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Physics Investigatory Project

The document describes an experiment to determine the refractive indexes of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable object needle. It includes sections on the introduction, aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of errors and bibliography.

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41 views15 pages

Physics Investigatory Project

The document describes an experiment to determine the refractive indexes of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable object needle. It includes sections on the introduction, aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, sources of errors and bibliography.

Uploaded by

muraripriyanandanapsb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INDEX

 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE / AIM
 APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERRORS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index or index of
refraction n of a material is a dimensionless
number that describes how light propagates through
that medium. It is defined as

C
n=
V

Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase


velocity of light in the medium. For example, the
refractive index of water is 1.333; meaning that light
travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in
water.

AIM
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water
(b) oil using a plane mirror, an equi-convex
lens, and an adjustable object needle.
APPARATUS

 Convex Lens
 Plane Mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp Stand
 An Optical Needle
 Plumb Line
 Knitting Needle
 Half Meter Scale
 Glass Slab
 Spherometer

DIAGRAM
THEORY
1. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex
lens and liquid lens and f be the focal length of their
combination then:
1
F
1 1
=f 1+ f 2 or f2 = f F−Ff 1
2

2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with


R1=R and R2=∞ then by using lens make’s formula

1 1 1
=( n−1 ) ⌊ − ⌋
f2 R 1 R2

1 1
=( n−1 ) ⌊ R 1 − ∞ ⌋

1
= (n-1) ⌊ R −0 ⌋

1
f2 = n−1
R

R
n =f 2
+1

Where ,
n = Refractive index of the liquid.
R = the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens
is given by:
2
l h
R= +
6h 2

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of


the spherometer and h is the difference in the
reading of the spherometer when placed first on the
convex lens and then on plane mirror.

PROCEDURE
(a) For focal length of convex lens:
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.

2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the


iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane
mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its
position on the stand such that there is no parallax
between tip of the needle and its image.

4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface


of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter
scale. Also measure the distance between tip of
needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the
mean of the two readings. This means distance will
be equal to the focal length of the convex lens (f1).

(b) For focal length of the combination.

5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror


and put the convex lens over it with its same face
above as before. The water spreads in a form of layer
and acts like a Plano-concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the
equivalent focal length of the combination.
7. Record the observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid
(oil)

(c) For radius of curvature of convex lens


surface:

9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the


spherometer.

10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely.


Put the spherometer on this lens surface.

11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be


placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the
central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the
lens and place on the plane mirror surface and record
the reading.

13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.

14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the


spherometer on a paper and mark them and their
average distance.

l= l 1+l 2 +l 3
3
OBSERVATIONS

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB =
(2) BC =
(3) CA =

Table for calculation of ‘h’

S.No Initial No. of Final Additional h=n Mean


reading of complete reading C.S div. x “h”
the C.S. on rotations of the c.s moved pitch
(cm)
the convex on the + m
lens glass slab x
(n) L.C
(a)
1

To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens

Distance of needle tip from


Area S.No Tip of the upper Upper Mean Focal
between surface of the surface of x1 + x 2
x= Length
lens and convex lens(cm) the plane 2
plane mirror(cm) (cm)
X1
mirror
X2
Without 1 f 1=
liquid
2

With water 1 f 2=
2
With oil 1 f 3=
2
CALCULATIONS

Mean distance between two legs


AB+ BC+ CA
l=
3
= 3 cm

( 0.555+0.6 )
Mean of h = 2 = 0.5775 cm

To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:


2
l h
R= + =2.8861 cm
6h 2

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil

1)With water between the convex lens and the plane


mirror:
R 2.8861
μ1=1+ =1+ =1.0831
f2 34.7

2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane


Mirror

R 2.8861
μ2=1+ =1+ =1.2886
f3 10

Results

The refractive index of water is µ1 =

The refractive index of oil is µ2 =

PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining
surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from
the needle while removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its
layer should be thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one
direction only.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2. The parallax may not be fully removed.
3. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical
on the surface of the convex lens.
4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the
surface of lens or mirror.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 HELP FROM INTERNET


 HELP FROM TEACHERS
 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 NCERT Physics Lab Manual
 www.google.com
 www.scribd.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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