fourier series. Fourier series and fourier
transforms. The Dirichlet conditions. orthogonality of functions. Fourier coefficients. Complex
representation of fourier series. Laplace transform. Applications of transform methods to the solution of
elementary differential equations of interest in physics and engineering.

PHY 404: Mathematical Methods for Physics II (3 Units C: LH 45)

Learning Outcomes

On completion, the students should be able to:

1. describe the properties of different types of functions and be able to sketch them in both 2D

Cartesian and polar coordinates;

2. integrate and differentiate functions of one variable using a range of techniques and be able

to apply integration and differentiation to a range of physical problems;

3. show how smooth functions can be expressed in terms of power series;

4. explain the properties of complex numbers and construct some basic complex functions;

5. employ matrix notation, carry out matrix algebra and use matrices to solve systems of linear
equations;

6. compute the properties of determinants, be able to evaluate them, and use them to test for

unique solutions of linear equations; and

7. solve first and second order ordinary differential equations using a range of techniques.

Course Contents

Partial differential equations. Solution of boundary value problems of partial differential equations by
various methods which include separation of variables, the method of integral transforms. Sturm-Liouville
theory; uniqueness of solutions. Calculus of residues and applications to evaluation of integrals and
summation of series. Applications to various physical situations, which may include, electromagnetic
theory, quantum theory, diffusion phenomena; complex variable theory and their relation to selected
physical problems. Complex differentiation and integration. Cauchy’s theorem. Taylor’s and Laurent’s
series. Ordinary differential equations of first and second order and their physical applications.
Homogeneous partial differential equations.

PHY 413: Digital Systems (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. demonstrate a thorough understanding of digital electronics;

2. examine and illustrate the structure of various number systems and its application in digital

design;

3. analyse and design various combinational and sequential circuits; and

4. identify basic requirements for a design application and propose a cost effective solution.

Course Contents

Introduction to analysis and design of digital systems. Boolean algebra and mapping methods; Karnaugh
and variable-entered maps, combinational logic realization with gates, multiplexers, read only memories
(ROMs) and programmable logic arrays (PLAs). State machine analysis and design: state diagrams, state
flip-flops, input and output forming logic, gate assignments, redundant states sequential counters, and
mainly synchronous systems, state machine, realization with multiplexers, ROMs and PLAs. Asynchronous
systems, approach to digital system design; top-down design, trial-and-error methods. Codes, number
systems, and arithmetic operations, introduction to computer structures: register transfers, hardware
programming methods. Von Neumann machines, and memory systems.

PHY 415: Digital Communication Systems (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. explain the principles of digital communication systems;

2. demonstrate in-depth knowledge of various digital modulation schemes; and

3. explain the advantages of digital communication over its analogue counterpart

Course Contents

Block diagram of digital communication system, sampling theorem, Shanon theorem and applications in
digital communication system. Advantages of digital signals. Noise in digital signals. Filtering and
equalisation. Digital modulation techniques: FSK, ASK, QPSK, M-PSK, QAM, etc. Error detection and
correction techniques. Encoders and decoders. Applications of digital communication system: satellite
communication, telephoning, microwave, wireless communication, optical communication, broadband
communication, internet technology.

PHY 417: Advanced Electronics Lab (1 Units: C PH 45)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. design and implement experiments on advanced analogue circuits;

2. design and implement experiments on digital electronic circuits; and

3. design and implement experiments on microprocessors.

Course Contents

A 6-hour/week laboratory course on selected advanced experiments in analogue and digital

electronics circuits taught.

PHY 422: Digital Electronics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. explain positive and negative logic states, TTL, MOS, CMOS integrated circuit;

2. illustrate the working of flip-flips; and

3. develop skills to build and troubleshoot digital electronics circuits.

Course Contents

Review of elementary concepts. Switching properties of electronic devices. Switching and wave-shaping
circuits. Generation of non-sinusoidal waveform: astable, monostable and bistable multivibrators,
comparator, Schmitt trigger and time-base generators using discrete transistor, operational amplifier or
other integrated circuits. Timer chips and their applications. Analysis anddesign of logic gates of various
families (diode logic, RTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, and CMOS) of digital integrated circuits, interfacing between
various logic numerical differentiation and integrations: initial and boundary value problems. Euler’s
method, Taylor series method, Runge-Kutta, predictors corrector methods, multi-step methods.
Systems of equations and higher order equations. Finite difference calculus: difference equations.

PHY 423: Entrepreneurship in Physics Electronics (2 Units C: LH 30)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students will be able to:

1. apply electrical exploration method;

2. demonstrate and apply principles of borehole drilling;

3. operate X-ray machines for medical diagnosis;

4. describe operations and maintenance of MRI machines;

5. design and analyse analogue and digital electronics systems; and

6. apply techniques of troubleshooting in analogue and digital electronics systems.

Course Contents

Electrical resistivity exploration method, principles of borehole geophysics, methods of medical X-ray
radiography, techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), design and analysis of analogue electronics
systems, design and analysis of digital electronics systems, methods of troubleshooting in analogue and
digital systems, methods of troubleshooting in digital computers.

PHY 499: Research Project (6 Units C: PH 270)

The course enables the student to carry out a specific research project under the supervision of any
experienced staff member. Many kinds of problems are acceptable- the only restriction is that the
problem shall be a piece of work (experimental or theoretical) which will take about 15% of the
student’s time during the session and which is judged to be of adequate standard and non-trivial. A
departmental committee chaired by the head of department will conduct an oral examination on the
project. The mark will be awarded both on the basis of this report and on his performance at the oral
examination.

KDU-PHY 407 Power Electronics (2 Units; C; LH 30)

Power electronics plays a critical role in modern electrical systems which include renewable energy,
electric vehicles, and industrial automation. This course will introduce students to the principles and
applications of electronic devices that are used to control and convert electrical power. This is in tandem
with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates with high employability and
competences.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn the principles of power electronics and their
applications, to develop students' skills in designing and analyzing power electronic circuits, to provide
students with a practical understanding of power electronic devices and their operation and to prepare
students for further studies in power electronics or related field. Power electronics is the branch of
electronics that deals with the conversion and control of electrical power. It involves the design and
implementation of electronic circuits and devices for the conversion of electrical power from one form to
another, as well as its control and regulation. Hence, learning this concept and technology will help to arm
students with the right skills to be productive.
The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students who will apply the knowledge and skills
acquired in this course to solve real-world problems in power electronics. Such graduates would have the
attributes and competence to actualize a knowledge-driven economy and as such, substantiating the
mission of the University.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Introduce students to the basic principles of power electronics and their applications;
2. Introduce student to the design and analyse of power electronic circuits for different
applications;
3. Identify the different types of power electronic devices and their characteristics;
4. Teach students the operation and control of power electronic devices and;

5. Introduce students to the application of power electronic circuits in real-world engineering

systems.

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Describe the basic principles of power electronics and their applications.
2. Design and analyse power electronic circuits for different applications.
3. Identify the different types of power electronic devices and their characteristics.
4. Understand the operation and control of power electronic devices
5. Identify the application of power electronic circuits in real-world engineering systems.

Course Content
Introduction to power electronics, Overview of power electronics, Introduction to power electronic
devices (Diodes, thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs, and other devices), Characteristics and specifications of
power electronic devices, Power electronic device protection, Power Electronic Circuits (AC-DC
converters, DC-DC converters, DC-AC converters, AC-AC converters, Resonant converters), Applications of
Power Electronics, Motor drives, Renewable energy systems, Power factor correction, Lighting systems,
Power supplies and projects executed by students.
Minimum Academic Standards: *It is recommended that students have completed courses in linear
circuits, digital circuits, and control systems before taking this course.
KDU-PHY 411 Smart Cities (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH45)
This course provides an introduction to the concept of smart cities, exploring the various technologies and
strategies that are being used to make cities more sustainable, efficient, and liveable. Students will gain a
broad understanding of the key elements that make up a smart city, as well as the challenges and
opportunities associated with implementing smart city technologies and strategies. The knowledge will
be useful for the students as it develops an awareness of the challenges and opportunities associated with
implementing smart city technologies and strategies. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of
KolaDaisi University to produce graduates with high employability and competences.
Overview
The course has been designed for students to learn about the key elements of a smart city, including
sensors, networks, and data platforms, and explore case studies of successful smart city implementations
around the world. Through case studies and real-world examples, students will gain an appreciation of
the potentials of smart cities to improve the quality of life for urban residents, while also developing an
awareness of the challenges and trade-offs involved in the smart city transition. The course provides an
overview of smart cities and the various technologies and strategies used to make cities more efficient,
sustainable, and liveable.

The philosophy is to train physics with electronics students who will apply the knowledge and skills
acquired in this course to solve real-world challenges by creating an awareness of the challenges and
opportunities associated with implementing smart city technologies and strategies. Such graduates would
have the attributes and competence to actualize a knowledge-driven economy and as such, substantiating
the mission of the University.
Objective
This course intends to introduce students to:
1. The concept of smart cities and the technologies and strategies used to make them more
sustainable, efficient, and liveable;
2. Explore the various applications of IoT, big data, sensors, and energy management in the
context of smart cities;
3. Understand the role of transportation and citizen engagement in creating a smart city and;
4. Develop an awareness of the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing smart
city technologies and strategies.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Identify and give examples of concept of smart cities and the technologies and strategies used
to make them more sustainable, efficient, and liveable.
2. Explore the various applications of IoT, big data, sensors, and energy management in the
context of smart cities.
3. Understand the role of transportation and citizen engagement in creating a smart city for
sustainability.
 4. Develop an awareness of the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing smart
city technologies and strategies with focus on Nigeria.
Course Content
Introduction to Smart Cities, Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Cities, Big Data and Analytics in Smart Cities,
Sensors and Energy Management in Smart Cities, Transportation in Smart Cities, Transportation
challenges in cities, Citizen Engagement in Smart Cities, Citizen participation in smart cities, Challenges
and Opportunities in Implementing Smart Cities.
Minimum Academic Standards: None.
KDU-PHY 408 Emerging Technologies- Robotics and AI (2 Units; C; LH 15; PH 45)
This course is aimed at giving students the opportunity to learn about the emerging civilization- Artificial
Intelligence, AI. This will project our students to be ready to fit into the future of technology, giving them-
the stance to face future challenges. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University
to produce graduates with high employability and competences. The cause was approved by university
senate.
Overview
As we decline the JET age and AI emerges. It is pertinent to prepare our students for the future. Thus, this
course has been designed to introduce students to the emerging AI civilization. Combining AI and robotics
will equip student with all round knowledge of the next era of civilization.
Objective
This course intends to introduce students to:
1. Artificial Intelligence;
2. Learn about robotics and AI;
3. Build simple robotics and AI projects.

Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Define AI;
2. Identify the relationship between robotics and AI;
3. Build simple robotics and AI projects.

Course Content

Definition of AI; examples of AI; Robotics; Relationships between AI and robotics; Applications of AI and
robotics. Students should be mentored to execute a project.
Minimum Academic Standards: None.
KDU-PHY 410 Physics of the Solar Systems (2 Units; E; LH 30)
This course is aimed at giving students the opportunity to learn about the solar system. This will help our
students to understand the principles, development and application of solar systems in all human
endeavors. This is in tandem with the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates
with high employability and competences.
Overview
This course has been designed to give students the opportunity to learn about the solar system and solar
energy.
Objective
This course intends to:
1. Explain the basic principles behind the energy generation in the sun;
2. Describe the nature of planetary atmospheres and explain the origin of the Earth's greenhouse
effect;
3. Describe the internal constituents of the planets;
4. Explain how planetary ring systems may be formed;

Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Provide a qualitative description of the solar system from origin to present state;
2. Explain the evolution of the solar system.
3. Apply dynamical principles to understand phenomena such as tides and orbits in the solar
system.
4. State the consequences of planetary interaction in the solar system.

Course Content

Overview of the solar system (general description and inventory). Coordinates and time keeping.
Gravity. (Kepler's laws and Newton's law of gravity). Properties of orbits. The virial theorem. Tidal forces
and tidal friction. Evolution of the moon and the Sun. Freefall time scale and Kelvin Helmholtz time
scale. Hydrostatic equilibrium. Nuclear reactions. Neutrinos. Helioseismology. Planetary atmospheres.
Albedo and optical depth. Scale height. Reducing and oxidizing atmospheres. Greenhouse effect. Ice
ages. Planetary surfaces: Impact craters. Isotope dating. Planetary interiors. Liquid cores. Heat
generation. The formation of the solar system.

Minimum Academic Standards: None.

KDU-PHY 412 Introduction to Astrophysics and Cosmology (2 Units; E; LH 30)

This course is aimed at giving students the opportunity to learn about the cosmos. This is in tandem with
the vision and mission of KolaDaisi University to produce graduates with high employability and
competences.
Overview
This course has been designed to give students the opportunity to learn about the universe.
Objective
This course intends to :
1. Teach students the composition and structure of the atmosphere;
2. Explain to students the magnetosphere and its boundaries and interactions with plasma;
3. To introduce students to apply the concept of charge production, transport, and loss in the
atmosphere; and
4. Explain to students the transport of atmospheric electricity via thunderstorm and the fair-weather
condition.
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, students should be able to:
5. Explain the composition and structure of the atmosphere;
6. Explain the magnetosphere and its boundaries and interactions with plasma;
7. Apply the concept of charge production, transport, and loss in the atmosphere; and
8. Explain the transport of atmospheric electricity via thunderstorm and the fair-weather condition.
Course Content

The Universe and its physics (A tour of the Universe, its scale and contents, gravity, pressure and
radiation). The age of the universe. Evolution of the universe. Evidence for the Big Bang theory.
Observational astronomy. The electromagnetic spectrum. Geometrical optics. Resolving power and the
diffraction limit. Telescopes and detectors. Gravitational waves. Astronomical distances. Parallax
measurements. Standard candles. Physics of the sun and stars. Blackbody radiation. Stefan-Boltzmann
and Wien laws. Effective temperature. Interstellar reddening. Hydrogen spectral lines and Doppler effect.
Hertzprung-Russell diagram. Freefall and Kelvin-Helmholtz time. Nuclear fission and fusion. Basic stellar
structure (hydrostatic equilibrium, equation of state). White dwarfs. Neutron stars and black holes.
Planetary systems. Kepler's laws. Detection methods of extrasolar planets. Search for life elsewhere. SETI.
Galaxies. Star formation and the interstellar medium. Stellar populations. Galaxy rotation curves. Mass
and dark matter. Galaxy collisions. Cosmology: Olber’s paradox. Hubble's Law. Dark energy and the
accelerating Universe.

Minimum Academic Standards: None.