Chapter 1 Number Systems

1A p.2
1B p.14
1C p.22
Chapter 2 Equations of Straight Lines
2A p.42
2B p.52
2C p.60
2D p.66
Chapter 3 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown
3A p.76
3B p.83
3C p.94
3D p.106

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1
 F5A: Chapter 1A
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2
5A Lesson Worksheet 1.0 (Refer to Book 5A P.1.3)

Objective: To review solving simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns by the graphical method and
the algebraic method, and solving quadratic equations in one unknown by the graphical method
and the algebraic method.

Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Unknowns by the Graphical Method

In each of the following, use the given figure to solve the simultaneous equations. [Nos. 1–2]
2 x + y = 3 3x + 2 y = −6
1.  2. 
Review Ex: 1
x + y = 2 5 x − 4 y = 4
y y
3x + 2y = −6 5x − 4y = 4
3 2x + y = 3 x
−2 −1 0 1
2 −1

1 −2
x+y=2
x −3
0 1 2 3

From the figure, the point of intersection of

the graphs is ( , ).
∴ The solution is x = ( ), y = ( ).

Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Unknowns by the Algebraic Method

Solve the following simultaneous equations algebraically. [Nos. 3–4]

2 x − y = 1 ............... (1)  x + 4 y = 7 ............... (1)
3.  4. 
Review Ex: 2–4
 x = 3 y + 8 ............... (2) 3x − 4 y = 5 .............. (2)
Substitute ( ) into ( ).

3
Solving Quadratic Equations in One Unknown by the Graphical Method

In each of the following, use the given figure to solve the quadratic equation. [Nos. 5–6]
5. x2 + 4 x + 3 = 0 6. – x2 + x + 5 = 0
Review Ex: 11

y = x2 + 4x + 3 y y
2 6
y = −x2 + x + 5

1 4

x 2
–1 0
–4 –3 –2
–1 x
0
−2 −1 1 2 3

From the figure, the x-intercepts are ( )

and ( ).
∴ The solutions are .

Solving Quadratic Equations in One Unknown by the Algebraic Method

Solve the following equations by the factor method. [Nos. 7–8]

7. x2 + 2 x – 8 = 0 8. x2 – 8x + 15 = 0
Review Ex: 5–7

Solve the following equations by the quadratic formula. [Nos. 9–10]

9. 2 x2 – 3 x + 1 = 0 10. 9x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
Review Ex: 8–10

− b ± b 2 − 4ac a=
x=
2a b=
a= c=
b=
c=

Level Up Question
x + y = 1 y
11. The figure shows the graph of x + y = 1. Solve  by adding
y = x + 3 4
a suitable straight line to the figure.
3
2
1
x+y=1
x
–2 –1 0 1 2

4
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.1 (Refer to Book 5A P.1.6)

Objective: To use the graphical method to solve simultaneous equations in two unknowns (one linear and
one quadratic in the form y = ax2 + bx + c).

Solving Simultaneous Equations (One Linear and One Quadratic) by the Graphical Method
Step 1: Draw the graphs of the linear equation and the quadratic equation in the same rectangular
coordinate plane.
Step 2: Read the points of intersection of the graphs.
Step 3: Write down the solutions of the simultaneous equations.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

The figure shows the graphs of y = 0.5x2 − 2x and The figure shows the graphs of y = –x2 + 2 and
y = x – 4. Use the figure to solve the 2x + 3y + 2 = 0. Use the figure to solve the
 y = 0.5 x − 2 x2
 y = −x2 + 2
simultaneous equations  . simultaneous equations  .
y = x − 4 2 x + 3 y + 2 = 0
y y = 0.5x2 – 2x y

x 2x + 3y + 2 = 0 2 y = −x2 + 2
0
1 2 3 4
−1 x
−2 −1 0 1 2
−2 −2
y=x−4

From the figure, the points From the figure, the points of
According to the scale of
of intersection are the figure, correct the intersection are ( , )
values of x and y to the Correct the values of
(2.0 , −2.0) and (4.0 , 0.0).  nearest 0.1. and ( , ). y to the nearest 0.2.

∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are ∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations
x = 2.0, y = −2.0 and x = 4.0, y = 0.0. are x = ( ), y = ( ) and x = ( ),
y=( ).

1. The figure shows the graphs of y = –x2 – 3x and y = −x − 2. y

y = −x − 2 2
Use the figure to solve the simultaneous equations
 y = − x 2 − 3x 1
 .
 y = −x − 2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
From the figure, the points of intersection are
. −1

−2

y = −x2 − 3x
−3

5
The figure shows the graph of y = 3 – x2. Solve each of the following simultaneous equations by adding a
suitable straight line to the figure. [Nos. 2–3]
Ex 1A: 5–7
y = 3 − x 2
y = 3 − x 2 y
2.  3. 
y = 3 2 y = x 3
Add the graph of Add the graph of
y = 3 – x2
to the given figure. to the given figure. 2

x –2 1 2 x –2 0 2 1
y y
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1

Use three points to ensure that a

correct straight line is drawn.

The figure shows the graph of y = x2 + 4x + 4. Solve each of the following simultaneous equations by
adding a suitable straight line to the figure. [Nos. 4–5]
Ex 1A: 8–10
 y = x2 + 4 x + 4  y = x2 + 4x + 4 y
4.  5.  y = x2 + 4x + 4
x + 4 y = 2  x − y = −1 3

x
0
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1

If the two graphs have no points

of intersection, the corresponding
simultaneous equations have no
real solutions.

Level Up Question
6. The figure shows the graph of y = 2x2 – 3x – 1. Do the simultaneous y
 y = 2 x2 − 3x − 1
equations  have two real solutions? Explain your answer. 2
3 x − 2 y − 3 = 0
1

x
−1 0 1 2
−1

−2
y = 2x2 − 3x − 1

6
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

1 More about Equations

 Consolidation Exercise 1A

Level 1
In each of the following, use the given graphs to solve the simultaneous equations. [Nos. 1–4]
 y = 4x2 + 2x + 1  y = − x 2 − 3x + 1
1. (a)  (b) 
y = 3 y =1− x
y y

y = 4x2 + 2x + 1 y=1−x
4 4

3 3
y=3

2 2

1 1
2
y = −x − 3x + 1
x x
0 0
−1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1

 y = x 2 − 5x + 7  y = − x 2 − 3x + 5
2. (a)  (b) 
y = x − 2 y = x + 9
y y

4 8
y = x2 − 5x + 7
3 y=x+9 6

2 4

1 2
y = −x2 − 3x + 5
y=x−2
x x
0 0
1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1

7
  y = −x2 − 2x + 3  y = − x 2 − 3x − 1
3. (a)  (b) 
y = 5  y = −4 x
y y
y=5 2
5
1
y = −x2 − 2x + 3
4
x
0
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
3 −1
y = −4x
−2
2
−3
1
−4
y = −x2 − 3x − 1
x −5
0
−3 −2 −1 1

 y = x2 − 2x + 2  y = x2 − 6x + 8
4. (a)  (b) 
9 y = 10 x + 6 7 y = 25 − 4 x
y y

8 10
y = x2 − 2x + 2
8 y = x2 − 6x + 8
6
6
4
9y = 10x + 6
4
2 7y = 25 − 4x
2
x
0 x
−1 1 2 3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

5. Using the figure on the right, solve the following y

simultaneous equations.
6
 y = 2 x 2 − 3x − 2 y = 2x2 − 3x − 2
(a) 
 y = −3 x − 2 4
 y = 2 x 2 − 3x − 2
(b)  2
y=2−x
y = 2 − x y = −3x − 2
 y = 2 x 2 − 3x − 2
(c)  x
0
 y = 4x − 9 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2

y = 4x − 9
−4

8
6. Using the figure on the right, solve the following y

simultaneous equations. y = 7x + 20 10
 y = −4 x 2 − 9 x + 4
(a)  5
y = −x − 8 y = 5 − 10x
 y = −4 x 2 − 9 x + 4
(b)  x
0
 y = 5 − 10 x −4 −3 −2 −1 1
 y = −4 x 2 − 9 x + 4 −5
(c) 
 y = 7 x + 20 y = −x − 8
−10

−15
2
y = −4x − 9x + 4

The figure shows the graph of y = x2 − 3. Solve each of the y

following simultaneous equations by adding a suitable 1

straight line to the figure. [Nos. 7–9]
 y = x2 − 3 0
x
7.  −2 −1 1 2
 y = −2
−1

 y = x2 − 3 −2
8.  y = x2 − 3
 y = −2 x − 4
−3

 y = x2 − 3 −4
9. 
 y = 3x − 7

The figure shows the graph of y = −x2 + 7x − 8. Solve each y

of the following simultaneous equations by adding a
4
suitable straight line to the figure. [Nos. 10–12]
 y = −x2 + 7 x − 8 3
10. 
y = x − 3
2

 y = −x2 + 7 x − 8 1
11. 
 y = 4x − 4
x
0
1 2 3 4 5
 y = −x2 + 7 x − 8
12.  −1
 y = 12 − 2 x
−2
y = −x2 + 7x − 8

9
Level 2
13. The figure shows the graph of y = 3x2 + 5x − 1. Solve y
each of the following simultaneous equations by adding
1
a suitable straight line to the figure.
 y = 3x 2 + 5 x − 1 x
(a)  0
−3 −2 −1 1
 x + y = −2
−1
 y = 3x 2 + 5 x − 1
(b) 
5 y − 3x = 4 −2
y = 3x2 + 5x − 1
−3

14. The figure shows the graph of y = −5x2 − 7x + 6. Solve y

each of the following simultaneous equations by adding
10
a suitable straight line to the figure. 2
y = −5x − 7x + 6
 y = −5 x 2 − 7 x + 6 5
(a) 
2 y = 17 − 3x
x
 y = −5 x 2 − 7 x + 6 −3 −2 −1
0 1
(b) 
3x + 2 y = −19 −5

−10

 1 2
 y = x − 2x + 1
15. Solve the simultaneous equations  2 for −1 ≤ x ≤ 5 graphically.
2 x − y = 7
[Unit length for both axes: 10 divisions (1 cm) ]

 y = −2 x 2 + 4 x + 1
16. Solve the simultaneous equations  for −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 graphically.
2 x + y = 6
[Unit length for x-axis: 10 divisions (1 cm)
Unit length for y-axis: 5 divisions (0.5 cm)]

 y = 2x2 − 6x + 3
17. Solve the simultaneous equations  for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 graphically.
6 x − 2 y = 13
[Unit length for both axes: 10 divisions (1 cm)]

10
  y = −4 x 2 + 8 x + 5
18. Solve the simultaneous equations  graphically.
8 x + y = 21
[Unit length for x-axis: 10 divisions (1 cm)
Unit length for y-axis: 2 divisions (0.2 cm)]

 y = x 2 + 4x + 5
19. Solve the simultaneous equations  graphically.
 x + 3 y = −3
[Unit length for both axes: 5 divisions (0.5 cm)]

 y = −2 x 2 − x + 5
20. Solve the simultaneous equations  graphically.
 x + 4 y = 12
[Unit length for both axes: 10 divisions (1 cm)]

21. The figure shows the graph of y = −x2 + 4x + 4 for −1 ≤ x ≤ 5.

y
y = −x2 + 4x + 4
8

x
0
−1 1 2 3 4 5

 y = −x2 + 4x + 4
(a) Use the figure to solve the simultaneous equations  .
2 y = 3 x − 2
(b) Judy claims that there is only a set of real values of x and y satisfying both y = −x2 + 4x + 4 and
2y = 3x − 2. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

11
 22. The figure shows the graph of y = 2x2 − 3x − 5 for −1.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.
y

4
y = 2x2 − 3x − 5

x
0
−1 1 2 3
−2

−4

−6

 y = 2 x 2 − 3x − 5
(a) Use the figure to solve the simultaneous equations  .
2 y = 6 x − 19
(b) Is it possible that more than one set of real values of x and y satisfy both y = 2x2 − 3x − 5 and
2y = 6x − 19? Explain your answer.

*23. The figure shows the graph of y = −2(x − 3)2 + 6.

y

x
O

y = −2(x − 3)2 + 6

(a) Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the graph.

 y = −2( x − 3) 2 + 6
(b) Consider the simultaneous equations  ...... (*) , where m and b are real numbers.
 y = mx + b
Determine whether each of the following statements is correct. Explain your answers with the
help of the figure.
(i) If m > 0 and b = 6, then (*) must have no real solutions.
(ii) If m = 0 and b < 6, then (*) must have two real solutions.
(iii) If m < 0 and b > 6, then (*) must have two real solutions.

12
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 1A
1. (a) x = −1.0, y = 3.0; x = 0.5, y = 3.0 12. x = 4.0, y = 4.0; x = 5.0, y = 2.0
(b) x = −2.0, y = 3.0; x = 0.0, y = 1.0 13. (a) x = −1.8, y = −0.2; x = −0.2, y = −1.8
2. (a) x = 3.0, y = 1.0 (b) x = −1.8, y = −0.3; x = 0.3, y = 1.0
(b) x = −2.0, y = 7.0 14. (a) no real solutions
3. (a) no real solutions (b) x = −2.4, y = −6.0; x = 1.3, y = −11.5
(b) no real solutions 15. x = 4.0, y = 1.0
4. (a) x = 0.5, y = 1.2; x = 2.6, y = 3.6 16. no real solutions
(b) x = 1.0, y = 3.0; x = 4.4, y = 1.0 17. x = 1.7, y = −1.4; x = 2.8, y = 1.9
5. (a) x = 0.0, y = −2.0 18. x = 2.0, y = 5.0
(b) x = −1.0, y = 3.0; x = 2.0, y = 0.0 19. no real solutions
(c) no real solutions 20. x = −1.2, y = 3.3; x = 0.8, y = 2.8
6. (a) x = −3.0, y = −5.0; x = 1.0, y = −9.0 21. (a) x = 3.8, y = 4.7
(b) no real solutions (b) no
(c) x = −2.0, y = 6.0 22. (a) x = 1.5, y = −5.0
7. x = −1.0, y = −2.0; x = 1.0, y = −2.0 (b) no
8. x = −1.0, y = −2.0 23. (a) (3 , 6)
9. no real solutions (b) (i) yes (ii) yes
10. x = 1.0, y = −2.0; x = 5.0, y = 2.0 (iii) no
11. no real solutions

13
 F5A: Chapter 1B
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1B Level 2 ○ Problems encountered Signature ___________
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15
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.2 (Refer to Book 5A P.1.15)

Objective: To use the algebraic method to solve simultaneous equations in two unknowns (one linear and
one quadratic).

Review: Relations between the Discriminant and the Nature of Roots

1. For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0), discriminant (∆) = b2 – 4ac.

Discriminant ∆>0 ∆=0 ∆<0

Number of real roots

Solving Simultaneous Equations (One Linear and One Quadratic) in Two Unknowns by the
Algebraic Method
Step 1: Make one of the unknowns (e.g. y) the subject of the linear equation.
Step 2: Substitute the subject (y) in Step 1 into the quadratic equation in two unknowns to eliminate the
unknown (y).
Step 3: Solve the quadratic equation in one unknown obtained.
Step 4: Substitute the root(s) obtained in Step 3 into the equation in Step 1 to find the value(s) of the
other unknown (y).
Step 5: Write down all the solutions of the simultaneous equations.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve the following simultaneous equations Solve the following simultaneous equations
algebraically. algebraically.
 y = x + 3 x − 7 ............ (1)
2 Step 1:  y = x − 2 ................ (1)
 y is the subject of  2
 y = 5 − x ..................... (2) the equation (2).  y = x − x − 10 ........ (2)
Substitute (2) into (1).  Step 2 Substitute (1) into (2).
2
5 – x = x + 3x – 7 x–2=( )
x ( )
x2 + 4x – 12 = 0 ( )=0
x ( )
(x + 6)(x – 2) = 0 ( )( )=0 ( ) ( )
x = –6 or 2  Step 3 x=( ) or ( )
Substitute x = –6 into (2).  Step 4
y = 5 – (–6) = 11
Substitute x = 2 into (2).
y=5–2=3
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous
equations are x = –6, y = 11 and
x = 2, y = 3.  Step 5

Solve the following simultaneous equations algebraically. [Nos. 2–3]

16
  y = x 2 − 5 x + 4 ............ (1)  y + 10 x = −7 .................. (1)
2.  3.  2

Ex 1B: 1–12
 y = 3x − 11 .................. (2)  y = x + 2 x + 20 ............. (2)
Make y the
subject of (1).

Find the number of real solutions of each of the following simultaneous equations. [Nos. 4–5]
 y = x 2 + 6 x − 2 ............... (1)  y = x 2 − 4 x + 5 ............ (1)
4.  5. 
Ex 1B: 16–18
 y = 5 + x ........................ (2)  y + 6 = 2 x ................... (2)
Substitute ( ) into ( ).
( )=( )
( )=0
∆= For ax2 + bx + c = 0
(a ≠ 0), ∆ = b2 – 4ac.

Level Up Question

6. Gary claims that k is negative when the following simultaneous equations have one real solution.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
 y = x 2 + x + 5 ............... (1)

 y = k − 3 x .................... (2)

17
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

1 More about Equations

 Consolidation Exercise 1B

Level 1
Solve the following simultaneous equations algebraically. [Nos. 1–24]
 y = − x2 + 1  y = x2 − 2x  y = − x2 − 4x + 1
1.  2.  3. 
y =1− x y = x  y = 2x + 6

 y = x 2 − 5x + 9  y = −x2 + 4x − 4  y = −2 x − 4
4.  5.  6.  2
 y = 7 − 3x  y = 4x − 4  y = x + 5x + 2

 y = −x2 − 2x + 6  y + x − x2 = 0 x2 − y = 2 − 2x
7.  8.  9. 
2 x + y − 2 = 0 4 x − y = 6 2 x + y = −6

 y − 3x − 4 = 0 − x 2 = 3 x − y + 7 4 x + y = 5
10.  2
11.  12.  2
4 x − y + x = 2 4 x + y + 9 = 0 2 x − x = 2 − y

3x + x 2 = 4 − y  y − 4x = x2 + 1  x 2 + 3x + 2 + y = 0
13.  14.  15. 
 y − 2x = 4 2 x − y = 3  y − 2x − 4 = 0

x + y = x2 + 1 6 x + y = x 2 + 1 5 x + y = −4
16.  17.  18.  2
3x + y − 4 = 0 4 x − y + 1 = 0 6 x − y = 4 − x

19. y = 4 − x2 = 3x 20. x = x2 − 2 = y + 1 21. x2 = 4(x + 3) = 8 − y

22. 3x + 2 = x − x2 = y + 7 23. x2 + 4x = y − 3x = 6 − x 24. y − x2 + 4x = 4x + y = 6

Find the number of real solutions of each of the following simultaneous equations. [Nos. 25–28]
 y = 2x2 − 5  y = 3x 2 + 4 x − 1
25.  26. 
 y = 4x − 7  y = 7x + 8

 y = 2 + 3x − 4 x 2
27.  28. y = 2x2 + 4x − 6 = 5x − 2
 y = 6 − 2x

Level 2
Solve the following simultaneous equations algebraically. [Nos. 29–44]
 y = 2x2 + x + 3 3x + 4 y = 3 x 2 + 1
29.  30. 
2 x + y = 12 3 y + 5 = 4 x

18
 4 x 2 − y = 2 x 2 x 2 + y = 4 x + 4
31.  32. 
32 x + 4 y = −9 x + 3y = 7

33. 2x − 4y2 = 6x + 5y = −1 34. 3x2 + 2x + 8 = −1 − 4x + 4y = 5y − 3x

35. 2x2 − x(3y − 4x) = 4x − 3y + 11 = 14 36. x2 + 9x + 6y = 6x + 4y = −18

37. x(x − 5) + (3x − 2y)x = 2y − 3x − 11 = −10 38. (5y + 2x)x + 3x2 − 2 = 10 − 10y − 4x = 6

39. 2x2 − y2 − 3 = 8x + 6y = 2x 40. 7x2 + y2 = 9(x + y + 1) = 36x − 45

2 x 2 − 3 xy − 2 y 2 = 6 3 y 2 + 4 xy − 8 x 2 = 3
41.  42. 
 y − 3x + 3 = 0 5 y − 4 x = 3

4 y 2 − 11x 2 = k 2 7 x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3m 2
43.  (where k is a constant) 44.  (where m is a constant)
 y − 2x = k  x − y = 2m

45. If p and q satisfy the equations p(2p + 1) = 4q − 10 and 3q − 4p = 7, find the values of p and q
algebraically.

46. If a and b satisfy the equations a2 + 3a(a + b − 2) = 1 and 2a + 4b + 5 = 0, find the values of a and b
algebraically.

 y = 3x − 2 x 2 − 2
47. If the simultaneous equations  have only one real solution, find the value of k.
 x − 3 y + 3k = 0

 y = 2 x 2 + 3k
48. If the simultaneous equations  have only one real solution, find the values of k.
2kx − y + 4 = 0

 x 2 − 2 y = 12 x
49. If the simultaneous equations  have no real solutions, find the range of values of k.
 y = 4k − 2 x

 y = 4 x 2 + 2 x − 2k
50. If the simultaneous equations  have two real solutions, find the range of values of k.
2 x + y = 6

x2 + y 2 = 2
51. Show that the simultaneous equations  have real solution(s) when k ≤ −3 or k ≥ 3.
kx + 3 y = 6

2kx + 2 y − k 2 x 2 − 3 = 0
52. Consider the simultaneous equations  , where k ≠ 0.
 y = 1 − 6x
19
 (a) If the simultaneous equations have real solution(s), find the range of values of k.
(b) If the simultaneous equations have real solution(s), how many positive integral values of k are
there? Explain your answer.

 y + 5 x 2 = 4k
53. Consider the simultaneous equations  .
5k − y = 2 x
(a) If the simultaneous equations have no real solutions, find the range of values of k.
(b) If the simultaneous equations have real solution(s), find the maximum integral value of k.

54. The figure shows a logo which is formed by a rectangle and an A y cm E

equilateral triangle. AB = x cm, AE = y cm and x > y. If the area of the
rectangle is 24 cm2 and the perimeter of the logo is 30 cm, find the x cm D
values of x and y.
B C

55. In the figure, AB, AC and BC are diameters of the semi-circles APB, P
AQC and CRB respectively, where AC > BC. The area and the perimeter
of the shaded region are 12π cm2 and 16π cm respectively. Let AC = x Q
R
cm and BC = y cm. Find the lengths of AC and BC.
A x cm C y cm B

* 56. In the figure, the straight line y = 3x + k touches the curve C: y = x2 − 3x − y C: y = x2 − 3x − 4

4 at the point P.
x
(a) Find the value of k. O
(b) Find the coordinates of P.
P
(c) The straight line y = 3x + k + m cuts C at two distinct points Q
y = 3x + k
and R, where m > 0. Express the coordinates of the mid-point of
QR in terms of m.

* 57. In the figure, the straight line L: 2x + y = 8 touches the curve C: y = −x2 + 2x + y
p at the point A.
(a) Find the coordinates of A. A
L: 2x + y = 8
(b) L1 is a straight line passing through A and with slope 2. L1 cuts C
x
again at another point B. O

(i) Find the coordinates of B.

(ii) Suppose D is a point lying in quadrant IV. Are the areas of C: y = −x2 + 2x + p
△AOD and △BOD the same? Explain your answer.

20
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 1B
1. x = 0, y = 1; x = 1, y = 0 34. no real solutions
2. x = 0, y = 0; x = 3, y = 3 7 17 5
35. x = − , y = − ; x = 2, y =
3. x = −5, y = −4; x = −1, y = 4 2 3 3
36. x = −3, y = 0; x = 3, y = −9
4. no real solutions
37. no real solutions
5. x = 0, y = −4
6 4 2
6. x = −6, y = 8; x = −1, y = −2 38. x = −2, y = ; x = , y = −
5 3 15
7. x = −2, y = 6; x = 2, y = −2 39. x = −1, y = 1; x = 3, y = −3
8. x = 2, y = 2; x = 3, y = 6 9 3
40. x = , y =
9. x = −2, y = −2 4 4
10. x = −3, y = −5; x = 2, y = 10 41. no real solutions
11. no real solutions 1 4 5
42. x = , y = 1; x = , y =
2 3 3
12. x = −3, y = 17; x = 1, y = 1
k 3k
13. x = 0, y = 4; x = −5, y = −6 43. x = −3k, y = −5k; x = − , y =
5 5
14. no real solutions m 5m
44. x = , y = −
15. x = −3, y = −2; x = −2, y = 0 3 3
1 23
16. x = −3, y = 13; x = 1, y = 1 45. p = , q = ; p = 2, q = 5
6 9
17. x = 0, y = 1; x = 10, y = 41 1 6 13
46. a = − , b = − ; a = 4, b = −
18. x = 0, y = −4; x = −11, y = 51 10 5 4
19. x = −4, y = −12; x = 1, y = 3 10
47. −
9
20. x = −1, y = −2; x = 2, y = 1
48. 2, 4
21. x = −2, y = 4; x = 6, y = −28
49. k < −2
22. no real solutions
7
23. x = −6, y = −6; x = 1, y = 8 50. k > −
2
24. x = 0, y = 6 52. (a) k ≤ 3 and k ≠ 0
25. one real solution (b) 3
26. two real solutions 1
53. (a) k >
27. no real solutions 5
28. two real solutions (b) 0
3 54. x = 8, y = 3
29. x = −3, y = 18; x = , y = 9
2 55. AC = 12 cm, BC = 4 cm
30. no real solutions 56. (a) −13
3 15 (b) (3 , −4)
31. x = − , y =
4 4
(c) (3 , m − 4)
1 22 5 3
32. x = − , y = ;x= ,y= 57. (a) (2 , 4)
3 9 2 2
7 2 3 1 (b) (i) (−2 , −4)
33. x = , y = − ; x = − , y =
18 3 8 4 (ii) yes

21
 F5A: Chapter 1C
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24
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.3A (Refer to Book 5A P.1.22)

Objective: To solve fractional equations which can be transformed into quadratic equations.

Steps of Solving Fractional Equations

Step 1: Express each fraction with the same denominator, which is the L.C.M. of the denominators in the
fractions.
Step 2: Multiply both sides of the equation by the L.C.M. to eliminate all the denominators.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

 2  3
Solve 1 +  (3 + x) = –2. Solve (x + 4) 1 −  = 5.
 x  x
 2  
1 +  (3 + x) = –2 x≠0 (x + 4)   = 5
 x  
 2  
x 1 +  (3 + x) = –2x Multiply both sides by x.
 x ( )(x + 4)   = 5( )
 
(x + 2)(3 + x) = –2x
(x + 4)( ) = 5( )
x2 + 5x + 6 = –2x 2
x +( )−( ) = 5( ) x ( )
x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 Remember to check x2 − ( )−( )=0 x ( )
(x + 1)(x + 6) = 0 whether the answers
obtained satisfy the ( )( )=0 ( ) ( )
x = –1 or –6  original equation.
x= or

Solve the following fractional equations. [Nos. 1–4]

4 4
1. x – 4 =− 2. x– =1
Ex 1C: 1–3
x x −1
Multiply both
( )(x − 4) = −4
sides by x − 1.

5 4 
3. = 3 – 2x 4.  − 1 (x – 9) = 1
x+2  x 
Multiply both
sides by ( ).

25
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
3 2 2 6
Solve – = 1. Solve – = 1.
x−2 x x +1 x
3 2 2 6 The L.C.M. of x + 1 and x
– =1  x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 2. − =1
x−2 x ( ) ( ) is ( ).
Step 1: The denominator
3 x − 2( x − 2 ) x(x – 2) is the 2( ) − 6( )
=1  L.C.M. of x and =1
x( x − 2) x – 2. ( )( )
3x – 2(x – 2) = x(x – 2)  2( ) − 6( )=( )( )
2
3x – 2x + 4 = x – 2x Step 2: Multiply ( )=( 2
) +( )
2
both sides
x – 3x – 4 = 0 by x(x – 2). ( )=0
(x + 1)(x – 4) = 0 ( )( )=0
x = –1 or 4 x= or

Solve the following fractional equations. [Nos. 5–8]

8 2 15 12
5. – =1 6. + = –2
Ex 1C: 4
x+2 x The L.C.M. of 1− x x
x + 2 and x is
8( ) − 2( )
=1 ( ).
( )( )
8( ) − 2( )=( )( )

1 3 1 7 11
7. – = − 8. 2
+ =2
Ex 1C: 19(b)
x −1 x +5 12 x − 16 x+4
x2 − 16
=( )( )

Level Up Question
4 5
9. Solve + = −3.
x−3 x +3

26
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.3B & C (Refer to Book 5A P.1.25)

Objective: To solve equations of higher degree and equations with radical signs which can be transformed
into quadratic equations.

Equations of Higher Degree

Some equations of degrees higher than 2 can be transformed into quadratic equations and then be solved.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the real roots of x4 – 7x2 – 18 = 0. Find the real roots of x4 – 13x2 + 36 = 0.

Let u = x2. Then u2 = (x2)2 = x4.  (am)n = amn Let u = ( ). Then u2 = ( )2 = ( ).

The original equation becomes The original equation becomes
2
u – 7u – 18 = 0 ( )=0
(u – 9)(u + 2) = 0 Don’t stop here. ( )( )=0
We need to find
u=9 or –2  the values of x. u=( ) or ( )
Since u = x2, Since u = ( ),
2 2
x =9 or –2 (rejected)  For any real number x, x =( ) or x2 = ( )
x2 ≥ 0.
x = ±3 x= or x=

Find the real roots of the following equations. [Nos. 1–4]

1. x4 + 2x2 – 24 = 0 2. x5 + x3 – 2x = 0
Ex 1C: 5, 6
2 2
Let u = ( ). Then u = ( ) =( ).
The original equation becomes • Don’t cancel ‘x’.
• If abc = 0, then
a = 0 or b = 0 or
c = 0.

3. ( x 3) 2 + 7 x 3 – 8 = 0 4. 3x4 – 26x2 – 9 = 0
Ex 1C: 21

Use a new
variable u to
replace x3.

27
Equations with Radical Signs
We can solve equations with radical signs by using the method of change of variable or by squaring both
sides of equations.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Find the real root of x – 4 x – 5 = 0. Find the real root of x + 5 x – 6 = 0.

Let u = x . Then u2 = ( x )2 = x. Let u = ( ). Then u2 = ( )2 = ( ).

The original equation becomes The original equation becomes
2
u – 4u – 5 = 0 ( )=0
(u – 5)(u + 1) = 0 ( )( )=0
u=5 or –1 u=( ) or ( )
Since u = x , Since u = ( ),
x =5 or –1 (rejected)  Note that x ≥ 0. ( )=( ) or ( )( )
x = 25 x=

Find the real root(s) of the following equations. [Nos. 5–6]

5. x–6 x+9=0 6. x 2 + 5x − 5 = 3
Ex 1C: 7, 8

Square both sides

of the equation.

Remember to check
whether the answers
obtained satisfy the
original equation.

Level Up Question
7. Find the real root of x + x + 1 = 5.

28
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.3D (Refer to Book 5A P.1.27)

Objective: To solve exponential equations which can be transformed into quadratic equations.
[In this worksheet, give the answers correct to 2 decimal places if necessary.]

Exponential Equations

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve 22x – 9(2x) + 8 = 0. Solve 42x – 6(4x) + 8 = 0.
Let u = 2x. Then u2 = (2x)2 = 22x.  (am)n = amn Let u = ( ). Then u2 = ( )2 = ( ).
The original equation becomes The original equation becomes
2
u – 9u + 8 = 0 ( )2 − 6( )+8=0
(u – 8)(u – 1) = 0 Don’t stop here. ( )( )=0
We need to find
u=8 or 1  the values of x. u=( ) or ( )
Since u = 2x, Since u = ( ),
x x x
2 =8 or 2 = 1  8 = 2 3, 1 = 2 0 ( ) =( ) or ( )x = ( ) 22 = 4
1
x =3 or x=0 x= or x= 2 =42

1. Solve (5x)2 – 5x – 20 = 0. 2. Solve 4(22x) – 9(2x) + 2 = 0.
Ex 1C: 9, 10

Let u = ( ). Then u2 = ( ) 2. amn = (am)n = (an)m

The original equation becomes

For any real

number x,
5x > 0. 1
= a−m
am

3. Solve 32x + 1 – 10(3x) + 3 = 0. 4. Solve 16x – 17(4x) + 16 = 0.
Ex 1C: 25, 26

3 2x + 1 = ( )(32x) 16x = [( )2]x

= [( )x]2

29
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
12 15
Solve 3x – 4 − x = 0. Solve 2x + 2 − x = 0.
3 2
x
Let u = 3 . The original equation becomes Let u = ( ). The original equation becomes
12 15
u–4− =0 ( )+2− =0
u ( )
u2 – 4u – 12 = 0  Multiply both sides by u (u ≠ 0). ( )2 + 2( )−( )= 0
(u – 6)(u + 2) = 0 ( )( )=0
u=6 or –2 u=( ) or ( )
x
Since u = 3 , For any real Since u = ( ),
3x = 6 or –2 (rejected)  number x, 3x > 0. ( x
) =( ) or ( ) (rejected)
log 3x = log 6  Take logarithms on both sides. x
log ( ) = log ( )
x log 3 = log 6  log an = n log a
( ) log ( ) = log ( )
log 6
x= log ( )
log 3 x=
log ( )
= 1.63, cor. to 2 d.p.
= , cor. to 2 d.p.

Solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 5–6]

18 6
5. 4x = 3 + x 6. 5x + =5
Ex 1C: 27
4 5x

Level Up Question
7. Does the equation 2(32x) + 3x + 2 + 4 = 0 have at least 1 real root? Explain your answer.

30
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.3E (Refer to Book 5A P.1.30)

Objective: To solve logarithmic equations which can be transformed into quadratic equations.

Logarithmic Equations

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve (log3 x)2 – 4 log3 x + 3 = 0. Solve (log2 x)2 + log2 x – 6 = 0.
Let u = log3 x. Then u2 = (log3 x)2 . Let u = ( ). Then u2 = ( ) 2.
The original equation becomes The original equation becomes
u 2 – 4u + 3 = 0 ( )2 + ( )−6=0
(u – 1)(u – 3) = 0 ( )( )=0
u=1 or 3  Don’t stop here. We need u=( ) or ( )
to find the values of x.
Since u = log3 x, Since u = ( ),
log3 x = 1 or log3 x = 3 log2 ( )=( ) or log2 ( )=( )
3 ( )
x = 3 or x = 3  If loga x = y, then x = a . y
x=( ) or x=( )( )

1
x = 3 or x = 27 x= or x= a –m =
am

1. Solve (log x)2 + 4 log x + 4 = 0. 2. Solve (log2 x)2 + 9 log2 x + 20 = 0.
Ex 1C: 11
2 2
Let u = ( ). Then u = ( ).
The original equation becomes

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

Solve log2 (x + 3) + log2 (x + 1) = 3. Solve log3 (x – 3) + log3 (x + 5) = 2.
3 = log2 23
log2 (x + 3) + log2 (x + 1) = 3 = log2 8 log3 ( ) + log3 ( )=2
log2 [(x + 3)(x + 1)] = log2 8  log2 a + log2 b log3 [( )( )] = log3 ( ) 2 = log3 32
∴ (x + 3)(x + 1) = 8
= log2 ab
∴ ( )( )=( )
2 2
x + 4x + 3 = 8 x +( )x − ( )=( )
x 2 + 4x – 5 = 0 x2 + ( )x − ( )=0
(x – 1)(x + 5) = 0 ( )( )=0
x=1 or –5 (rejected) x= or ( )( )
When x = –5, log2 (x + 3) = log2 (–2) and
log2 (x + 1) = log2 (–4) are undefined.

31
 Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 3–4]
3. log x + log (x – 4) = log 12 4. log (x + 4) + log (x − 11) = 2
Ex 1C: 12
log [( )( )] = log ( ) Don’t write 2 = log 102
x + (x − 4) = 12.

Instant Example 3 Instant Practice 3

Solve log2 (x2 – 2) – log2 (x + 3) = 1. Solve log3 (x + 3) – log3 (x2 + 1) = 0.
log2 (x2 – 2) – log2 (x + 3) = 1 1 = log2 2 log3 ( ) − log3 ( )=0 0 = log3 1
2 ( )
x −2 log3 = log3 1
log2 = log2 2  log2 a – log2 b
x+3 a
( )

∴ ∴
= log2
x2 − 2 b ( )
=1
=2
x+3 ( )
x 2 – 2 = 2x + 6 ( ) = x2 + ( )
Remember to check 2 2
x – 2x – 8 = 0 x −( )−( )=0
whether the answers
obtained satisfy the (x – 4)(x + 2) = 0 ( )( )=0
original equation.
x=4 or –2 x= or

Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 5–6]

5. 2 log5 x – log5 (6 − x) = log5 3 6. log (x – 2) – log (x2 + 4) = –1
Ex 1C: 29
log5 ( ) − log5 (6 − x) = log5 3 −1 = log 10−1
( )
log5 = log5 3
( )

Level Up Question
7. Fanny claims that all the real roots of log4 x – log4 (x2 + 2) + 1 = 0 are integers. Do you agree?
Explain your answer.

32
 5A Lesson Worksheet 1.3F (Refer to Book 5A P.1.31)

Objective: To solve trigonometric equations which can be transformed into quadratic equations.

Trigonometric Equations

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve 2 cos2 θ – 1 = 0, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. Solve 3 tan2 θ + tan θ = 0, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
Let u = cos θ. Then u2 = cos2 θ. Let u = ( ). Then u2 = ( ).
The original equation becomes The original equation becomes
2u 2 – 1 = 0 3 ( )2 + ( )=0
1 ( )( )=0
u2 =
2  
1 u=( ) or  
u= ±  Don’t stop here.  
2 We need to find θ.
When u = ( ), When 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, how many
1
When u = , tan θ = ( ) roots does tan θ = 0 have?
2
1 θ= or or
cos θ =
∵ cos θ > 0
 
2
∴ θ lies in When u =   ,
θ = 45° or 360° – 45° quadrant I or  
∵ tan θ ( > / < ) 0
= 45° or 315° quadrant IV.

tan θ = 


∴ θ lies in quadrant
1 or quadrant .
 
When u = −
2
,
∵ cos θ < 0
1 ∴ θ lies in quadrant II
θ = 180° − ( ) or 360° − ( )
cos θ = − or quadrant III. = or
2
θ = 180° – 45° or 180° + 45°
= 135° or 225°

Solve the following trigonometric equations, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. [Nos. 1–2]

1. cos2 θ – cos θ = 0 2. 2 sin2 θ + sin θ – 1 = 0
Ex 1C: 13–15
2
Let u = ( ). Then u = ( ).

When sin θ > 0, θ

lies in quadrant
or quadrant .

33
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
Solve cos2 θ + 2 sin θ – 1 = 0, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. Solve 2 sin2 θ – 3 cos θ − 3 = 0, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
cos2 θ + 2 sin θ – 1 = 0 2( ) − 3( )−3=0
1 − sin2 θ + 2 sin θ – 1 = 0  cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ 2[1 − ( )] − 3( )−3=0  sin2 θ
= 1–( )
sin2 θ − 2 sin θ = 0  u2 − 2u = 0, 2 − 2( ) − 3( )−3=0
where u = sin θ.
sin θ (sin θ − 2) = 0 2( ) + 3( )+( )=0  2u2 + 3u + 1 = 0,
where u = cos θ.
sin θ = 0 or sin θ = 2 (rejected) ( )( )=0
θ = 0° or 180° or 360° ( )+1=0 or 2( )+1=0
 
For any angle θ, −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1. cos θ = ( ) or cos θ =  
 
θ=( ) or θ=( ) or
( )
∴ θ= or or

Solve the following trigonometric equations, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. [Nos. 3–4]

(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1°.)
3. 3 sin2 θ + 7 cos θ – 5 = 0 4. 4 cos2 θ – 5 sin θ + 2 = 0
Ex 1C: 30(a)–(c)
3[1 – ( )] + 7( )–5=0

For any angle θ,

−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1.

Level Up Question

5. For 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, how many roots does the equation 3 sin θ tan θ = –8 have? Explain your answer.

34
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

1 More about Equations

 Consolidation Exercise 1C

Level 1
Solve the following fractional equations. [Nos. 1–6]
5 4 x
1. (a) + 1 = 4x (b) 3 − =
x x 2

4 6
2. (a) − 3x = 5 (b) x + =3
1− x x+4

5  2 
3. (a)  − 1( x + 3) = 4 (b)  + 3 (4 − x) = 8
x  x 

 8 2 
4. (a) ( x − 1) 7 −  = 9x (b) ( x + 2) + 1 = 2x + 1
 x x 

3 4 2 1
5. (a) + =1 (b) − =3
x+3 x x x−2

3 1 15 8
6. (a) 2 − = (b) =1+
4− x x x +1 x

Find the real roots of the following equations. [Nos. 7–12]

7. (a) x4 + 12x2 − 64 = 0 (b) x4 − 10x2 + 9 = 0

8. (a) x6 − 5x4 − 36x2 = 0 (b) (x3)2 − 7x3 − 8 = 0

9. (a) (x3)2 + 26x3 − 27 = 0 (b) (x4)2 − 14x4 − 32 = 0

10. (a) x − 5 x + 4 = 0 (b) x + 4 x − 12 = 0

11. (a) x2 + 2x − 6 = 3 (b) x2 + 7 x − 2 = 4

12. (a) 2 − x 2 − x − 16 = 0 (b) x 2 − 3 x + 18 − 6 = 0

Solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 13–15]
13. (a) (3x)2 + 3x − 12 = 0 (b) (2x)2 − 2x + 2 − 32 = 0

14. (a) 22x + 2x + 1 − 24 = 0 (b) 42x + 4x + 2 + 15 = 0

35
15. (a) 32x − 2(3x + 1) − 27 = 0 (b) 52x + 2(5x + 1) − 11 = 0

Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 16–18]

16. (a) (log x)2 + log x − 6 = 0 (b) (log x)2 − 7 log x + 10 = 0
(c) (log3 x)2 − 2 log3 x − 8 = 0 (d) (log4 x)2 + 5 log4 x + 4 = 0

17. (a) log x + log (x + 6) = log 7 (b) log (x − 2) + log (x + 5) = log 8

(c) log5 (1 − x) + log5 (x + 7) = log5 15 (d) log7 (x + 4) + log7 (6 − x) = log7 9

18. (a) log (x − 2) + log (x − 11) = 1 (b) log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x − 3) = 5

(c) log3 (x + 2) + log3 (x + 8) = 3 (d) log4 (x + 3) + log4 (x + 15) = 3

Solve the following trigonometric equations, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. [Nos. 19–23]

19. (a) 4 cos2 θ − 3 = 0 (b) tan2 θ − 3 = 0

20. (a) 2 sin2 θ + sin θ = 0 (b) tan2 θ = tan θ

21. (a) cos2 θ − cos θ − 2 = 0 (b) 2 sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0

22. (a) 2 tan θ − tan2 θ = 1 (b) 2 cos2 θ + 3 cos θ = −1

23. (a) tan2 θ + ( 3 − 1) tan θ = 3 (b) 2 2 sin2 θ − ( 2 + 2) sin θ = −1

24. The numerator of a fraction in its simplest form is 7. When both the numerator and the denominator of
1
the fraction are decreased by 3, the fraction is decreased by . Find the original fraction.
9

25
25. If the sum of a number and its reciprocal is , find all the possible numbers.
12

26. The sum of the common logarithms of two consecutive positive even numbers is log 24. Find the two
numbers.

27. Jack takes x hours to lay tiles on a floor of area n m2, where x > 2 and n > 0. John takes 1.2 hours less
than Jack to lay tiles on a floor of area n m2. If they work together, it takes 0.8 hour to lay tiles on a
floor of area n m2. Find the value of x.
28. Originally, the area of a triangle is 135 cm2. Then, there is a change so that the base of the triangle is
increased by 2 cm and the height is decreased by 3 cm. Let x cm be the base of the original triangle.
(a) Express the heights of the original triangle and the new triangle in terms of x.
(b) If the area of the new triangle is 15 cm2 less than that of the original triangle, find the value of x.

Level 2
36
Solve the following fractional equations. [Nos. 29–31]
2 5 x 3
29. (a) − =2 (b) = −1
x+4 x−5 x+5 x−3

7 5 4 x
30. (a) 2
=2+ (b) 2
+ =4
x −4 x+2 1− x x +1

x+2 2− x x −1 x +1
31. (a) + =2 (b) +2=
x −3 x x+2 x+3

Find the real roots of the following equations. [Nos. 32–37]

32. (a) 2x4 − 17x2 − 9 = 0 (b) 9x4 − 37x2 + 4 = 0

33. (a) x6 + 7x3 − 8 = 0 (b) 27 + 26x3 − x6 = 0

34. (a) 2x8 − 29x4 − 48 = 0 (b) 4 − x4 − 3x8 = 0

35. (a) 2x − 5 x − 12 = 0 (b) 3x − 13 x − 10 = 0

36. (a) x+6 − x = 4 (b) 3− x − 3 = x

37. (a) 5 x − 1 = x + 5 (b) x + 6 2 − x = 10

Solve the following exponential equations. [Nos. 38–41]

(Give the answers correct to 2 decimal places if necessary.)
38. (a) 62x − 42(6x) + 216 = 0 (b) 22x + 3 − 3(2x + 1) + 1 = 0

39. (a) 16x − 5(4x) − 24 = 0 (b) 9x − 8(3x + 1) − 81 = 0

40. (a) 16x + 1 − 17(4x) + 1 = 0 (b) 9x + 1 − 28(3x + 1) + 27 = 0

54 21
41. (a) 3x + x
= 29 (b) 6x + x − 10 = 0
3 6
Solve the following logarithmic equations. [Nos. 42–44]
(Give the answers correct to 2 decimal places if necessary.)
2 3
42. (a) log (x − 5) − log = log (9 − x) (b) log (x + 1) − log (x + 2) = log
x x

43. (a) log (x2 − 8) − log (2x − 5) = log (x − 2) (b) log (x2 − 11) − log (2x − 9) = log (x + 1)

44. (a) log4 (x − 2) − log4 (x2 + 8) + 2 = 0 (b) log0.2 (2x + 7) − log0.2 (x + 3) = −2 − log0.2 x

Solve the following trigonometric equations, where 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°. [Nos. 45–47]

37
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1° if necessary.)
2
45. (a) cos2 θ = sin θ (b) sin2 θ − cos θ = −1
3
(c) 5 cos2 θ + 4 sin θ = 4 (d) 2 cos2 θ + 3 sin θ cos θ = 2 sin2 θ

1 1
46. (a) − sin θ + 3 = 0 (b) − 2 cos θ = tan θ
sin θ cosθ
3 1 2
(c) 2 tan θ + =5 (d) + =0
tan θ tan θ cosθ

47. (a) 6 sin2 θ − 7 cos θ sin θ − 3 cos2 θ = 0 (b) 6 sin θ tan θ + tan θ = 6 cos θ
1 1
(c) cos2 θ − 4 sin θ cos θ = 1 (d) − = 4 sin θ
sin θ tan θ

48. A group of members organize a party and share the party cost of $900 equally. If 5 more people join
the group and the party cost remains unchanged, each of the original members will pay $15 less. Find
the original number of members in the group.

49. Mike drives a car from place A to place B at a constant speed. If the speed of the car is decreased by
10 km/h, he will arrive at B 20 minutes later. If the distance between A and B is 100 km, find the
original driving speed of Mike.

50. The time taken by worker A and worker B together to produce 1 100 products is 5 days less than the
time taken by worker B alone to produce 900 products. If worker A alone produces 50 products per
day, does worker B alone produce more products per day than worker A alone? Explain your answer.

51. Amy spends $90 on buying apples every month. If the price of each apple is increased by $1.5, the
number of apples that she can buy in a month will be 5 less than before.
(a) Find the original price of each apple.
(b) Can Amy buy at least 12 apples in a month after the price increase? Explain your answer.

52. The profit $P of a shop can be represented by the formula P = 44 800 + 96 800(80.02x) − 38 000(640.02x),
where x (x ≥ 1) is the number of months elapsed since the start of the business of the shop. If the shop
will not make a profit or a loss k months after the start of the business of the shop, find the value of k.
(Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.)
53. Alex buys an antique car for $150 000 and an antique vase for $200 000. The values of the car and
the vase increase by 21% and 10% each year respectively. After t years, the value of the car will be
$50 000 more than that of the vase. Find the value of t.
(Give the answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

38
*54. According to a time schedule, a ship will leave town A at 3 p.m. on Monday. It will travel 198 km
upstream to town B at a constant speed and then will travel downstream back to town A at a constant
speed. If the speed of the current is 4 km/h, it takes 10 hours for the whole journey.
(a) When will the ship arrive at town B?
(b) Suppose it rains throughout the journey. When it rains, the speed of the current is increased by
1.5 km/h and the constant speed of the ship is decreased by 4.5 km/h for reasons of safety. Sam
claims that the ship will be back to town A at 2 a.m. on Tuesday when it rains. Do you agree?
Explain your answer.

*55. The straight line (2m − 9)x + (m − 1)y − 30 = 0 cuts the positive x-axis and the positive y-axis at the
points A and B respectively, where m is a constant and m > 5. It is given that OA + OB = 16, where O
is the origin.
(a) Express OA and OB in terms of m. Hence, find the value of m.
(b) Find the orthocentre and the circumcentre of △OAB.
*56. (a) Solve 32x + 3x − 42 = 0.
x
(b) Hence, solve log9 (42 − 32x) − = 0.
2
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.)

*57. Solve log (10x + 2) = 2x + 1.

(Give the answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

*58. Solve log5 x − 3 logx 25 = 1.

*59. In a city, the government launches a project to reduce the concentration of hazardous substances in
River A. The concentration N units/m3 of hazardous substances in River A can be modelled by
N = a(0.81)t + 10bt + 2, where t is the number of months elapsed since the start of the project, and a, b
are positive constants. When t = 0, N = 15. When t = 2, N = 12.068 3.
(a) Find the values of a and b.
(b) Find the concentration of hazardous substances in River A when t = 3, correct to 3 significant
figures.
(c) At the same time, the government launches another project to reduce the concentration of
hazardous substances in River B. The concentration N1 units/m3 of hazardous substances in River
B can be modelled by N1 = 10.8(0.9)k(t – 1) + 3, where t is the number of months elapsed since the
start of the project and k is a constant. It is known that N = N1 at the start of the two projects.
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Will the concentration of hazardous substances in River B be doubled that in River A at a
certain month since the start of the project? Explain your answer.

39
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 1C
5 3 4
1. (a) −1, (b) 2, 4 25. ,
4 4 3
1 26. 4, 6
2. (a) −1, (b) −3, 2
3 12
4 27.
3. (a) −5, 3 (b) − , 2 5
3 270
1 28. (a) original height = cm,
4. (a) −8, (b) −1, 4 x
2  270 
4 new height =  − 3  cm
5. (a) −2, 6 (b) 1,  x 
3
(b) 18
6. (a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 4
5
7. (a) −2, 2 (b) −3, −1, 1, 3 29. (a) − , 2 (b) −3, 5
2
8. (a) −3, 0, 3 (b) −1, 2 5 1
30. (a) −5, (b) 0, −
9. (a) −3, 1 (b) −2, 2 2 3
1 7
10. (a) 1, 16 (b) 4 31. (a) ,6 (b) − , −1
2 2
11. (a) −5, 3 (b) −9, 2 1 1
32. (a) −3, 3 (b) −2, − , , 2
12. (a) −4, 5 (b) −3, 6 3 3
13. (a) 1 (b) 3 33. (a) −2, 1 (b) −1, 3
14. (a) 2 (b) no real 34. (a) −2, 2 (b) −1, 1
solutions 35. (a) 16 (b) 25
15. (a) 2 (b) 0 36. (a) −2 (b) −1
1 37. (a) 5, 10 (b) −14, −2
16. (a) , 100 (b) 100, 100 000
1 000 38. (a) 1, 2 (b) −2, −1
1 1 1 3
(c) , 81 (d) , 39. (a) (b) 3
9 256 4 2
17. (a) 1 (b) 3 40. (a) −2, 0 (b) −1, 2
(c) −4, −2 (d) −3, 5 41. (a) 0.63, 3 (b) 0.61, 1.09
18. (a) 12 (b) 7 42. (a) 6 (b) 3.65
(c) 1 (d) 1 43. (a) 3, 6 (b) 6.70
19. (a) 30°, 150°, 210°, 330° 44. (a) 12.90, 3.10 (b) 12.10
(b) 60°, 120°, 240°, 300° 45. (a) 30°, 150°
20. (a) 0°, 180°, 210°, 330°, 360° (b) 0°, 360°
(b) 0°, 45°, 180°, 225°, 360° (c) 90°, 191.5°, 348.5°
21. (a) 180° (d) 63.4°, 153.4°, 243.4°, 333.4°
(b) 30°, 150°, 270° 46. (a) 197.6°, 342.4°
22. (a) 45°, 225° (b) 210°, 330°
(b) 120°, 180°, 240° (c) 45°, 56.3°, 225°, 236.3°
23. (a) 45°, 120°, 225°, 300° (d) 204.5°, 335.5°
(b) 30°, 45°, 135°, 150° 47. (a) 56.3°, 161.6°, 236.3°, 341.6°
7
24. (b) 41.8°, 138.2°, 228.6°, 311.4°
9
40
 (c) 0°, 104.0°, 180°, 284.0°, 360° (b) orthocentre: (0 , 0), circumcentre: (5 , 3)
(d) 138.6°, 221.4° 56. (a) 1.63
48. 15 (b) 1.63
49. 60 km/h 57. −0.301
50. yes 1
58. , 125
51. (a) $4.5 (b) yes 25
59. (a) a = 3, b = 0.9
52. 26
(b) 10.9 units/m3
53. 4.59
(c) (i) 1
54. (a) 8:30 p.m. on Monday
(ii) no
(b) no
30 30
55. (a) OA = , OB = ,m=6
2m − 9 m −1

41
 F5A: Chapter 2A
Date Task Progress

○ Complete and Checked

Lesson Worksheet ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)

○ Complete
Book Example 1 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 2 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 3 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 4 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 5 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
2A Level 1
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
2A Level 2
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
2A Multiple Choice
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
E-Class Multiple Choice ○ Complete and Checked Mark:
42
Self-Test ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped _________

43
5A Lesson Worksheet 2.0 (Refer to Book 5A P.2.3)

Objective: To review the basic properties of inequalities and solve linear inequalities in one unknown.

Basic Properties of Inequalities

In each of the following, fill in the blank with an appropriate inequality sign ‘>’, ‘<’, ‘≥’ or ‘≤’ according to
the given condition. [Nos. 1–3]
1. Let 0 < a < b.
(a) 5a 5b (b) 2 + a 3+a (c) a − 1 b−1

2. Let a ≤ b < 0.
1 1
(a) 4a 7a (b) 2a + 1 2b + 1 (c)
b a

3. Let 0 < b ≤ a.
2 2 1 1
(a) (b) −3a −3b (c)
a b 4b 4a

Linear Inequalities in One Unknown

Solve each of the following inequalities and represent the solutions on a number line. [Nos. 4–9]
4. 4x − 3 > 29 5. 3x − 4 ≤ x + 14
Review Ex: 1−10
4x > ( )
x>( )

Graphical representation: Graphical representation:

Use the symbol Use the symbol
‘’ when a value ‘’ when a value
is not included in is included in the
the solutions. solutions.
0 0

6. −5 – 2x < 3x + 10 7. 3(1 – 2x) ≥ 2x + 7

The inequality sign is 3(1 − 2x)
reversed when both
sides are divided by a
negative number.

44
 2x + 9 2−x x−7
8. 6(x − 3) > 9. ≤
2 2 3
Multiply both sides of
the inequality by the
L.C.M. of 2 and 3.

8x + 1 2 − 3x
10. (a) Solve 3(1 + x) > . 11. (a) Solve ≥ x – 7.
5 4
(b) Write down the smallest integer which (b) How many positive integers satisfy the
satisfies the inequality in (a). inequality in (a)?

Level Up Question

12. (a) Solve 3(z – 4) ≤ 2(14 – z).
(b) Hence, solve 3[(x – 5) – 4] ≤ 2[14 – (x – 5)].

45
5A Lesson Worksheet 2.1A (Refer to Book 5A P.2.5)

Objective: To solve compound linear inequalities in one unknown connected by ‘and’.

Compound Inequalities Connected by ‘and’

To solve a compound linear inequality in x connected by ‘and’, we need to find the range of possible
values of x which satisfy all the inequalities.

Complete the following table. [Nos. 1–4]
Ex 2A: 1

Compound inequality Number line Solutions Graphical representation

1.

x > –3 and x < 1

–3 0 1

2.

x ≤ 4 and x ≤ 9
0 4 9

3.

x ≥ −6 and x < −1
−6 −1 0

4.

x < –5 and x > 2 Not applicable

−5 0 2

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve x + 2 > –1 and x – 1 ≤ 2, and represent the Solve x – 4 > –2 and 2x ≥ 6, and represent the
solutions graphically. solutions graphically.

Solving x + 2 > –1: Solving x – 4 > –2:

x > –3 …… (1)  x>( ) …… (1) 
−3 0 0
Solving x – 1 ≤ 2: Solving 2x ≥ 6:
x ≤ 3 …..… (2)  x≥( ) ……… (2) 
0 3 0
∵ x must satisfy (1) and (2). ∵ x must satisfy (1) (2).
∴ The solutions are –3 < x ≤ 3.  ∴ The solutions are . 
−3 0 3 0

Graphical representation: Graphical representation:

−3 0 3

46
Solve each of the following compound inequalities and represent the solutions graphically. [Nos. 5–8]
5. x + 5 ≥ 3 and 2x – 7 ≤ 1 6. 3x ≥ 12 – x and 2x + 1 < x + 4
Ex 2A: 2–5
Solving x + 5 ≥ 3:
x≥( ) ……. ( ) 
0
Solving 2x – 7 ≤ 1:
2x ≤ ( )
……… ( ) 
0

Graphical representation:

7. –3 < x – 7 < 2 8. −5 ≤ 2x + 5 < 8 − x
Ex 2A: 6–9

Rewrite the compound inequality as
< x – 7 and x – 7 < .

Level Up Question

9. How many integers satisfy the compound inequality −5x < −10 ≤ 1 – 7(x – 1)? Explain your answer.

New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

47
2 Inequalities in One Unknown

Consolidation Exercise 2A

Level 1
1. Represent the solutions of each of the following compound inequalities graphically.
(a) x > −4 and x ≤ 3 (b) x ≤ 2 and x < 5
(c) −6 < x < 8 (d) 9 ≥ x ≥ 3
 x ≥ −2 x > 7
(e)  (f) 
x < 6 x ≥ 5

Solve each of the following compound inequalities and represent the solutions graphically. [Nos. 2–21]
2. 3x − 7 > 5 and x + 1 ≤ 6 3. 2 + 3x ≥ −7 and 4 ≤ x + 8

4. 3x + 4 ≥ x and 6x < 0 5. 4x − 2 ≤ x + 7 and 3x < 5 − 2x

6. 3x + 5 < −3 − x and 8 + 7x > 4x − 1 7. 7 + 2x < 4x − 3 and 1 − 8x < 5 − 9x

8. −5 ≤ 3x − 2 < 1 9. 11 ≥ 1 − 2x ≥ 3

10. 2x + 7 > 3 > x − 1 11. 8 + 3x < x ≤ 8 − 3x

12. 2x − 3 > 5 − 6x ≥ 13 − 10x 13. 3x + 8 < 1 − 4x < 1

2 x − 3 > 13
14. x − 2 ≤ 3 − 4x ≤ 5x − 6 15. 
4 < 5 x + 9

6 ≤ 4 x + 10 1 − 2 x > 7
16.  17. 
5 ≥ 4 x − 3 3 − 4 x ≥ 11

4 x − 6 ≤ x + 3 9 − x < 2 x − 6
18.  19. 
 x + 4 < 3x + 2 4 x − 9 < 5 + 2 x

2 x − 5 > 3 − 2 x 4 − 3 x ≥ 1 − 2 x
20.  21. 
7 − 5 x > 3 x − 1 8 − 3x ≤ 2 − x

22. A panda eats x kg of bamboo every day.

(a) Express the total weight of bamboo that the panda eats every week in terms of x.
(b) If the total weight of bamboo that the panda eats this week is greater than 140 kg but cannot
exceed 196 kg, find the range of possible values of x.

23. Consider the compound inequality −1 ≤ 2x − 5 ≤ 1.

(a) Solve the compound inequality.
(b) If sin θ = 2x − 5, where θ is any angle, find the range of possible values of x.

48
24. In △ABC, ∠A = 30° and ∠B = x°, where ∠B is an acute angle. C
(a) Express ∠C in terms of x.
(b) If ∠C is larger than ∠B and ∠C is less than ∠A + ∠B, find the range
30° x°
of possible values of x. A B

Level 2
25. Represent the solutions of the compound inequality described by each of the following sentences
graphically.
(a) x is greater than 0 but less than 10.
(b) x is at least −2 but cannot exceed 1.
(c) x is not greater than 5 and is at most 3.

Solve each of the following compound inequalities and represent the solutions graphically. [Nos. 26–37]
2−x 6x +1
26. 3x < 10 − (x + 6) and 3x + 7 > 2(1 − x) 27. < 1 and >2
3 5

2( x + 1) x 5 x − 1 3(2 x − 5)
28. − ≥ 1 and − <4 29. 2(x − 3) > 3(2x − 4) > 4(3x − 5)
3 2 6 4

3− x 2(3x + 1)
30. 3x ≤ −5≤ 1 31. 1 ≤ + 3< 7
2 5

 5 − 2 x 3x
2(3x − 2) ≤ 3(2 − 4 x)  + > x −1
32.  33.  4 5
2(4 x − 3) + 1 > −5 3x + 4 > x + 5

 x + 9 6 − 2x
9 − x > 2(1 + x)  2 < 3 − 1

34.  x 3 − x 35. 
 2 ≤ 4 1 − 2(1 − 3 x) > 1
 2

 x +3
36. 7 − 3x ≥ 13 > x − 7 and x > −3 37. x ≤ 0 and −2 < 31 − ≤ 4
 2 

4(3 − 2 x) x
38. (a) Solve −1 > .
5 2
4(3 − 2 x) x 5 − 4x
(b) Find all integers which satisfy both inequalities − 1 > and ≤7.
5 2 3

4 − 5x x 1 x
39. (a) Solve 2 − 3x ≥ and + > .
3 3 2 6
(b) How many negative integers satisfy the compound inequality in (a)?

7x
 2 − 4 < 2(3 x + 1)
40. (a) Solve  .
1 − 3x − 2(1 − x) ≤ 1
 2
(b) Write down the smallest integer which satisfies the compound inequality in (a).
49
 41. Find the range of values of k if each of the quadratic equations x2 + x − k − 1 = 0 and x2 − 4x + 2k − 3 = 0
has real root(s).

42. If both of the graphs of y = 2x2 − 4x + 10 − 2k and y = x2 + 2x + k + 3 have no x-intercepts, how many
possible integral values of k are there? Explain your answer.

 43. The lengths of the three sides of a triangle are 3x + 3, x + 2 and 5x − 2, where x is an even number. By
using the triangle inequality, find all the possible values of x.

44. The dimensions of a cuboid in the figure are 8 cm × x cm × 6 cm. If its 8 cm

x cm
total surface area is at most 320 cm2 and its volume is greater than 192 cm3,
how many possible integral values of x are there? Explain your answer.
6 cm

45. A test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. 3 marks will be awarded for a correct answer. 2 marks
will be deducted for a wrong answer or a blank answer. If Cathy gets at most 18 marks but has at least
3 correct answers, find all the possible numbers of correct answers that she has.

* 46. The following table shows the scores of Michael in three tests and the corresponding weights. If the
weighted mean scores of Michael in the three tests is at least 65 but at most 85, can the score of Test 2
be greater than 95? Explain your answer.
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Score 80 x + 30 x + 20
Weight 1 2 3

* 47. Mr Chan drives from place A to place C via place B. The following table shows the distances travelled
and the average speeds of the two journeys:
A to B B to C
Distance travelled (km) d d + 20
Average speed (km/h) 30 25
If the total time required is more than 3 hours and the difference of the time required in the two
journeys is not more than 1.2 hours, find the range of values of d.

* 48. Consider the straight line L: 2x + 3y − 5k + 4 = 0, where k is a constant. The x-intercept of L does not
exceed 6 and the y-intercept of L is greater than 2.
(a) Find the range of values of k.
(b) If k is an integer, find the possible area(s) of the region bounded by L and the two axes.

50
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 2A
2. 4<x≤5 3. x ≥ −3 30. −9 ≤ x ≤ −1 31. −2 ≤ x < 3
4. −2 ≤ x < 0 5. x<1 5 1 5
32. 0 < x ≤ 33. <x<
6. −3 < x < −2 7. no solutions 9 2 2
34. x ≤ 1 35. no solutions
8. −1 ≤ x < 1 9. −5 ≤ x ≤ −1
11
10. −2 < x < 4 11. x < −4 36. −3 < x ≤ −2 37. − ≤ x ≤ 0
3
12. x ≥ 2 13. no solutions 2
38. (a) x < (b) −4, −3, −2, −1, 0
14. x = 1 15. x > 8 3
16. −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 17. x < −3 1
39. (a) −3 < x ≤ (b) 2
2
18. 1 < x ≤ 3 19. 5 < x < 7
12
20. no solutions 21. x = 3 40. (a) − < x≤5 (b) −2
5
22. (a) 7x kg (b) 20 < x ≤ 28 5 7
41. − ≤ k ≤ 42. 5
23. (a) 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 (b) 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 4 2
24. (a) ∠C = 150° − x° 43. 2, 4, 6 44. 4
(b) 60 < x < 75 45. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 46. no
3 47. 30 < d ≤ 60
26. −1 < x < 1 27. x >
2 16 121
4
48. (a) 2 < k ≤ (b)
28. x ≥ 2 29. x < 5 12
3

51
 F5A: Chapter 2B
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52
Self-Test ○ Problems encountered
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53
5A Lesson Worksheet 2.1B (Refer to Book 5A P.2.13)

Objective: To solve compound linear inequalities in one unknown connected by ‘or’.

Compound Inequalities Connected by ‘or’

To solve a compound linear inequality in x connected by ‘or’, we need to find the range of possible
values of x which satisfy at least one of the inequalities.

Complete the following table. [Nos. 1–4]
Ex 2B: 1

Compound inequality Number line Solutions Graphical representation

1.

x > 2 or x ≤ −2
−2 0 2

2.

x ≤ 4 or x ≤ 9
0 4 9

3.

x > 6 or x < 6
0 6

4.

x ≥ −4 or x < 0
−4 0

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve x + 2 < 6 or x – 1 ≤ 1, and represent the Solve x – 7 ≥ −5 or 4x ≥ 20, and represent the
solutions graphically. solutions graphically.

Solving x + 2 < 6: Solving x – 7 ≥ −5:

x < 4 …… (1)  x≥( ) …… (1) 
0 4 0
Solving x – 1 ≤ 1: Solving 4x ≥ 20:
x ≤ 2 …… (2)  x≥( ) ……… (2) 
0 2 0
∵ x must satisfy (1) or (2). ∵ x must satisfy (1) (2).
∴ The solutions are x < 4.  ∴ The solutions are . 
0 2 4 0

Graphical representation: Graphical representation:

0 4

54
Solve each of the following compound inequalities and represent the solutions graphically. [Nos. 5–8]
5. 3x − 2 ≥ x − 6 or x − 3 > −2 6. x + 1 < 4x − 8 or 5x + 9 < 3x + 7
Ex 2B: 2–11
Solving 3x − 2 ≥ x − 6:
2x ≥ ( )
…( ) 
0
Solving x − 3 > −2:
x>( ) …. ( ) 
0

Graphical representation:

7. 3(x − 2) < x + 2 or 4x − 5 > 11 8. 3(x + 5) > −2x or 7 – 6x ≥ −5

Level Up Question 
x+9
9. (a) Solve x − < −5 or 4 − x ≥ 8.
3
(b) Find the greatest integer satisfying the compound inequality in (a).

55
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

2 Inequalities in One Unknown

Consolidation Exercise 2B

Level 1
1. Represent the solutions of each of the following compound inequalities graphically.
(a) x > 2 or x≤1 (b) x < 2 or 3<x
(c) x ≥ 7 or x > 5 (d) x ≤ −1 or 0≥x
(e) 13 > x or x > 13 (f) x ≥ 2 or x ≤ 7

Solve each of the following compound inequalities and represent the solutions graphically. [Nos. 2–15]
2. 3x < 0 or 3 + 2x > 5 3. 6x + 14 ≤ 2 or 3x − 17 > 1

4. 1 − 3x ≥ 13 or 3 ≤ 4x − 13 5. 3x + 6 ≤ x or 2x − 1 > 9

6. 4x + 3 > 7 or 3x − 5 ≥ 10 − 2x 7. 9x + 5 < −3x − 10 or 8 − 7x ≤ −6

8. 2x − 1 ≤ 7 − 2x or −6 − 5x > 9 9. 2x − 7 < x + 2 or 3x − 4 ≤ 5x + 2

10. 5x − 4 < 17 − 2x or −x ≤ 3x − 16 11. −2 + 3x < 4x − 9 or 3x − 5 ≥ 7x + 7

12. 2x > 12 + x or 4 − 2x ≤ 5x − 3 13. 11 − x < 7x − 5 or 2x − 3 < 13 − 2x

14. 3x − 6 < 6 − x or 5−x≥x−1 15. 9 − x < −3x + 1 or 7 − 5x > −5 − 8x

16. P(6 − 3x , −4) and Q(−3 , 8 − 2x) are two points on a rectangular coordinate plane.
(a) If at least one of these two points lies in quadrant III, find the range of values of x.
(b) If Q lies above the line y = 10 or below the line y = −14, find the range of values of x.

17. The present age of Creamy is 12. She will start studying at university when she is 18 and will graduate
from there when she is 22. Suppose she is not a university student after x years (x ≥ 0).
(a) Express the age of Creamy after x years in terms of x.
(b) Find the range of possible values of x.

18. Jason has a parcel containing 3 toy cars. Each toy car weighs x kg and
the package box weighs 0.3 kg. Special
(a) Express the weight of the parcel in terms of x. Discount!!
(b) A courier company offers a special discount on parcels satisfying For parcel’s weight:
the requirement on the right. If Jason can enjoy the discount, find (i) under 1.5 kg
the range of values of x.
56
Level 2
19. Represent the solutions of the compound inequality described by each of the following sentences
graphically.
(a) x is greater than 0 or less than −5.
(b) x is at most 3 or cannot exceed 4.
(c) x is at least 1 or not less than −2.

Solve each of the following compound inequalities and represent the solutions graphically. [Nos. 20–29]
20. 3(3 − x) − 1 > x or −2x < x − 9 21. 4(3 − x) ≤ 4 − 3x or 3(x − 5) < 7 − 4(x + 2)

9 − 5 x 1 − 10 x 3− x 4 − 2x
22. > or 8 − 3x ≤ 5x + 6 23. +1 < or −19 − x ≥ 2x + 8
2 3 2 3

1 7 1− x x 7 5− x x
24. − x < − 2x or < + 25. 2(3 + x) > 3 − x or −5≥
2 2 2 3 4 3 2

x+2 x 2x − 1  1 − 2x  1 − x 1 − 2x
26. 3 − 2x ≤ or − ≥1 27. 31 − ≥ 1 or + <1
3 2 3  2  2 3

 3 − 2x  1 − 2x  2− x 2(3 − x) x
28. 3 + 1 > 5 or 2(1 − 5x) < 29. 21 + ≤x or − ≥3
 4  2  3  5 2

x +1  x−9  5x
30. (a) Solve or 10
< 4 − 3x − 7 ≤ .
2  8  6
(b) Find the maximum value of x which satisfies the compound inequality in (a).

x−3 x−2
31. (a) Solve > or 4(5 − x) ≤ 2(3 − x).
2 3
(b) Write down the smallest odd number which satisfies the compound inequality in (a).
(c) Zoey claims that the value found in (b) also satisfies the compound inequality
x−3 x−2
> and 4(5 − x) ≤ 2(3 − x). Do you agree? Explain your answer.
2 3

1 x x 1
32. (a) Solve −9x < 27 or − ≤ − .
3 9 27 3
 1 x x 1
− 9 x < 27 or 3 − 9 ≤ 27 − 3
(b) Hence, solve  .
 6 − 2 x ≥ 41 − x 
 3  3

33. (a) Solve 5 − 4x > 3(2 − x) ≥ −x.

(b) Hence, solve 5 − 4x > 3(2 − x) ≥ −x or 4 − x ≥ 2.

57
 4(3 − 2 x) ≥ 6 − 2 x

34. (a) Solve  x 3 2 x .
1 − 6 > 4 − 3
4(3 − 2 x) ≥ 6 − 2 x

(b) Hence, solve  x 3 2 x or 0 < 4 − 4x.
1 − 6 > 4 − 3

35. In the figure, the perimeter of the parallelogram ABCD is 80 cm. Let A B
AD = x cm. x cm
(a) Express the length of AB in terms of x.
(b) If AB does not exceed 10 cm or AD is shorter than one-third of D C
AB, find the range of values of x.

36. In a convex n-sided polygon, the sum of the interior angles is less than 1 080° or the number of interior
angles is at most 6. Find all the possible values of n.

37. A nutritionist recommends that people weighing below 40 kg or above 90 kg should follow a diet plan.
Jacky’s weight is x kg. Daisy’s weight is less than twice Jacky’s weight by 20 kg.
(a) Express Daisy’s weight in terms of x.
(b) Suppose Daisy is recommended to follow a diet plan.
(i) Find the range of values of x.
(ii) If Jacky’s weight is greater than 30 kg but less than 65 kg, will the nutritionist recommend
Jacky to follow a diet plan? Explain your answer.

* 38. Ricky and Candy share an amount of $200. Let $x be the amount that Ricky has.
(a) Express the amount that Candy has in terms of x.
(b) Each of them spends $30 on snacks. If at least one of them has more than $130 left, find the
range of values of x.

* 39. The figure shows the graph for a car travelling from
town X to town Y and then returning to town X during Y 48
Distance from

the period 8:00 to 9:40 in a morning. When the car

town X (km)

32
travels for t min, the distance between the car and town
X is less than 24 km. Find the range of values of t.

X 0
8:00 8:20 9:00 9:40
Time

 * 40. Consider the quadratic equation in x: 2x2 + (5 − 3k)x + 7k − 4 = 0. If the sum of roots of the equation
is greater than 2 or the product of roots does not exceed 5, how many integral values of k cannot
satisfy the conditions? Explain your answer.

58
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 2B
2. x < 0 or x > 1 3. x ≤ −2 or x > 6 30. (a) x ≤ 195 (b) 195
4. x ≤ −4 or x ≥ 4 5. x ≤ −3 or x > 5 31. (a) x > 5 (b) 7
5 (c) yes
6. x>1 7. x < − or x ≥ 2
4 32. (a) x > −3 (b) x ≥ 3
8. x≤2 9. all real numbers
33. (a) x < −1 (b) x ≤ 2
10. x < 3 or x ≥ 4 11. x > 7 or x ≤ −3 1
34. (a) − < x ≤ 1 (b) x ≤ 1
12. x ≥ 1 13. all real numbers 2
14. x ≤ 3 15. x < −4 or x > −4 35. (a) (40 − x) cm
16. (a) x > 2 (b) x < −1 or x > 11 (b) 0 < x < 10 or 30 ≤ x < 40
17. (a) x + 12 (b) 0 ≤ x < 6 or x > 10 36. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
18. (a) (3x + 0.3) kg 37. (a) (2x − 20) kg
(b) 0 < x < 0.4 or x > 1.9 (b) (i) 10 < x < 30 or x > 55
20. x < 2 or x > 3 21. x ≥ 8 or x < 2 (ii) no
22. x > −5 23. x < −7 38. (a) $(200 − x)
24. all real numbers 25. x > −1 or x ≤ −4 (b) 30 ≤ x < 40 or 160 < x ≤ 170
1 39. 0 ≤ t < 15 or 80 < t ≤ 100
26. x ≥ 1 or x ≤ −4 27. x ≥ −
6 40. 1
1 1
28. x < or x > 29. x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −2
6 6

59
 F5A: Chapter 2C
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2C Multiple Choice
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60
5A Lesson Worksheet 2.2 (Refer to Book 5A P.2.21)

Objective: To solve quadratic inequalities in one unknown by the graphical method.

Solving Quadratic Inequalities in One Unknown by the Graphical Method

The general steps of solving a quadratic inequality graphically are as follows:
Step 1: Write the corresponding quadratic function of the given inequality.
Step 2: Find the x-intercepts of the graph of the quadratic function.
Step 3: Sketch the graph of the quadratic function to show where the graph cuts the x-axis.
Step 4: Read the solutions of the quadratic inequality from the graph.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve (x + 1)(x − 2) ≥ 0 graphically. Solve (−x + 2)(x − 5) < 0 graphically.
The corresponding quadratic function is The corresponding quadratic function is
y = (x + 1)(x − 2).  Step 1 y=( )( ).  Step 1

When y = 0, (x + 1)(x − 2) = 0 When y = 0, ( )( )=0

x = −1 or 2  Step 2 x=( ) or ( )  Step 2
Since the coefficient of x2 is 1 (> 0), the graph of Since the coefficient of x2 is ___ ( > / < 0), the graph
y = (x + 1)(x − 2) opens upward. y = (x + 1)(x − 2) of y = (−x + 2)(x − 5) opens ( upward / downward ).
= x2 − x − 2
Sketch: y Sketch: y y = (−x + 2)(x − 5)
y = (x + 1)(x − 2) =

x  Step 3 x  Step 3
−1 0 2 0

From the sketch, the required solutions are From the sketch, the required solutions are
x ≤ −1 or x ≥ 2.  Step 4 .  Step 4

1. Solve x2 + 6x + 5 ≤ 0 graphically. 2. Solve −x2 − 2x + 8 > 0 graphically.
Ex 2C: 5–11

The corresponding quadratic function is

.
When y = 0,

Since the coefficient of x2 is ___ ( > / < 0), the

graph of ______________________________.
Sketch:

From the sketch,

61
Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2
Solve x2 − 2x + 3 ≥ 0 graphically. Solve −x2 + 4x − 7 > 0 graphically.
The corresponding quadratic function is The corresponding quadratic function is
2
y = x − 2x + 3.  Step 1 y=( ).  Step 1

For the equation x2 − 2x + 3 = 0, For the equation −x2 + 4x − 7 = 0,

discriminant = (−2)2 − 4(1)(3)  For ax2 + bx + c = 0, discriminant = ( )2 − 4( )( )
discriminant ∆
= −8 < 0 =( )(>/<)0
∴ ∴
= b2 − 4ac
2
The graph of y = x − 2x + 3 has no x- The graph of y = −x2 + 4x − 7
intercepts.  Step 2 ( has / has no ) x-intercepts.  Step 2
2 2
Since the coefficient of x is 1 (> 0), the graph of Since the coefficient of x is ___ ( > / < 0), the graph
y = x2 − 2x + 3 opens upward. of y = −x2 + 4x − 7 opens ( upward / downward ).
Sketch: y Sketch: y
y = x2 − 2x + 3
x
 Step 3 O  Step 3
x
O
From the sketch, the required solutions are From the sketch,
all real numbers.  Step 4 .  Step 4

3. Solve x2 + 3x + 5 < 0 graphically. 4. Solve −x2 − 2x − 6 ≤ 0 graphically.
Ex 2C: 23, 24

The corresponding quadratic function is

.
2
For the equation x + 3x + 5 = 0,
discriminant =

Since the coefficient of x2 is ___ ( > / < 0), the

graph of ______________________________.
Sketch:

From the sketch,

Level Up Question
5. Kenneth claims that the inequality x2 + 4x + 4 ≤ 0 has no solutions. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

62
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

2 Inequalities in One Unknown

Consolidation Exercise 2C

[In this exercise, leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary.]
Level 1
1. Use the given graph to solve the following quadratic inequalities. y
y = x2 − 8x + 15
2
(a) x − 8x + 15 ≤ 0
(b) x2 − 8x + 15 > 0

x
0 1 2 3 5

2. Use the given graph to solve the following quadratic inequalities. y

(a) 3 − 2x − x2 < 0 y = 3 − 2x − x2
(b) 3 − 2x − x2 ≥ 0
x
−3 0 1

Solve each of the following quadratic inequalities graphically and represent the solutions on a number line.
[Nos. 3–20]
3. 3x(x + 3) > 0 4. x(x − 12) ≤ 0

5. (x + 5)(x − 7) < 0 6. (x − 4)(2x − 5) ≥ 0

7. x2 − 4x > 0 8. x2 + 9x ≤ 0

9. x2 − 12x + 35 ≥ 0 10. x2 − 13x − 30 < 0

11. x2 > 4 12. 0 ≤ 25 − x2

13. 13x + x2 + 36 < 0 14. 4x − 32 + x2 ≥ 0

15. 6x + 27 − x2 > 0 16. 24 − x2 + 2x ≤ 0

17. x2 − 5x + 2 ≤ 0 18. 5x + x2 − 4 ≥ 0

19. −x2 − 3x − 1 > 0 20. 4 + x − x2 < 0

63
 21. Use the given graph to solve the following quadratic inequalities. y

(a) −x2 + 8x − 16 ≥ 0 x
0 4
2 y = −x2 + 8x − 16
(b) −x + 8x − 16 < 0

22. Use the given graph to solve the following quadratic inequalities. y
x
(a) −3x − x2 − 3 > 0 0
(b) −3x − x2 − 3 ≤ 0
−3

y = −x2 − 3x − 3
−3

Level 2
Solve the following quadratic inequalities graphically. [Nos. 23–36]
23. 4x2 − 11x + 7 > 0 24. 30 − 3x2 − 13x ≥ 0

25. 5x + 6x2 − 6 ≤ 0 26. 4x + 1 − 5x2 < 0

27. 3x2 − 18x + 27 > 0 28. −12x − 9 − 4x2 ≥ 0

29. 5x2 + x + 5 ≤ 0 30. 3x − x2 − 10 < 0

31. −8x < 4 − 5x2 32. 4x2 − 2x ≥ 2x + 3

33. (x + 2)(x + 3) ≤ 2 34. 3(x + 2)(x − 3) > 2(x − 8)

35. 3 − 2x < (2x + 1)(x − 1) 36. (1 − 3x)(5 − x) ≤ 2 − 9x

37. (a) Solve 8x2 + 22x − 21 ≥ 0 graphically.

(b) Using the results of (a), solve 8(2y − 1)2 + 22(2y − 1) − 21 ≥ 0.
(c) Find the largest negative integer satisfying the inequality in (b).

* 38. (a) Solve x2 − 12x − 45 < 0 graphically.

(b) Using the results of (a), solve (4z − 1)2 − 48z + 12 < 45.
(c) If k is a positive integer satisfying the inequality in (b), find the smallest value of k.

64
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 2C
1. (a) 3 ≤ x ≤ 5 7 5
23. x < 1 or x > 24. − 6 ≤ x ≤
(b) x < 3 or x > 5 4 3
3 2 1
2. (a) x < −3 or x > 1 25. − ≤x≤ 26. x < − or x > 1
2 3 5
(b) −3 ≤ x ≤ 1 27. all real numbers except 3
3. x < −3 or x > 0 4. 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 3
28. x = −
5 2
5. −5 < x < 7 6. x ≤ or x ≥ 4
2 29. no solutions
7. x < 0 or x > 4 8. −9 ≤ x ≤ 0 30. all real numbers
9. x ≤ 5 or x ≥ 7 10. −2 < x < 15 2 1 3
31. − < x < 2 32. x ≤ − or x ≥
11. x < −2 or x > 2 12. −5 ≤ x ≤ 5 5 2 2
13. −9 < x < −4 14. x ≤ −8 or x ≥ 4 1
33. −4 ≤ x ≤ −1 34. x < − or x > 2
3
15. −3 < x < 9 16. x ≤ −4 or x ≥ 6
−1− 33 −1+ 33
5 − 17 5 + 17 35. x< or x >
17. ≤x≤ 4 4
2 2 7 − 13 7 + 13
−5 − 41 −5 + 41 36. ≤x≤
18. x≤ or x ≥ 6 6
2 2 7 3
−3− 5 −3+ 5 37. (a) x ≤ − or x ≥
19. <x< 2 4
2 2 5 7
(b) y ≤ − or y ≥
1 − 17 1 + 17 4 8
20. x< or x >
2 2 (c) −2
21. (a) x = 4 38. (a) −3 < x < 15
(b) all real numbers except 4 1
(b) − < z < 4
22. (a) no solutions 2
(c) 1
(b) all real numbers

65
 F5A: Chapter 2D
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 ○ Complete and Checked
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67
 5A Lesson Worksheet 2.3A (Refer to Book 5A P.2.30)

Objective: To solve quadratic inequalities in one unknown by using compound inequalities.

Solving Quadratic Inequalities in One Unknown by Using Compound Inequalities

Let m and n be two real numbers.
m > 0 m < 0
(a) If mn > 0, then  or  .
n > 0 n < 0
m > 0 m < 0
(b) If mn < 0, then  or  .
n < 0 n > 0
If the inequality signs ‘>’ and ‘<’ are replaced by ‘≥’ and ‘≤’ respectively, the above results are still true.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve (x − 1)(x − 3) > 0 by using compound Solve (x − 2)(x + 5) ≥ 0 by using compound
inequalities. inequalities.
(x − 1)(x − 3) > 0 ( )( )≥0
x − 1 > 0 x − 1 < 0  ≥0  ≤0
 or  x > 1  or 
x − 3 > 0 x − 3 < 0  :  ≥0  ≤0
x > 3
0 1 3
x > 1 x < 1  ≥  ≤
 or  x < 1 :  or 
x > 3 x < 3   ≥  ≤
x < 3
0 1 3
x>3 or x < 1 or
∴ The solutions are x > 3 or x < 1. ∴ The solutions are .

Solve the following quadratic inequalities by using compound inequalities. [Nos. 1–4]
1. (2x − 1)(x + 2) > 0 2. x2 + x − 12 ≥ 0
Ex 2D: 1, 3

  Factorize x2 + x − 12
  first.
 

3. 2x2 − 5x + 3 > 0 4. x2 + 10x + 8 ≥ −13

Make the R.H.S.
of the inequality
equal to 0 first.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

68
Solve (x + 2)(x − 1) < 0 by using compound Solve (x − 3)(x + 5) ≤ 0 by using compound
inequalities. inequalities.
(x + 2)(x − 1) < 0 (x − 3)(x + 5) ≤ 0
x + 2 > 0 x + 2 < 0  x > −2  ≥0  ≤0
 or   :  or 
x < 1
x − 1 < 0 x − 1 > 0 −2 0 1  ≤0  ≥0
 x < −2
 x > −2  x < −2  :  ≥  ≤
 or  x > 1 −2 0 1  or 
x < 1 x > 1 (no overlapping  ≤  ≥
part)
−2 < x < 1 or no solutions or
∴ The solutions are −2 < x < 1. ∴ The solutions are .

Solve the following quadratic inequalities by using compound inequalities. [Nos. 5–8]
5. (x + 3)(3x + 2) ≤ 0 6. x2 − x − 30 < 0
Ex 2D: 2

 
 
 

7. 4x2 + 5x + 1 ≤ 0 8. x2 + 7x − 6 < 2

Level Up Question
9. If the quadratic equation x2 + kx + 2k − 3 = 0 has no real roots, find the range of values of k by using
compound inequalities.

69
 5A Lesson Worksheet 2.3B (Refer to Book 5A P.2.32)

Objective: To solve quadratic inequalities in one unknown by using the tabulation method.

Solving Quadratic Inequalities in One Unknown by Using the Tabulation Method

Step 1: Factorize the quadratic polynomial in an inequality if necessary.
Step 2: Divide the number line into intervals by using the roots of the corresponding quadratic equation in
Step 1. Use a table to determine the signs of the factors of the quadratic polynomial in each interval.
Step 3: Read the solutions from the table according to the inequality sign given.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Solve (x + 2)(x − 5) > 0 by using the tabulation Solve (x − 7)(x + 3) ≤ 0 by using the tabulation
method. method.
The roots of (x + 2)(x − 5) = 0 The roots of (x − 7)(x + 3) = 0
(x + 2)(x − 5) > 0 are −2 and 5. (x − 7)(x + 3) ≤ 0 are and .

x < −2 x = −2 −2 < x < 5 x = 5 x > 5 x < −3 x = −3 −3 < x < 7 x = 7 x > 7

x+2 − 0 + + + x−7 − −
 Step 2  Step 2
x−5 − − − 0 + x+3 − 0
(x + 2)(x − 5) + 0 − 0 + (x − 7)(x + 3) + 0

∴ The solutions are x < −2 or x > 5.  Step 3 ∴ The solutions are .  Step 3

Solve the following quadratic inequalities by using the tabulation method. [Nos. 1–4]
Ex 2D: 7−10
2
1. (x + 4)(x + 1) ≥ 0 2. x − 11x − 12 > 0 Factorize
x2 − 11x − 12
x < −4 x = −4 first.

x+4

3. 3x2 − 5x − 2 < 0 4. x2 − 7x + 6 ≤ −6 Make the R.H.S.

of the inequality
equal to 0 first.

Instant Example 2 Instant Practice 2

70
Solve x2 − 4x + 4 ≥ 0 by using the tabulation method. Solve x2 + 6x + 9 > 0 by using the tabulation method.
x2 − 4x + 4 ≥ 0 x2 + 6x + 9 > 0
Step 1: The repeated root of Step 1: The repeated root of
(x − 2)2 ≥ 0  (x − 2)2 = 0 is 2. >0  = 0 is .

x<2 x=2 x>2 x < −3 x = −3 x > −3

x−2 − 0 +  Step 2 x+3 − 0  Step 2
2 2
(x − 2) + 0 + (x + 3) +

∴ The solutions are all real numbers.  Step 3 ∴ The solutions are
.  Step 3

Solve the following quadratic inequalities by using the tabulation method. [Nos. 5–8]
Ex 2D: 11, 12

5. x2 − 10x + 25 < 0 6. x2 + 12x + 36 ≤ 0

<0

7. 4x2 + 12x + 9 < 0 8. 16x2 − 8x + 1 ≤ 0

Level Up Question

9. (a) Complete the following table.

x < −4 x = −4 −4 < x < 6 x=6 x>6

x+4 − 0 +
x−6 0 + (Use ‘+’ and ‘−’ to denote
‘positive value’ and ‘negative
(x + 4)(x − 6) value’ respectively.)
(b) Using the above table, Sara claims that there are 4 negative integers satisfying the inequality
x2 − 2x − 24 < 0. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

71
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

2 Inequalities in One Unknown

 Consolidation Exercise 2D

[In this exercise, leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary.]
Level 1
Solve the following quadratic inequalities by using compound inequalities. [Nos. 1–8]
1. (x − 6)(x + 7) < 0 2. (4x + 5)(x + 8) ≥ 0

3. x2 − 9x + 18 > 0 4. x2 + 4x − 32 ≤ 0

5. x2 > 100 6. 28 − 3x − x2 ≤ 0

7. x2 − 8x + 5 ≥ 0 8. 11 + 4x − x2 > 0

Solve the following quadratic inequalities by using the tabulation method. [Nos. 9–16]
9. (x + 5)(3x + 2) < 0 10. (3 + x)(11 − x) ≥ 0

11. x2 − 6x − 16 ≤ 0 12. x2 − 13x + 40 > 0

13. 25 < x2 14. 30 + 7x − x2 ≥ 0

15. x2 + 12x + 36 ≥ 0 16. x2 + 9 < 6x

Solve the following quadratic inequalities algebraically. [Nos. 17–22]

17. (x + 3)(x + 7) < 0 18. x2 − 12x + 20 ≥ 0

19. x2 − 4x − 45 > 0 20. −16 ≤ −x2

21. 8 + 7x − x2 < 0 22. 9x2 + 6x + 1 ≤ 0

23. If the quadratic equation x2 + (5 − k)x + 1 = 0 has two distinct real roots, find the range of values of k.

24. If the quadratic equation 4x2 − 4kx + k + 12 = 0 has no real roots, find the range of values of k.

25. If x = −2 satisfies the inequality x2 + 4kx + 5k2 > 4, find the range of values of k.

72
26. A stone is thrown upward from the top of a building onto the ground. After t seconds, the height of the
stone above the ground is (30 + 10t − 5t2) m. Find the range of values of t when the height of the stone
above the ground is less than 15 m.

27. In the figure, ABCD is a square and EFGH is a x cm E F

A B
parallelogram. If the area of ABCD is less than that
x cm 4 cm
of EFGH, find the range of values of x.

D C H (x + 8) cm G

Level 2
Solve the following quadratic inequalities algebraically. [Nos. 28–37]
28. 4x2 − 4x − 3 ≤ 0 29. 4x2 − 19x + 12 > 0

30. x2 + 6x + 11 ≤ 0 31. 1 + x − 6x2 ≥ 0

32. 7 > 4x − 2x2 33. 65 ≤ 16(x2 − 1)

34. (3x − 2)2 ≤ 9 35. 4(x − 2)(x + 1) ≤ 7

36. (2x + 3)(x + 7) > 9x 37. (3x + 1)(2x + 3) < 5x

38. (a) Solve x2 − 19x + 48 < 0 algebraically.

(b) Find the largest and the smallest integers satisfying the inequality in (a).

39. (a) Solve the following inequalities algebraically.

(i) 3(x − 1) ≥ 2x (ii) (2x + 1)(x − 5) < 13
(b) Hence, find the range of values of x satisfying both inequalities in (a).

40. (a) Solve 2(4x + 3)(x − 2) < 13 algebraically.

(b) How many positive integers satisfy the inequality in (a)?

41. If the quadratic graph of y = x2 − 4kx + (k + 14) does not have any x-intercepts, find the range of
values of k.

42. It is given that the quadratic equation in x: (k − 5)x2 + (k − 5)x − k = 0 has real root(s).
(a) Can the value of k be equal to 5? Explain your answer.
(b) Find the range of values of k.

1
43. If (2k + 1)x2 − 3kx + 4 > 0 holds for all real numbers x, where k ≠ − , find the range of values of k.
2
44. Two real numbers differ by 4. Their product is greater than their sum by at least 44. Let x be the

73
 smaller number.
(a) Find the range of values of x.
(b) If the two numbers are positive, find the minimum value of the larger number.

45. The sum of two distinct positive numbers is 8. Let x be the smaller number.
(a) Can x be greater than 4? Explain your answer.
(b) If the sum of the squares of the two numbers is not less than 50, find the range of values of x.

46. The length and the width of a rectangular field are 12 m and 4 m respectively. If its length is increased
by 2x m and its width is increased by x m, the new area of the field will be at least two times its
original area. Find the range of values of x.

47. In the figure, the length, the width and the height of a cuboid (x + 2) cm
are (x + 2) cm, (x + 1) cm and x cm respectively. (x + 1) cm

(a) Express the total surface area of the cuboid in terms of x.

x cm
(b) If the total surface area of the cuboid does not exceed
214 cm2, find the range of values of x.

* 48. In the figure, ABCDEFGH is a solid right prism. The base ABCD F G
A
of the prism is a trapezium, where ∠ABC = ∠BCD = 90° and B
∠ADC = 45°. It is given that AB = (k − 2) cm, BC = k cm and k cm
CH = 4 cm. E
45° H
(a) Express the length of DC in terms of k. D 4 cm
C
(b) If the volume of the prism is at most 320 cm3, find the
range of values of k.

* 49. Andy rides a bicycle at the speed of (x + 4) m/s for 10x seconds. The total distance travelled is less
than 600 m.
(a) Find the range of values of x.
(b) If the total distance travelled is at least 210 m, find the range of values of x.

* 50. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the straight line L are −1 and c respectively, where c is a non-zero
constant. L cuts the graph of y = x2 + 3x + 3 − c at two distinct points A and B.
(a) Express the equation of L in terms of c.
(b) Find the range of possible values of c.
(c) Let M(h , k) be the mid-point of AB. Find the range of possible values of h.

74
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 2D
5 37. no solutions
1. −7 < x < 6 2. x ≥− or x ≤ −8
4 38. (a) 3 < x < 16
3. x > 6 or x < 3 4. −8 ≤ x ≤ 4
(b) largest integer: 15, smallest integer: 4
5. x > 10 or x < −10 6. x ≥ 4 or x ≤ −7 3
39. (a) (i) x ≥ 3 (ii) − < x < 6
7. x ≥ 4 + 11 or x ≤ 4 − 11 2
8. 2 − 15 < x < 2 + 15 (b) 3 ≤ x < 6
2 5 5
9. −5 < x < − 10. −3 ≤ x ≤ 11 40. (a) − < x < (b) 2
3 4 2
11. −2 ≤ x ≤ 8 12. x < 5 or x > 8 7
41. − <k<2
13. x < −5 or x > 5 14. −3 ≤ x ≤ 10 4
42. (a) no (b) k ≤ 1 or k > 5
15. all real numbers 16. no solutions
4
17. −7 < x < −3 18. x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 10 43. − <k<4
9
19. x < −5 or x > 9 20. −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 44. (a) x ≤ −8 or x ≥ 6
1
21. x < −1 or x > 8 22. x = − (b) 10
3
45. (a) no (b) 0 < x ≤ 1
23. k < 3 or k > 7 24. −3 < k < 4
8 46. x ≥ 2
25. k < 0 or k > 26. t > 3
5 47. (a) (6x2 + 12x + 4) cm2
1 3 (b) 0 < x ≤ 5
27. 0 < x < 8 28. − ≤x≤
2 2 48. (a) (2k − 2) cm (b) 2 < k ≤ 8
3
29. x < or x > 4 30. no solutions 49. (a) 0 < x < 6 (b) 3 ≤ x < 6
4
1 1 50. (a) cx − y + c = 0
31. − ≤x≤ 32. all real numbers
3 2 (b) c < −3 or c > 1
9 9 1 5 (c) h < −3 or h > −1
33. x ≤ − or x ≥ 34. − ≤ x ≤
4 4 3 3
3 5
35. − ≤x≤ 36. all real numbers
2 2

75
 F5A: Chapter 3A
Date Task Progress

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○ Problems encountered
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76
5A Lesson Worksheet 3.0 (Refer to Book 5A P.3.3)

Objective: To review the basic concepts of functions and transformations in a rectangular coordinate plane.

Functions

1. Consider the function y = 5x. 2. Consider the function y = −x + 1.
Review Ex: 1

(a) Complete the table below. (a) Complete the table below.
x −1 0 1 2 x −1 0 1 2
y y
(b) Draw the graph of the function y = 5x for (b) Draw the graph of the function y = −x + 1
−1 ≤ x ≤ 2. for −1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
y

10

x
–1 0 1 2
Choose a
–5 suitable scale
for the x-axis
and the y-axis.

Find the domain of each of the following functions. [Nos. 3–6]

6x
3. f(x) = x − 5 4. g( x ) =
Review Ex: 2
1− x
∵ The value of ( ) under the radical
∵ The value of the denominator ( )
sign cannot be ( ).
∴ ( )≥0
∴
cannot be (
( )≠0
).

x≥( )
∴ The domain is all real numbers greater
∴ The domain is
x≠( )

than or equal to ( ).
.

x2 − 9
5. f(x) = 2 x − 3 6. g( x ) =
x+4

77
Transformations in a Rectangular Coordinate Plane
The following tables show the new position after a point (x , y) is translated by n units or reflected in the x-
axis / the y-axis.
(a) Translation (b) Reflection
Direction of Coordinates of new Axis of Coordinates of new
translation position reflection position
To the right (x + n , y) The x-axis (x , −y)
To the left (x − n , y) The y-axis (−x , y)
Upward (x , y + n)
Downward (x , y − n)

In each of the following, find the coordinates of Q. [Nos. 7–10]
Review Ex: 3, 4
7. A point P(3 , 7) is translated upward by 10 units 8. A point P(6 , −5) is translated to the left by
to point Q. 7 units to point Q.

Coordinates of Q = ( , ) 7
10
= ( , )

9. A point P(2 , 1) is reflected in the x-axis to 10. A point P(−3 , 4) is reflected in the y-axis to
point Q. point Q.
Coordinates of Q = ( , )

11. A point X(−2 , 1) is translated downward by 12. A point A is translated to the left by 5 units to
4 units to point Y, and then translated to the point B, and then reflected in the y-axis to point
right by 6 units to point Z. Find the coordinates C(3 , 6). Find the coordinates of A.
of Y and Z.
Let (x , y) be the coordinates of A.

Level Up Question

13. A point A(−3 , 1) is translated to the right by 9 units to point B, and then translated downward by
4 units to point C. A point P(5 , 3) is reflected in the x-axis to point Q. Is CQ a horizontal line?
Explain your answer.

78
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

3 More about Graphs of Functions

Consolidation Exercise 3A

Level 1
1. Write down the domain of each of the following functions.

(a) y (b) y (c) y

y = 4 − (x + 2)2

x x
O 0
−360° −180° 180° 360°
x y = −2x − 5
O y = sin x

(d) y y = tan x  (e) y  (f) y

y = 1.5x

x
0 90° 180° 270° 360° x x
O O
y = log0.5 x

2. In each of the following functions, determine whether its graph is a straight line or a curve. State
whether the graph passes through the origin or not.
(a) y = 5 − 5x (b) y = (x − 1)2 − 1
2
 1 1
(c) y =  x +  + (d) y = sin x
 3 9
x
 (e) y = 3  (f) y = log4 x

3. In each of the following functions, determine whether the maximum value or minimum value exists.
If so, state whether it is the maximum value or the minimum value.
(a) y = x2 − 4x + 5 (b) y = cos x
−x
 (c) y = 6  (d) y = log0.1 x
4. Write down the axis of symmetry of each of the following quadratic graphs.

(a) y (b) y
3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 −3 −2 −1 1
−1 −1

79
 5. Write down the period of each of the following functions.
(If the function does not have such a feature, write down the word ‘none’.)
(a) y  (b) y
y = cos x
1 y = 2x

x
0
180° 360° 540° 720° x
O
−1

6. Write down the maximum value / minimum value of each of the following functions and the axis of
symmetry of the corresponding graph.
(a) y = 2x2 + 8 (b) y = −2(x − 3)2 − 6
(c) y = 3(x − 5)2 − 7 (d) y = −4(x + 1)2 + 13

For each of the following functions,

(a) find the x-intercept(s) and y-intercept of its graph,
(b) hence, sketch the graph of the function. [Nos. 7–10]
7. y=x 8. y=4−x

9. y = −3x + 2 10. y = 2x − 6

For each of the following functions,

(a) find the direction of opening, the coordinates of the vertex and the axis of symmetry of its graph,
(b) hence, sketch the graph of the function. [Nos. 11–14]
11. y = 3x2 − 3 12. y = −x2 + 1

13. y = 4 − (x + 3)2 14. y = −4(x − 1)2 − 6

 15. The figure shows the graph of the function y = cx, where c is a constant. The y graph
cuts the y-axis at D(0 , d).
(a) Find the coordinates of D.
(b) Is it possible that c + d > 2? Explain your answer.
y = cx
D x
O

 16. The figure shows the graph of the function y = logp x, where p is a constant. The y
y = logp x
graph cuts the x-axis at the point Q.
(a) Find the coordinates of Q.
(b) Q is translated to the right by 2 units to point R(r , s). Is it true that x
O Q
pr > 3? Explain your answer.
Level 2
80
 Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. [Nos. 17–26]
3 + 4x
17. y = 5 − 6x 18. y =
5

19. y = 2(x + 3)2 + 2 20. y = 9 − 4(x − 1)2

21. y = 3(2x − 3)2 − 12 22. y = sin x, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 540°

 23. y = 8x  24. y = 0.52x

 25. y = log6 x  26. y = log0.5 x

27. Consider the function y = 4x2 − 8x + 3.

(a) Find the x-intercepts and the y-intercept of the graph of the function.
 (b) By the method of completing the square, express the function in the form y = a(x − h)2 + k, where
a, h and k are constants.
(c) Hence, sketch the graph of y = 4x2 − 8x + 3.

28. Consider the function y = 13 + 12x − x2.

(a) Find the x-intercepts and the y-intercept of the graph of the function.
 (b) By the method of completing the square, express the function in the form y = a(x − h)2 + k, where
a, h and k are constants.
(c) Hence, sketch the graph of y = 13 + 12x − x2.

x
 29. In the figure, the graph of y = 0.25 cuts the y-axis at P(0 , 1). The graphs of y = y 0.25x and
another function y = f(x) are the images of each other when reflected in the
y =y-0.25x axis. The
graphs of y = f(x) and another function y = g(x) are the images of each other when
reflected in the line y = x. P(0 , 1)
(a) Write down the functions f(x) and g(x).
x
(b) Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) in the same figure. 0
1
*(c) Q is a point on the graph of y = g(x), where Q has the same y-coordinate as P. R is a point
on the straight line
3x − 2y + 6 = 0. If PQ ⊥ QR, find the coordinates of R.

81
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3A
1. (a) all real numbers 2
9. (a) x-intercept: , y-intercept: 2
(b) all real numbers 3
10. (a) x-intercept: 3, y-intercept: −6
(c) all angles
(d) all angles except ± 90°, ± 270°, … 11. (a) direction of opening: upward,
coordinates of vertex: (0 , −3),
(e) all real numbers
axis of symmetry: x = 0
(f) all positive real numbers
12. (a) direction of opening: downward,
2. (a) straight line, no (b) curve, yes
coordinates of vertex: (0 , 1),
(c) curve, no (d) curve, yes
axis of symmetry: x = 0
(e) curve, no (f) curve, no
13. (a) direction of opening: downward,
3. (a) yes, minimum value
coordinates of vertex: (−3 , 4),
(b) yes, both maximum and minimum
axis of symmetry: x = −3
values exist
(c) no (d) no
14. (a) direction of opening: downward,
4. (a) x = 3 (b) x = −1.5
coordinates of vertex: (1 , −6),
5. (a) 360° (b) none
axis of symmetry: x = 1
6. (a) minimum value: 8,
15. (a) (0 , 1) (b) no
axis of symmetry: x = 0
16. (a) (1 , 0) (b) yes
(b) maximum value: −6,
1 3
axis of symmetry: x = 3 27. (a) x-intercepts: , ; y-intercept: 3
2 2
(c) minimum value: −7, 2
(b) y = 4(x − 1) − 1
axis of symmetry: x = 5 28. (a) x-intercepts: −1, 13; y-intercept: 13
(d) maximum value: 13, (b) y = −(x − 6)2 + 49
axis of symmetry: x = −1 29. (a) f(x) = 4x, g(x) = log4 x
7. (a) x-intercept: 0, y-intercept: 0 (c) (4 , 9)
8. (a) x-intercept: 4, y-intercept: 4

82
 F5A: Chapter 3B
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83
5A Lesson Worksheet 3.2 (Refer to Book 5A P.3.15)

Objective: To solve equations f(x) = k by using the graph of y = f(x).

Solving Equations by Using Graphs of Functions

(a) The roots of an equation f(x) = 0 are the x-intercepts of the graph of y = f(x).
(b) The roots of an equation f(x) = k are the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of
y = f(x) and y = k.
(c) If the graphs of y = f(x) and y = k do not have any point of intersection, then the equation f(x) = k
has no real roots or no real solutions.

In each of the following, use the given graph(s) to find the roots of the corresponding equation. [Nos. 1–2]
1. −x2 + 6x − 5 = 0 2. cos x = 0.5, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
Ex 3B: 1, 2
y y
y = −x2 + 6x − 5 1
y = cos x
4

2 y = 0.5
x
x 0 120° 240° 360°
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2
−1

From the graph, the x-intercepts are ( ) and The two graphs intersect at ( , ) and
( ). ( , ).
∴ The required roots are ( ) and ( ). ∴ The required roots are .

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

By adding a suitable straight line on the given graph, By adding a suitable straight line on the given graph,
solve x2 − 5x + 4 = −1.6. solve tan x = 2, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.
y y = x2 − 5x + 4 y y = tan x
4
x
0 1 2 3 4 2
x
–1 0 90° 180° 270° 360°
–2
y = −1.6 –4
–2

Draw the straight line on the graph.

Draw the straight line y = −1.6 on the graph.
The two graphs intersect at ( , ) and
The two graphs intersect at (1.7 , −1.6) and
( , ).
(3.3 , −1.6).
∴ The required roots are 1.7 and 3.3.
∴ The required roots are ( ) and
( ).

84
 Solve the following equations by adding suitable straight lines on the given graphs. [Nos. 3–6]
3. x3 + 2x2 − 2x − 3 = 0.8  4. 2x = 1.5
Ex 3B: 4−8
y y
1 y = 2x

2
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
−1 1

−2
x
0
−1 1
−3
y = x3 + 2x2 − 2x − 3

Draw the straight line on the graph.

The two graphs intersect at
.

 5. 5 log2 x = 1 6. f(x) + 0.7 = 0, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
Ex 3B: 13

y y
y = log2 x
1 1

x
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.5 1 1.5 2
−1
−1 y = f(x)
−2
Rewrite the given equation
in the form log2 x = k, Rewrite the given equation
where k is a constant. in the form f(x) = k, where
k is a constant.

Level Up Question

7. The figure shows the graph of y = f(x). On the graph, y

add a straight line

(a) y = k1 such that f(x) = k1 has two real roots,
(b) y = k2 such that f(x) = k2 has one real root,
(c) y = k3 such that f(x) = k3 has no real roots. y = f(x)
x
O

85
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

3 More about Graphs of Functions

Consolidation Exercise 3B

Level 1
1. In each of the following, use the given graph to find the roots of the corresponding equation.
(a) −2x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 (b) −x3 + 9x = 0
y y
y = −2x2 + 5x + 7 y = −x3 + 9x
10 10

5 5

x x
0 0
−1 1 2 3 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−5 −5

−10 −10

(c) 3x3 + 4x2 − 7x = 0 (d) 2 sin x = 0, where −90° ≤ x ≤ 450°

y y
10 2
y = 2 sin x
5 1

x x
0 0
−3 −2 −1 1 2 −90° 90° 180° 270° 360° 450°
−5 −1

−10 −2
3 2
y = 3x + 4x − 7x

2. In each of the following, use the given graphs to find the roots of the corresponding equation.
(a) x2 + 8x + 11 = 4 (b) −3x2 + 7x + 8 = 15
y y
y=4 y = 15
4 15

2 10
y = −3x2 + 7x + 8
x 5
0
−8 −6 −4 −2 2
−2 x
−1 0 1 2 3 4
−4 −5
2
y = x + 8x + 11

86
 (c) 2x3 − 7x + 2 = 4 (d) −4 sin2 x = −2.5, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
y y
6 x
0
y=4 90° 180° 270° 360°
4 −1

2 −2

x −3 y = −2.5
0
−2 −1 1 2
−2 −4
y = −4 sin2 x
3
y = 2x − 7x + 2

3. Use the given graphs to find the roots of the following equations. y

(a) −2x3 − 5x2 + 3x = 0 5

(b) −2x3 − 5x2 + 3x = −19 x
0
−3 −2 −1 1 2
−5

−10
y = −2x3 − 5x2 + 3x
−15

y = −19 −20

4. Use the given graphs to find the roots of the following equations. y

(a) −x3 + 2x2 + 8x − 8 = 13 15 y = 13

(b) −x3 + 2x2 + 8x − 8 = −12.5 10 y = −x3 + 2x2 + 8x − 8

x
0
−2 2 4 6 8
−5

−10 y = −12.5

5. The figure shows the graph of y = −x2 + 2x + 7. Solve the following y

y = −x2 + 2x + 7
equations by adding suitable straight lines on the given graph. 8
(a) −x2 + 2x + 7 = 7 6
(b) −x2 + 2x + 7 = 4
4

x
−1 0 1 2 3 4
−2

87
 6. The figure shows the graph of y = x3 − 2x. Solve the following y
equations by adding suitable straight lines on the given graph.
2
(a) x3 − 2x = 1.5
(b) x3 − 2x = −1 1

x
0
−1 1 2
−1
y = x3 − 2x

7. The figure shows the graph of y = sin 2x, where −180° ≤ x ≤ 180°. y y = sin 2x
1
Solve the following equations by adding suitable straight lines on the
given graph. 0.5
(a) sin 2x = 0.8
x
(b) sin 2x = −0.6 0
−180° −90° 90° 180°
−0.5

−1

8. The figure shows the graph of y = cos2 x, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°. Use y

the graph to solve the following equations.
1 y = cos2 x
2
(a) cos x = 0.5
(b) cos2 x = 1.2 0.5

x
0
90° 180° 270° 360°

 9. Use the given graph to solve the following equations. y

10
(a) 3x = 7 y = 3x
(b) 3x = 2.5
5

x
0
1 2

 10. Use the given graph to solve the following equations. y

(a) log0.7 x = −2
2
(b) log0.7 x = 1.4
x
0
2 4 6
−2

−4
y = log0.7 x
88
 11. The graph of y = 2x2 − 5x + 1 is drawn in the rectangular coordinate plane. For each of the following
equations, find a straight line which should be added on the graph of y = 2x2 − 5x + 1 in order to solve
the equation.
(a) 2x2 − 5x = 0
(b) 2x2 − 5x + 5 = 0
(c) 2x2 − 5x − 2 = 0

12. The graph of y = −x2 + 4x + 2 is drawn in the rectangular coordinate plane. For each of the following
equations, find a straight line which should be added on the graph of y = −x2 + 4x + 2 in order to solve
the equation.
(a) −x2 + 4x = 0
(b) −x2 + 4x − 2 = 0
(c) −x2 + 4x + 6 = 3

Level 2
13. The figure shows the graphs of y = 2 cos x (where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°), y
y = 2 and y = −1.4. Use the graphs to solve the following equations. y=2
2
(a) 2 cos x − 2 = 0
(b) 10 cos x + 8 = 1 x
0
90° 180° 270° 360°
−2 y = −1.4
y = 2 cos x

 14. The figure shows the graphs of y = 0.25x, y = 0.4 and y = 0.75. Use y
the graphs to solve the following equations.
1
y = 0.75
(a) 0.25x − 0.4 = 0
(b) 0.25x − 1 − 3 = 0 0.5 y = 0.4

y = 0.25x
x
0 0.5 1 1.5

15. The figure shows the graph of y = f(x), where −4 ≤ x ≤ 5. Add a y

suitable straight line on the graph to solve the following equations.
2
(a) f(x) + 1.8 = 0
(b) −f(x) = −1.6 x
0
−2 2 4
(c) 10f(x) − 5 = 1
−2
y = f(x)

89
16. The figure shows the graph of y = x3 − 4x2. Use the graph to solve the y y = x3 − 4x2
following equations. 0 x
(a) x3 − 4x2 + 10.5 = 0 −2 2 4
(b) x3 − 4x2 + 3 = 0 −3

−6

−9

17. The figure shows the graph of y = 3x3 − 2x2 − 4. Use the graph to y
y = 3x3 − 2x2 − 4
solve the following equations.
5
(a) 3x3 + 5x2 = 7x2 + 9
(b) 3x2(x − 1) = −x2 − 4 x
0
−1 1 2
−5

−10

18. The figure shows the graph of y = −x3 − 3x2 + 5. Use the graph to y
solve the following equations.
4
y = −x3 − 3x2 + 5
(a) x3 + 3x2 − 4 = 2
(b) 2x3 − 3 = 5 − 6x2 2

x
0
−2 2 4
−2

19. The figure shows the graph of y = f(x), where −4 ≤ x ≤ 6. y

y = f(x)
(a) Add a suitable straight line on the graph to solve the
5
equation f(x) = −3.
(b) If the equation f(x) = k has two distinct real roots, where x
0
−4 −2 2 4 6
k is a positive constant and −4 ≤ x ≤ 6, find the value of k.
−5

−10

90
20. The figure shows the graph of y = sin x − cos x, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.
y
y = sin x − cos x
1

x
0
60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°
−1

(a) Add a suitable straight line on the graph to solve the equation sin x − cos x = 0.8.
(b) If the equation sin x − cos x = k has three distinct real roots, where k is a constant and 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°,
find the value of k and solve the equation sin x − cos x = k.

21. The manager of a factory investigates the relationship between the profit ($y) and the number (x) of
machines operated per day. He finds that the relationship can be represented by
3
y = − x3 + 34x2 − 275x − 1 800. By adding suitable straight lines on the graph of
5
3
y = − x3 + 34x2 − 275x − 1 800 (where x ≥ 0) given below, answer the following questions.
5
y

5 000 3 3
y=− x + 34x2 − 275x − 1 800
5
4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000

x
0
10 20 30 40 50
−1 000

−2 000

(a) Find the number of machines operated per day if the factory
(i) makes a profit of $2 200,
(ii) loses $1 800.
(b) Can the factory make a profit of $5 000? Explain your answer.

91
 22. In the figure, the rectangular cardboard ABCD with length (16 − 4x) cm and width x cm is folded up
and stuck on a square cardboard to form a box without a lid. Let V(x) cm3 be the capacity of the box.

(16 − 4x) cm B A, B
A
x cm x cm
C, D
D C

(a) (i) Express V(x) in terms of x.

(ii) Find the range of possible values of x.
(b) The figure below shows the graph of y = V(x) for x ≥ 0.
y
10 y = V ( x)
8

x
0
1 2 3 4 5

Using the graph, find the values of x such that the capacity of the box is
(i) 4 cm3,
(ii) 7 cm3.

*23. In the figure, ABCD and DEFG are rectangles. AB = 10 cm, A 10 cm B

BC = 5 cm, DG = 2DE and AE = x cm, where 0 < x < 5. x cm
F
(a) Show that the area of rectangle DEFG is 2(x − 10x + 25) cm . 2 2 5 cm
E
(b) Show that the area of △CFG is (5x − x ) cm .
2 2
D G C
(c) The figure below shows the graph of y = 3x2 − 25x + 50.
y
y = 3x2 − 25x + 50
15

10

x
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Using the graph, find the value of x such that

(i) the areas of rectangle DEFG and △CFG are the same,
(ii) the area of rectangle DEFG is greater than that of △CFG
by 9.5 cm2.

92
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3B
1. (a) −1.0, 3.5 (b) −3, 0, 3 12. (a) y = 2 (b) y = 4
(c) −2.3, 0.0, 1.0 (d) 0°, 180°, 360° (c) y = −1
2. (a) −7, −1 13. (a) 0°, 360° (b) 135°, 225°
(b) no roots 14. (a) 0.65 (b) 0.20
(c) −1.7, −0.3, 2.0 15. (a) 4.2 (b) −3.0
(d) 54°, 126°, 234°, 306° (c) −2.0
3. (a) −3.0, 0.0, 0.5 (b) 1.7 16. (a) −1.4 (b) −0.8, 1.0, 3.8
4. (a) −3.0 (b) −1.4, −0.8, 4.2 17. (a) 1.7 (b) −0.9
5. (a) 0.0, 2.0 (b) −1.0, 3.0 18. (a) 1.2 (b) −2.0, 1.0
6. (a) 1.7 (b) −1.6, 0.6, 1.0 19. (a) 0.0, 5.2 (b) 3.5
7. (a) −153°, −117°, 27°, 63° 20. (a) 78°, 192°
(b) −72°, −18°, 108°, 162° (b) k = −1; 0°, 270°, 360°
8. (a) 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° 21. (a) (i) 22, 42 (ii) 0, 10, 47
(b) no roots (b) no
9. (a) 1.8 (b) 0.8 22. (a) (i) V(x) = x3 − 8x2 + 16x
10. (a) 2.0 (b) 0.6 (ii) 0 < x < 4
11. (a) y = 1 (b) y = −4 (b) (i) 0.3, 2.8 (ii) 0.6, 2.2
(c) y = 3 23. (c) (i) 3.3 (ii) 2.2

93
 F5A: Chapter 3C
Date Task Progress

○ Complete and Checked

Lesson Worksheet ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)

○ Complete
Book Example 5 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
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○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 7 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete
Book Example 8 ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
3C Level 1
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
3C Level 2
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
3C Multiple Choice
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
○ Complete and Checked Mark:
E-Class Multiple Choice
○ Problems encountered
Self-Test
○ Skipped _________

94
5A Lesson Worksheet 3.3 (Refer to Book 5A P.3.27)

Objective: To solve inequalities f(x) > k, f(x) < k, f(x) ≥ k and f(x) ≤ k by using the graph of y = f(x).

Solving Inequalities by Using Graphs of Functions

(a) The solutions of f(x) > k are the range of the corresponding values of x such that the graph of y = f(x)
is above the straight line y = k.
(b) The solutions of f(x) < k are the range of the corresponding values of x such that the graph of y = f(x)
is below the straight line y = k.
If the inequality sign ‘>’ or ‘<’ is replaced by ‘≥’ or ‘≤’ respectively, then the solutions also include the x-
coordinate(s) of the point(s) of intersection.

In each of the following, solve the inequality by using the given graphs. [Nos. 1–2]
Ex 3C: 3−6
2 3 2
1. 4x − 12x + 3 > −2 2. x + 2x − 5x − 1 ≤ 5
y y

y = x3 + 2x2 − 5x − 1 10
4 2
y = 4x − 12x + 3
x 5
0 y=5
1 2 3
y = −2 x
–4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2

From the graphs, the required solutions are

.

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

The figure shows the graph of y = x2 − 4x. Use the graph The figure shows the graph of y = sin x, where
to solve x2 − 4x ≥ −2. 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°. Use the graph to solve sin x > 0.8.
y y
4 1
y = x2 − 4 x
2 y = sin x
x x
0 1 2 3 4 0 90° 180° 270° 360°
−2 y = −2
−4 −1

Draw the straight line y = −2 on the graph of Draw the straight line y = ( ) on the graph of
y = x2 − 4 x. y = sin x.
From the graphs of y = x2 − 4x and y = −2, the From the graphs of y = sin x and ,
required solutions are x ≤ 0.6 or x ≥ 3.4. the required solutions are .

95
 Solve the following inequalities by adding suitable straight lines on the given graphs. [Nos. 3–6]
3. 5x − 2x2 > −1  4. 5x > −0.6
Ex 3C: 7−11
y y

y = 5x
2 2

x 1
0
1 2 3

−2 x
−1 0 1
y = 5 x − 2 x2

Draw the straight line on the

graph of y = 5x − 2x2.

5. –1 ≤ tan x ≤ 2, where −90° < x < 90° 6. −2 cos x ≤ 1.4, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
y y = tan x y
y = −2 cos x
2
2
x
0 90° 180° 270° 360°
x
−90° −45° 0 45° 90°
−2
−2

How many straight

lines should be
drawn?

Level Up Question

 7. In the figure, the straight line y = 1 and the graph of y = log2 x intersect y
at (2 , 1). John claims that the solutions for log2 x ≤ 1 are x ≤ 2. Do you
(2 , 1)
agree? Explain your answer.
y=1

x
O

y = log2 x

96
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

3 More about Graphs of Functions

Consolidation Exercise 3C

Level 1
1. f(x) = x − 5 is a linear function. The figure shows the graph of y = f(x). Which y

range(s) ( ,① ② or ③) of values of x give(s) the solutions of ②

(a) x − 5 ≤ 0? x
(b) x − 5 ≥ 0? ①
O
③

y=x−5

2. Consider the function f(x) = x3 − 2x2 + 1. The figure shows the graph of y

① ②, ③ or ④) of values of x give(s) the solutions of

y = x3 − 2 x2 + 1
y = f(x). Which range(s) ( ,
3 2
(a) x − 2x + 1 > 0? ① ③
x
(b) x3 − 2x2 + 1 < 0? O
② ④

3. Use the given graphs to solve the inequalities below.

(a) −x2 − 3x + 3 < 5 (b) x2 − 3x − 7 > −10
y y

6 5
y = x2 − 3 x − 7
y=5
4 x
0
−2 2 4
2 −5

x −10
0 y = −10
−4 −2
y = −x2 − 3x + 3

(c) x2 − 2x ≤ 3 (d) x3 − 9x + 15 ≥ 15
y y

4 20
y = 15
y=3
2 10
y = x2 − 2 x
y = x3 − 9x + 15
x x
0 0
2 4 −2 2 4

97
4. Use the given graphs to solve the inequalities below.
(a) 3 cos 2x > −2.4, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° (b) 4 sin 2x ≥ 3.2, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°

y y
y = 3 cos 2x
4 y = 3.2
2
2
x
0
90° 180° 270° 360° x
0
−2 90° 180° 270° 360°
y = −2.4 −2

−4 y = 4 sin 2x

x
1
 (c)   ≤ 16  (d) 9x < 27
 4
y y
y = 16
15 30 y = 27

10 20
x
1 5 10
y =  y = 9x
4
x x
0 0
−2 −1 1 0.5 1 1.5

5. Use the given graphs to solve the inequalities below. y

(a) f(x) < −10
5
(b) f(x) ≥ −10 y = f(x)

x
0
2 4 6
−5

−10
y = −10

6. Use the given graphs to solve the inequalities below. y

(a) f(x) ≤ 8
10 y=8
(b) f(x) > 8
5

x
−10 −5 0
5
−5
y = f(x)

98
7. Use the given graphs to solve the inequalities below.
(a) f(x) < 10 (b) f(x) ≥ 8
y y
11 y = 10
y=8

x x
0 0
−9 −5 1 5 −10 2 13 21

y = f(x) y = f(x)

8. The figure shows the graphs of y = f(x) and y = −3. The two graphs y
intersect at the points (3 , −3) and (−1.4 , −3). Write down the x
O
solutions of each of the following inequalities.
(a) f(x) < −3 y = −3
(b) f(x) ≥ −3 (−1.4 , −3) (3 , −3)

y = f(x)

9. The figure shows the graph of y = −x2 + 2x + 15. Use the given graph y
y = −x2 + 2x + 15
to solve the inequalities below.
15
(a) −x2 + 2x + 15 > 16
(b) −x2 + 2x + 15 < 7 10

x
0
−2 2 4

10. The figure shows the graph of y = 2x3 − 4x2 + 4. Use the given graph y y = 2 x3 − 4 x2 + 4
to solve the inequalities below.
4
(a) 2x3 − 4x2 + 4 > 4
(b) 2x3 − 4x2 + 4 ≤ 2 2

x
−1 0
1 2
−2

99
 11. The figure shows the graph of y = 3 cos x, where −180° ≤ x ≤ 180°. y
4
Solve each of the following inequalities by adding a suitable straight
y = 3 cos x
line on the graph of y = 3 cos x. 2
(a) 3 cos x ≤ 1
x
(b) 3 cos x > −1.4 0
−180° −90° 90° 180°
−2

−4

12. The figure shows the graph of y = 2 sin x − 1, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°. y

1
Solve each of the following inequalities by adding a suitable straight
line on the graph of y = 2 sin x − 1. x
0 90° 180° 270° 360°
(a) 2 sin x − 1 ≥ 0.4
(b) 2 sin x − 1 < −1.9 −1

−2

−3
y = 2 sin x − 1

 13. The figure shows the graph of y = 0.5x. Use the given graph to solve y
the inequalities below.
6
(a) 0.5x < 2
(b) 0.5x ≥ 6 4

2
y = 0.5x
x
0
−2 −1 1

 14. The figure shows the graph of y = log3 x. Use the given graph to solve y
the inequalities below. y = log3 x
1
(a) log3 x > −1.5
(b) log3 x ≤ −0.5 x
0
1 2 3
−1

−2

100
Level 2
15. The figure shows the graphs of y = f(x) and y = −2. The coordinates of the y

4 points of intersection P, Q, R and S are (−13 , −2), (−9 , −2), (−3 , y = f(x)

−2) and (2 , −2) respectively. Write down the solutions of each of the
following inequalities. x
O
(a) f(x) + 2 ≤ 0
(b) f(x) + 2 > 0 P Q R S y = −2

16. The figure shows the graph of y = −5x2 + 8x + 18. By adding a suitable straight line on the given graph,
solve −5x2 + 8x + 36 ≤ 0.
y
y = −5x2 + 8x + 18
20

10

x
0
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−10

−20

17. The figure shows the graph of y = x3 + 8x2 + 5x − 17. By y

y = x3 + 8x2 + 5x − 17
adding a suitable straight line on the given graph, solve
30
x3 + 8x2 + 5x > 33.
20

10

x
−6 −4 −2 0 2
−10

18. The figure shows the graph of y = x3 − x2 − 4x − 7. By adding y

y = x3 − x2 − 4 x − 7
suitable straight lines on the given graph, solve the following
inequalities. 10

(a) x3 − x2 − 4x ≥ 3
x
(b) x3 − x2 < 4(x − 1) −2 0
2 4

−10

101
19. The figure shows the graph of y = −x3 + 7x2 − 6x − 11. By y y = −x3 + 7x2 − 6x − 11
adding suitable straight lines on the given graph, solve the 10
following inequalities.
(a) x3 − 7x2 + 6x + 6 > 0 5

(b) 2x3 − 14x2 + 12x ≤ −29

x
0
2 4 6 8
−5

−10

20. The figure shows the graph of y = −2x3 + 11x2 − 13x − 11. By y
adding suitable straight lines on the given graph, solve the
5
following inequalities.
(a) 11x2 − 13x > 2x3 + 5 x
0
1 2 3 4
(b) −4x3 − 31 ≤ 2x(13 − 11x)
−5

−10

−15
y = −2x3 + 11x2 − 13x − 11

21. In the figure, the graphs of y = 2x2 − 4x − 11 and y = −5 intersect at two y points A and B.
(a) Find the coordinates of A and B.
(b) Hence, solve the following inequalities. x
2
O
(i) 2x − 4x − 11 > −5
(ii) x2 − 2x ≤ 3 A B y = −5

y = 2x2 − 4x − 11

22. In the figure, the graphs of y = x3 − x2 − 6x + 4 and y = 4 intersect at three points y P, Q

and R.
y=4
(a) Find the coordinates of P, Q and R.
P Q R
(b) Hence, solve 2(x3 − 6x + 2) + 1 ≥ 2x2 + 5.
x
O

y = x3 − x2 − 6 x + 4

102
23. Let f(x) = 2x3 + 8x2 − 2x + k, where k is a constant. The graph of y = f(x) passes through (2 , 33).
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) The figure below shows the graph of y = f(x).
y
y = f(x)
10

x
0
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
−5

−10

Use the given graph to solve the following inequalities.

(i) x3 + 4x2 − x ≥ 4
(ii) 4x3 + 16x2 − 4x < 31

24. The total amount y million dollars in an investment plan after y

x years is given by y = f(x). The figure shows the graph of
15
y = f(x). If the total amount in the investment plan is more
than 10
13 million dollars, use the given graph to find the range of
5 y = f(x)
values of x.
x
0
5 10 15 20

25. Let x be the number of workers in a factory and $y be the y

corresponding daily profit. The relationship between x and y y = x3 − 15x2 − 250x − 12 000
30 000
can be represented by y = x3 − 15x2 − 250x − 12 000. The
figure shows the graph of the function. 20 000
(a) If the daily profit of the factory is positive, use the given
10 000
graph to find the minimum number of workers in the
factory. x
0
10 20 30 40
(b) Can the factory lose more than $18 000 per day?
−10 000
Explain your answer.

103
*26. In Fig. I, BCDF is a rectangular card with perimeter 30 cm. It is divided into a triangle and a
trapezium, where BF = 2x cm, EF = x cm and 0 < x < 5. Let A cm2 be the area of the trapezium BCDE.
y
B C y = −x2 + 6x + 2
10
2
2x cm A cm
5
E
F D
x cm x
Fig. I 0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. II

(a) Express A in terms of x.

(b) Fig. II shows the graph of y = −x2 + 6x + 2. By adding suitable straight lines on the graph, find the
range(s) of values of x such that the area of the trapezium BCDE is
(i) greater than 40 cm2, (ii) less than or equal to 35 cm2.

*27. Fig. I shows a cup in the shape of an inverted right circular cone of base radius 6 cm and height 18 cm,
and a cylindrical can of base radius 7 cm. The depth of water in the cup is 6x cm (where 0 < x < 3) and
1 
the depth of water in the can is  x + 6  cm.
 7 
(a) Express, in terms of x and π,
(i) the volume of water in the cup, (ii) the volume of water in the can.
(b) The water in both the cup and the can shown in Fig. I will be poured into two empty bowls which
are in the shape of a hemisphere of radius 3x cm (see Fig. II). It is known that the two bowls will
not be both fully filled.
(i) Show that 4x3 − x − 42 > 0.
(ii) Fig. III shows the graph of y = 4x3 − x for x ≥ 0. By adding a suitable straight line on the graph,
find the range of values of x such that the two bowls will not be both fully filled.

y
6 cm y = 4 x3 − x
7 cm
100

80
18 cm 1 
 x + 6  cm
6x cm 7  60
Fig. I
40

3x cm 3x cm 20

x
0
1 2 3
Fig. II Fig. III

104
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3C
1. (a) ①, ② (b) ③ 14. (a) x > 0.2 (b) 0 < x ≤ 0.6
2. (a) ②, ④ (b) ①, ③ 15. (a) −13 ≤ x ≤ −9 or −3 ≤ x ≤ 2
3. (a) x < −2 or x > −1 (b) x < −13 or −9 < x < −3 or x > 2
(b) all real numbers 16. x ≤ −2.0 or x ≥ 3.6
(c) −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 17. −6.4 < x < −3.2 or x > 1.6
(d) −3 ≤ x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 3 18. (a) x ≥ 2.8
4. (a) 0° ≤ x < 72° or 108° < x < 252° or (b) x < −2.0 or 1.0 < x < 2.0
288° < x ≤ 360° 19. (a) −0.6 < x < 1.8 or x > 5.8
(b) 27° ≤ x ≤ 63° or 207° ≤ x ≤ 243° (b) x ≤ −1.0 or 2.6 ≤ x ≤ 5.4
(c) x ≥ −2.0 20. (a) x < −0.3 or 2.5 < x < 3.3
(d) x < 1.50 (b) x ≥ −0.7
5. (a) x < −1 or 3 < x < 5 21. (a) A(−1 , −5), B(3 , −5)
(b) −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 or x ≥ 5 (b) (i) x < −1 or x > 3
6. (a) −11.0 ≤ x ≤ −3.5 or x ≥ 3.0 (ii) −1 ≤ x ≤ 3
(b) x < −11.0 or −3.5 < x < 3.0 22. (a) P(−2 , 4), Q(0 , 4), R(3 , 4)
7. (a) x < −5 or x > 1 (b) −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 3
(b) x ≤ −10 or 2 ≤ x ≤ 13 23. (a) −11
8. (a) −1.4 < x < 3 (b) (i) −4.0 ≤ x ≤ −1.0 or x ≥ 1.0
(b) x ≤ −1.4 or x ≥ 3 (ii) x < −3.7 or −1.6 < x < 1.3
9. (a) no solutions 24. x > 18
(b) x < −2.0 or x > 4.0 25. (a) 34 (b) no
2
10. (a) x > 2.0 26. (a) A = −5x + 30x
(b) x ≤ −0.6 or 1.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.6 (b) (i) 2.0 < x < 4.0
11. (a) −180° ≤ x ≤ −72° or 72° ≤ x ≤ 180° (ii) 0 < x ≤ 1.6 or 4.4 ≤ x < 5
(b) −117° < x < 117° 27. (a) (i) 8πx3 cm3
12. (a) 45° ≤ x ≤ 135° (b) 207° < x < 333° (ii) 7π(x + 42) cm3
13. (a) x > −1.0 (b) x ≤ −2.6 (b) (ii) 2.2 < x < 3

105
 F5A: Chapter 3D
Date Task Progress

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106
 ○ Complete
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○ Skipped
(Video Teaching)

○ Complete and Checked

Consolidation Exercise ○ Problems encountered
○ Skipped
(Full Solution)
○ Complete and Checked
Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
3D Level 1
○ Skipped
Signature ( )
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Maths Corner Exercise
○ Problems encountered
Teacher’s ___________
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○ Skipped
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○ Problems encountered
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3D Multiple Choice
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E-Class Multiple Choice
○ Problems encountered
Self-Test
○ Skipped _________

107
 5A Lesson Worksheet 3.4A(I) (Refer to Book 5A P.3.39)

 Objective: To recognize the translation of functions (upward or downward).

Translating Upward or Downward: f(x) → f(x) ± k

Transformation on f(x) Algebraic expression Example

y
Translate upward by k units y = f(x) + k
f(x) + k
(k > 0)
y = f(x)
k units
x
O
Translate downward by k units k units
f(x) − k
(k > 0) y = f(x) − k

In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a translation to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). State the direction and distance of the translation, and express g(x) in terms of f(x).
[Nos. 1–4]
Ex 3D: 4, 5

1. y 2. y
(1 , 2)
(2 , 2)
3 units y = f(x)
y = g ( x)
x Point (2 , 2) is translated
O O ( upward / downward ) by
x
(1 , −1) (2 , 0) units to point (2 , 0).
y = f(x) y = g ( x)

Direction: Direction:
Distance: Distance:
g(x) = f(x) + g(x) =

3. y 4. y
(–90° , 3) y = g ( x)
y = f(x) 3

2
x
O
1
(–90° , −3) y = g ( x) y = f(x)
x
−2 −1 0 1

Direction: Direction:
Distance: Distance:
g(x) = g(x) =
108
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1
The graph of y = f(x) = x2 + 2 becomes the graph of y = The graph of y = f(x) = x2 + 3x + 1 becomes the graph of
g(x) after each of the following transformations. Find the y = h(x) after each of the following transformations. Find
function g(x). the function h(x).
(a) Translate upward by 4 units. (a) Translate downward by 5 units.
(b) Translate downward by 3 units. (b) Translate upward by 2 units.
(a) y
(a) g(x) = f(x) + 4 (a) y (a) h(x) = f(x) ( + / − ) y = f(x)
y = g(x)
= x2 + 2 + 4 =
x
2
O
=x +6 =
y = f(x) y = h(x)
(b) g(x) = f(x) – 3 x (b) h(x) = f(x) ( + / − )
O
= x2 + 2 – 3 =
= x2 – 1 =

5. The graph of y = f(x) = x − 2 is translated 6. The graph of y = f(x) = x3 − 2x2 + x + 3 is

upward by 3 units to become the graph of translated downward by 8 units to become the
y = g(x). Find the function g(x). graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
y y = g(x)

Ex 3D: 7
g(x) =

x
O
y = f(x)

7. The graph of y = f(x) = 2 cos x – 8 becomes the 8. The graph of y = f(x) = 2x + 5 becomes the
graph of y = g(x) after each of the following graph of y = g(x) after each of the following
transformations. Find the function g(x). transformations. Find the function g(x).
(a) Translate upward by 7 units. (a) Translate downward by 1 unit.
(b) Translate downward by 2 units. (b) Translate upward by 6 units.

Level Up Question

9. In the figure, the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of the quadratic y
6
function y = f(x) are (0 , 1). The graph of y = f(x) is translated upward
by 3 units to become the graph of y = h(x).
4
(a) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = h(x).
(b) Sketch the graph of y = h(x) on the given figure. 2 y = f(x)

109 x
−2 0 2
 5A Lesson Worksheet 3.4A(II) (Refer to Book 5A P.3.41)

Objective: To recognize the translation of functions (to the left or to the right).

Translating to the Left or Right: f(x) → f(x ± k)

Transformation on f(x) Algebraic expression Example

y
Translate to the left by k units y = f(x)
f(x + k)
(k > 0) k units
y = f(x + k) y = f(x − k)
x
Translate to the right by k units O
f(x − k)
(k > 0) k units

In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a translation to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). State the direction and distance of the translation, and express g(x) in terms of f(x).
[Nos. 1–4]
Ex 3D: 6

1. y 2. y
y = g ( x) y = f(x)

(0 , 1) 2 units
(2 , 1) y = g ( x) Point (−1 , 1) is translated
to the ( left / right ) by
x (−1 , 1) units to point (4 , 1).
O (4 , 1)
y = f(x) x
O

Direction: Direction:
Distance: Distance:
g(x) = f(x + ) g(x) =

3. y 4. y
y = g ( x) y = f(x)
y = f(x) 2
(−3 , 2) 1
(0 , 2)
x x
O −1 0 1 2 3
−1
y = g ( x)

Direction: Direction:
Distance: Distance:
g(x) = g(x) =

110
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1
The graph of y = f(x) = x + 2 becomes the graph of The graph of y = f(x) = x − 3 becomes the graph of
y = g(x) after each of the following transformations. Find y = h(x) after each of the following transformations.
the function g(x). Find the function h(x).
(a) Translate to the left by 3 units. (a) Translate to the right by 4 units.
(b) Translate to the right by 6 units.
(a) y (b) Translate to the left by 8 units. (a) y
y = f(x)
(a) g(x) = f(x + 3) y = g(x) (a) h(x) = f(x ( + / − ) )
y = f(x) x
O
=x+3+2 x =
O y = h(x)
=x+5 =
(b) g(x) = f(x − 6) (b) h(x) = f(x ( + / − ) )
=x−6+2 =
=x−4 =

6. The graph of y = f(x) = x2 + 5 is translated to

5. The graph of y = f(x) = 2x − 1 is translated to
the left by 4 units to become the graph of
the right by 3 units to become the graph of
y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
Ex 3D: 8, 9
y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
(a + b)2
g(x) = = a2 + 2ab + b2

7. The graph of y = f(x) = 3x + 2 becomes the 8. The graph of y = f(x) = 1 − sin x becomes the
graph of y = g(x) after each of the following graph of y = g(x) after each of the following
transformations. Find the function g(x). transformations. Find the function g(x).
(a) Translate to the right by 2 units. (a) Translate to the left by 80°.
(b) Translate to the left by 1 unit. (b) Translate to the right by 40°.

Level Up Question

9. The graph of y = f(x) = x2 − 2x − 1 is translated to the right by 3 units to become the graph of y = g(x).
Then the graph of y = g(x) is translated upward by 4 units to become the graph of y = h(x). Find h(x).

111
 5A Lesson Worksheet 3.4B (Refer to Book 5A P.3.43)

Objective: To recognize the reflection of functions in the x-axis and the y-axis.

Reflection in the x-axis and the y-axis: f(x) → −f(x) and f(x) → f(−x)

Transformation on f(x) Algebraic expression Example

y
y = f(x)

Reflect in the x-axis −f(x) x

O
y = −f(x)

y
y = f(−x) y = f(x)

Reflect in the y-axis f(−x)

x
O

In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a reflection to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). State the axis of reflection and express g(x) in terms of f(x). [Nos. 1–4]
Ex 3D: 10–13

1. y 2. y

(2 , 2)
y = f(x) (−3 , 1) (3 , 1)
x x
O
y = g ( x) O
(2 , −2)
y = f(x) y = g ( x)

Axis of reflection: Axis of reflection:

g(x) = g(x) =

3. y 4. y
y = g ( x)
y = f(x)
2
(−a , b) (a , b)
1
x x
O 0 1 2 3
−1
y = g ( x)
−2
y = f(x)

Axis of reflection: Axis of reflection:

g(x) = g(x) =

113
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1
The graph of y = f(x) = 2x − 1 becomes the graph of y = The graph of y = f(x) = 2 − 3x becomes the graph of y =
g(x) after each of the following transformations. Find the h(x) after each of the following transformations. Find the
function g(x). function h(x).
(a) Reflect in the x-axis. (a) Reflect in the y-axis.
(b) Reflect in the y-axis. (b) Reflect in the x-axis.

(a) g(x) = −f(x) (a) y (a) h(x) = (a) y

y = f(x)
= −(2x − 1) =
x x
= −2 x + 1 O = O
y = g(x)
(b) g(x) = f(−x) (b) h(x) = y = h(x) y = f(x)

= 2(−x) − 1 =
= −2 x – 1 =

5. The graph of y = f(x) = x2 + 3x − 6 is reflected 6. The graph of y = f(x) = −2x2 − 4x + 1 is reflected

in the x-axis to become the graph of y = h(x). in the y-axis to become the graph of y = h(x).
Find the function h(x). Find the function h(x).

h(x) =

7. The graph of y = f(x) = tan x + 4 becomes the 8. The graph of y = f(x) = 1 – 2x becomes the
graph of y = g(x) after each of the following graph of y = g(x) after each of the following
transformations. Find the function g(x). transformations. Find the function g(x).
(a) Reflect in the x-axis. (a) Reflect in the y-axis.
(b) Reflect in the y-axis. (b) Reflect in the x-axis.

Level Up Question

9. The graph of y = f(x) = x2 − 4x + 5 is translated to the left by 4 units to become the graph of y = g(x).
Peter claims that the graph of y = g(x) can also be obtained by reflecting the graph of y = f(x) in the y-
axis. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

114
 5A Lesson Worksheet 3.4C(I) (Refer to Book 5A P.3.45)

Objective: To recognize the enlargement or reduction of functions along the y-axis.

Enlargement or Reduction along the y-axis: f(x) → kf(x)

Transformation on f(x) Algebraic expression Example

y y = kf(x)
Enlarge to k times (k > 1) the
kf(x) (k > 1)
original along the y-axis y = kf(x)
(0 < k < 1)
x
Reduce to k (0 < k < 1) of the O
kf(x)
original along the y-axis y = f(x)

In each of the following [Nos. 1–4], the graph of the function y = f(x) is enlarged to k times the original or
reduced to k of the original along the y-axis to become the graph of the function y = g(x).
(a) State whether the transformation is an enlargement or a reduction.
(b) Write down the value of k.
(c) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).

1. y 2. y
y = g ( x)
(1 , 9)
(i) The x-intercepts of
the two graphs are
y = f(x) ( the same / different ). (−1 , 4)
y = g ( x) (ii) The y-coordinate of
(1 , 3) y = f(x)
point (1 , 9) is ____ (−1 , 2)
x times that of point
O x
(1 , 3). O

(a) (a)

(b) k = (b) k =

(c) g(x) = (c) g(x) =

3. y 4. y
2 y = f(x)
(a , b)
O x
y = g ( x) x
0 180° 360°
(a , 3b) y = g ( x)
−2
y = f(x)

(a) (a)

(b) k = (b) k =

(c) g(x) = (c) g(x) =

115
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1
The graph of y = f(x) = x2 − 2 becomes the graph of The graph of y = f(x) = 4x2 + 8x + 4 becomes the graph of
y = g(x) after each of the following transformations. y = h(x) after each of the following transformations. Find
Find the function g(x). the function h(x).
(a) Enlarge to 3 times the original along the y-axis. 1
(a) Reduce to of the original along the y-axis.
1 4
(b) Reduce to of the original along the y-axis.
2 (b) Enlarge to 1.5 times the original along the y-axis.

(a) g(x) = 3f(x) (a) ( ) (a)

y (a) h ( x) = f(x) y
( ) y = f(x)
= 3(x2 − 2)
y = f(x) ( )
= 3 x2 − 6 O x = ( )
( ) y = h(x)
1 O
x
(b) g(x) = f(x) y = g(x) =
2
1 2 (b) h(x) = ( )f(x)
= (x − 2)
2 =( )( )
x2 =
= −1
2

1
5. The graph of y = f(x) = 3 sin x + 2 is enlarged 6. The graph of y = f(x) = 6 − 5x is reduced to of
5
to 2 times the original along the y-axis to
the original along the y-axis to become the
become the graph of y = g(x). Find the function
graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
g(x).

g(x) =

1
7. The graph of y = f(x) = log x is enlarged to 6 8. The graph of y = f(x) = 2x is reduced to of
2
times the original along the y-axis to become
the original along the y-axis to become the
the graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).

am ÷ an = am − n

Level Up Question

9. The figure shows the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x). Sandy claims that the y
graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by enlarging the graph of y = f(x) to
(1 , 2)
2 times the original along the y-axis. Do you agree? Explain your answer. y = f(x)
y = g ( x)
(1 , 1)
x
O

116
 5A Lesson Worksheet 3.4C(II) (Refer to Book 5A P.3.47)

Objective: To recognize the enlargement or reduction of functions along the x-axis.

Enlargement or Reduction along the x-axis: f(x) → f(kx)

Transformation on f(x) Algebraic expression Example

1 y
Reduce to (k > 1) of the y = f(kx)
k f(kx) y = f(x)
(0 < k < 1)
original along the x-axis

1 x
Enlarge to times (0 < k < 1) O
k f(kx) y = f(kx)
the original along the x-axis (k > 1)

In each of the following [Nos. 1–4], the graph of the function y = f(x) is enlarged to k times the original or
reduced to k of the original along the x-axis to become the graph of the function y = g(x).
(a) State whether the transformation is an enlargement or a reduction.
(b) Write down the value of k.
(c) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).

1. y 2. y
(i) The y-intercepts of (150° , 2)
the two graphs are
y = g ( x)
( the same / different ).
(300° , 2)
(ii) The x-coordinate of x
(6 , 3) point (6 , 3) is ____
O
(2 , 3) y = g ( x)
x times that of point
O (2 , 3).
y = f(x) y = f(x)

(a) (a)

(b) k = (b) k =

(c) g(x) = (c) g(x) =

3. y 4. y
y = f(x) 4
3
y = f(x)
x
−4 −1 0 y = g ( x) 2
1
x
y = g ( x) −2 −1 0 1 2

(a) (a)

(b) k = (b) k =

(c) g(x) = (c) g(x) =

117
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1
The graph of y = f(x) = 9x + 5 becomes the graph of The graph of y = f(x) = 4 − x2 becomes the graph of y=
y = g(x) after each of the following transformations. Find h(x) after each of the following transformations. Find the
the function g(x). function h(x).
(a) Enlarge to 3 times the original along the x-axis. 1
(a) Reduce to of the original along the x-axis.
1 2
(b) Reduce to of the original along the x-axis.
5 (b) Enlarge to 6 times the original along the x-axis.

 x (a) (a) h(x) = f( x) (a)

(a) g ( x) = f  y y = f(x) y
3 =4−( )2 y = f(x)
 x =
= 9  + 5 y = g(x)
3 x
x   O
= 3x + 5 O (b) h(x) = f   y = h(x)
 
(b) g(x) = f(5x) 2
 
= 9(5x) + 5 = 4 −  
 
= 45x + 5
=

1
5. The graph of y = f(x) = log4 x is reduced to 6. The graph of y = f(x) = cos (2x + 10°) is enlarged
3
to 2 times the original along the x-axis to become
of the original along the x-axis to become the
the graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).

g(x) =

7. The graph of y = f(x) = 2x2 + x − 8 is reduced to 8. The graph of y = f(x) = 1 − 32x is enlarged to
1 8 times the original along the x-axis to become
of the original along the x-axis to become
4 the graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).
the graph of y = g(x). Find the function g(x).

Level Up Question

1
9. The graph of y = f(x) = x2 is reduced to of the original along the x-axis to become the graph of
2
y = g(x). Can the graph of y = g(x) be obtained after the graph of y = f(x) is enlarged along the y-axis?
Explain your answer.

118
 New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 5A

3 More about Graphs of Functions

 Consolidation Exercise 3D

Level 1
1. In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a transformation to become the
graph of the function y = g(x). Express g(x) in terms of f(x).
(a) The graph of y = f(x) is translated to the left by 4 units to become the graph of y = g(x).
(b) The graph of y = f(x) is translated upward by 2 units to become the graph of y = g(x).
(c) The graph of y = f(x) is reflected in the x-axis to become the graph of y = g(x).
(d) The graph of y = f(x) is reflected in the y-axis to become the graph of y = g(x).
1
(e) The graph of y = f(x) is reduced to of the original along the x-axis to become the graph of
5
y = g(x).
(f) The graph of y = f(x) is enlarged to 4 times the original along the y-axis to become the graph of
y = g(x).

2. The graph of the function y = f(x) is translated downward by 3 units to become the graph of y = g(x).
(a) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).
(b) Complete the following table.
f(x) 4 0
g(x) 3 −7

3. The graph of the function y = f(x) is reflected in the x-axis to become the graph of y = g(x).
(a) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).
(b) Complete the following table.
f(x) 6 −1
g(x) −4 5

1
4. The graph of the function y = f(x) is reduced to of the original along the y-axis to become the graph
3
of y = g(x).
(a) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).
(b) Complete the following table.
f(x) 9 6
g(x) −4 −6

119
5. Let f(x) = sin x. The graph of the function y = f(x) becomes the graph of the function y = g(x) after
each of the transformations below. Find g(x).
(a) Translate to the left by 30°.
1
(b) Reduce to of the original along the x-axis.
4

6. Let f(x) = log 5x. The graph of the function y = f(x) becomes the graph of the function y = g(x) after
each of the transformations below. Find g(x).
(a) Reflect in the y-axis.
(b) Translate downward by 1 unit.

7. Let f(x) = 7x. The graph of the function y = f(x) becomes the graph of the function y = g(x) after each
of the transformations below. Find g(x).
(a) Reflect in the x-axis.
(b) Enlarge to 2 times the original along the x-axis.

In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a translation to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). State the direction and the distance of the translation, and express g(x) in terms of f(x).
[Nos. 8–11]

8. y 9. (−1 , 5) y
y = g ( x)
y = g ( x)
y = f(x)
(−1 , 2)

x x
O O
y = f(x)
(4 , −2)

(2 , −2)

10. y 11. y
y = f(x)

(4 , 3)
(0 , 3)
(−4 , 6) y = g ( x)
x
O
y = f(x)
y = g ( x) x
O
(−4 , −3)

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In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a translation to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). Find the function g(x). [Nos. 12–15]
12. y 2 13. y
y = f(x) = −x + 4x + 9

(4 , 9)
y = g ( x)

(4 , 2) (7 , 3)
x (−2 , 3)
O
y = g ( x) x
O

y = f(x) = −x + 1

14. y 15. y
y = g ( x)
y = g ( x)
x
(2 , 1) O
(−0.5 , −4)
x (4 , −4)
O
y = f(x) = 2x − 12
(2 , −5)
y = f(x) = x3 − 5x − 3

In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a reflection to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). State the axis of reflection and express g(x) in terms of f(x). [Nos. 16–19]
16. y 17. y

(−4 , 3) (4 , 3) y = f(x) (2 , 8)

x x
O O
y = g ( x) y = f(x)
y = g ( x)
(2 , −8)

18. y 19. y
(a , b)
y = g ( x)

x
O

y = f(x) y = g ( x)
O y = f(x)
x
(a , −b)
(−4 , −7) (4 , −7)

121
In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a reflection to become the graph of
the function y = g(x). Find the function g(x). [Nos. 20–21]
20. y 21. y y = f(x) = x2 − 3
(−4 , 13)

(−6 , 6) (6 , 6)

x x
O O

y = g ( x) y = f(x) = −2x − 6
(−4 , −13) y = g ( x)

y enlarging and
22. In the figure, the graphs of y = g(x) and y = h(x) are obtained by
3
reducing the graph of y = f(x) = −x along the x-axis respectively. Find g(x) and h(x).
x
0
1 2 4

−8 y = g ( x)

y = h(x) y = f(x) = −x3

23. The figure shows the graph of the function y = g(x) after enlarging or y
y = f(x)
reducing the graph of the function y = f(x).
(4 , 3)
(a) State whether it is an enlargement or a reduction along the x-axis or (8 , 3)y-
axis. x
O
(b) Express g(x) in terms of f(x).
y = g ( x)

y
24. In the figure, the graph of the function y = f(x) = x3 − 4x2 − 5x − 1 is
enlarged or reduced to become the graph of y = g(x). x
O y = g ( x)
(a) Describe the transformation. (4 , −7)

(b) Find g(x).

(4 , −21)

y = f(x) = x3 − 4x2 − 5x − 1

122
25. In the figure, the graph of the function y = f(x) = x3 + kx2 − 2x − 1 is enlarged y or2 − 2x − 1
y = f(x) = x3 + kx
reduced to become the graph of y = g(x), where k is a constant. (−1 , 4)
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) Find g(x).
x
O
(−1 , 1)

y = g ( x)

Level 2
26. According to the information given below, the graph of the function y = f(x) undergoes a
transformation to become the graph of y = g(x). Does the transformation involve a translation, a
reflection or a reduction?
(a) f(x) = 9x + 6, g(x) = 3x + 2 (b) f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = 2x2 − 3x + 1
x x
(c) f(x) = 4x, g(x) = 16x (d) f(x) = log , g(x) = log
x +1 x −1
(e) f(x) = cos x, g(x) = cos (50° + x)

In each of the following, the graph of the function y = f(x) is first transformed to become the graph of y =
g(x) and then to the graph of y = h(x) (indicated by the dotted lines and arrows in the figure). Describe the
two transformations, and express g(x) and h(x) in terms of f(x). [Nos. 27–32]
27. y 28. y
(−5 , 15)

① ②
(10 , 15)
y = h ( x)

(−5 , 0)
(−2 , 6) y = f(x)

② O
x

x
O
y = g ( x) y = g ( x) y = f(x) y = h ( x)
(−2 , −3) ① (0 , −3)

29. y 30. y
y = g ( x) y = f(x)
y = f(x)
(2 , 2)
①
O ① x
O
x
(−4 , −2) (6 , −2) (−2 , −2) (2 , −2)
② y = h ( x) ② y = g ( x)
y = h ( x)
(6 , −10)

123
31. y 32. y
y = g ( x)
y = h ( x)
(4 , 8) y = h ( x)
(−a , 7 − b)
②
(a , 7 − b)

①
O ① x
O
x
y = g ( x)
②
(−a , −b)
(4 , −8) (18 , −8) y = f(x)
y = f(x)

33. In the figure, the graph of y = g(x) is obtained by enlarging or reducing the y graph of y =
y = h ( x) y = g ( x)
f(x) = 2x. Then, the graph of y = g(x) is enlarged or reduced to become the (1 , 8) (2 , 8)
graph of y = h(x). Describe the two transformations and write down the
function h(x).

(2 , 4)
y = f(x) = 2x
x
O

In each of the following, write down the function represented by the final graph. [Nos. 34–37]
34. The graph of y = sin x is first translated downward by 4 units and then translated to the left by 70°.

35. The graph of y = 5x is first translated to the right by 6 units and then translated upward by 3 units.

36. The graph of y = x2 − 7 is first enlarged to 3 times the original along the y-axis and then translated to
the left by 8 units.

1
37. The graph of y = 1 − (x + 1)2 is first reduced to of the original along the x-axis, then translated
2
upward by 5 units and finally reflected in the y-axis.

38. The graph of y = f(x) = x2 + 6x + 4 is translated to the right by 6 units to become the graph of y =
g(x). Jim claims that the graph of y = g(x) can also be obtained by reflecting the graph of y = f(x) in the
y-axis. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

1
39. The graph of y = f(x) = log3 x is first reduced to of the original along the x-axis and then translated
2
upward by 1 unit to become the graph of y = g(x).
(a) Find g(x).
(b) Kyle claims that the graph of y = g(x) can be obtained by transforming the graph of y = f(x)
only once. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

124
In each of the following, write down the transformations involved in the graph of y = f(x). [Nos. 40–42]
40. A function is transformed from y = f(x) to y = f(x − 2) and then to y = f(x − 2) + 1.

41. A function is transformed from y = f(x) to y = f(x + 4) and then to y = f(4 − x).

42. A function is transformed from y = f(x) to y = f(3x) and then to y = 5f(3x).

Each of the figures below shows the graph of a function y = f(x). Sketch on the same figure the graph of
y = h(x) after two transformations of the graph of y = f(x) and mark on the figure the new position and
coordinates of the given point. [Nos. 43–44]
1
43. Reduce to of the original along the y-axis 44. Reflect in the x-axis first. Then translate
3
first. Then translate to the right by 3 units. upward by 2 units.

y y
25 6

20 4
(1 , 18) y = f(x)
15 2

10 x
0
y = f(x) −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
5 −2
(1 , −2)
x −4
0
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−5 −6

45. Consider the function f(x) = 2x2 + 12x − 9. y

(a) Rewrite f(x) into the form of a(x − h)2 + k (where a, h and 20
k are constants) by using the method of completing the 15
square.
10
(b) The figure shows the graph of y = x2. By considering the
y = x2 5
2
transformations of the graph of y = x , sketch the graph of
x
y = f(x). 0
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−5

−10

125
 46. The figure shows the graph of y = a cos (x + b°), where a is a constant and −90 < b < 90. It is given
that the graph of y = cos x undergoes two transformations to become the graph of y = a cos (x + b°).
y
y = a cos (x + b°)

110° x
0

−4

(a) Describe the two transformations.

(b) Write down the values of a and b.

* 47. In the figure, the graph of y = f(x) = a(x − 2)(x + b) cuts the x-axis at two distinct points, where a, b are
integers and −8 < b < a < 8. The graph of y = f(x) is first reflected in the x-axis, then translated to the
left by 5 units and finally translated upward by 1 unit to become the graph of y = k(x).
y
y = f(x) = a(x − 2)(x + b)

x
O

(a) Express k(x) in terms of a, b and x.

(b) If the graph of y = k(x) passes through (−5 , −15), how many possible sets of values of a and
b are there? Explain your answer.

* 48. Let f(x) = r(x − a)(x − b)(x − c), where a, b, c and r are real numbers, r ≠ 0 and a < b < c. The figure
shows the graph of y = f(x).
y
y = f(x)

x
−4 0 1 3

(a) Write down the values of a, b and c.

(b) The graph of y = f(x) is translated horizontally to become the graph of y = g(x). Explain how
the transformation can be performed such that the greatest root of the equation g(x) = 0 is 0.
(c) The graph of y = f(x) is translated downward by k units to become the graph of y = h(x), where
k > 0. If h(1) = −30 and h(−2) = 0, find h(x).
126
* 49. In the figure, the graph of y = f(x) = −x2 + 6x − 5 cuts the x-axis at the points A and B.
y
y = g ( x)

x
O
P A B Q
y = f(x)

(a) Find the length of AB.

(b) The graph of y = f(x) is translated upward by k units to become the graph of y = g(x), where k > 0.
The graph of y = g(x) cuts the x-axis at the points P and Q.
(i) Express g(x) in terms of k and x.
(ii) Express the length of PQ in terms of k.
(iii) Suppose AB + PQ = 12.
(1) Find the value of k.
(2) The graph of y = g(x) is enlarged to s times the original along the y-axis to become
the graph of y = h(x), where s > 1. The graph of y = h(x) cuts the x-axis at the points P′
and Q′. Describe how the length of P′Q′ changes when s increases. Explain your answer.

127
Answers
Consolidation Exercise 3D
1. (a) g(x) = f(x + 4) 1
22. g(x) = − x 3 , h(x) = −8x3
(b) g(x) = f(x) + 2 8
23. (a) an enlargement along the x-axis
(c) g(x) = −f(x)
1 
(d) g(x) = f(−x) (b) g(x) = f  x 
2 
(e) g(x) = f(5x) 1
24. (a) reduced to of the original along
(f) g(x) = 4f(x) 3
2. (a) g(x) = f(x) − 3 the y-axis
(b) f(x) 6 4 0 −4 1 4 5 1
(b) g(x) = x 3 − x 2 − x −
g(x) 3 1 −3 −7 3 3 3 3
25. (a) 1
3. (a) g(x) = −f(x)
(b) g(x) = 4x3 + 4x2 − 8x − 4
(b) f(x) 6 4 −1 −5
26. (a) a reduction along the y-axis
g(x) −6 −4 1 5
(b) a reflection along the y-axis
1
4. (a) g(x) = f(x) (c) a reduction along the x-axis
3
(b) f(x) 9 6 −12 −18 (d) a reflection along the y-axis
g(x) 3 2 −4 −6 (e) a translation along the x-axis

5. (a) g(x) = sin (x + 30°) 27. first translated to the left by 2 units,
(b) g(x) = sin 4x then translated upward by 9 units;

6. (a) g(x) = log (−5x) g(x) = f(x + 2), h(x) = f(x + 2) + 9

(b) g(x) = log 5x − 1 28. first translated upward by 15 units,

7. (a) g(x) = −7x then translated to the right by 15 units;

x g(x) = f(x) + 15, h(x) = f(x − 15) + 15
(b) g(x) = 7 2
29. first translated to the right by 10 units,
8. translated to the left by 2 units; g(x) = f(x + 2)
then translated downward by 8 units;
9. translated upward by 3 units; g(x) = f(x) + 3
g(x) = f(x − 10), h(x) = f(x − 10) − 8
10. translated to the right by 4 units; g(x) = f(x −
30. first reflected in the x-axis,
4)
then reflected in the y-axis;
11. translated downward by 9 units; g(x) = f(x) −
g(x) = −f(x), h(x) = −f(−x)
9
31. first reflected in the x-axis,
12. g(x) = −x2 + 4x + 2
then translated to the right by 14 units;
13. g(x) = −x + 10
g(x) = −f(x), h(x) = −f(x − 14)
14. g(x) = x3 − 5x + 3
32. first translated upward by 7 units,
15. g(x) = 2x − 3
then reflected in the y-axis;
16. y-axis; g(x) = f(−x)
g(x) = f(x) + 7, h(x) = f(−x) + 7
17. x-axis; g(x) = −f(x)
33. first enlarged to 2 times the original along
18. y-axis; g(x) = f(−x)
the
19. x-axis; g(x) = −f(x)
1
20. g(x) = 2x − 6 y-axis, then reduced to of the original
2
21. g(x) = −x2 + 3 along
128
 the x-axis; h(x) = 22x + 1 along the y-axis, then translated to the
34. y = sin (x + 70°) − 4 left by 70°
x−6
35. y = 5 +3 (or first translated to the left by 70°,
36. y = 3(x + 8)2 − 21 then enlarged to 4 times the original
2
37. y = 6 − (1 − 2x) along the y-axis)
38. yes (b) a = 4, b = 70
39. (a) g(x) = log3 (2x) + 1 47. (a) k(x) = −a(x + 3)(x + 5 + b) + 1
(b) yes (b) 1
40. first translated to the right by 2 units, 48. (a) a = −4, b = 1, c = 3
then translated upward by 1 unit (b) translated to the left by 3 units
41. first translated to the left by 4 units, (c) h(x) = (x + 4)(x − 1)(x − 3) − 30
then reflected in the y-axis 49. (a) 4
1 (b) (i) g(x) = −x2 + 6x − 5 + k
42. first reduced to of the original along the
3 (ii) 16 + 4 k
x-axis, then enlarged to 5 times the original
(iii) (1) 12
along the y-axis
(2) remain unchanged as 8 units
45. (a) f(x) = 2(x − 3)2 − 9
46. (a) first enlarged to 4 times the original

129