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Subnetting
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Subnetting:
• IP Subnetting is a process of dividing a large IP network into smaller IP networks.
• In Subnetting we create multiple small manageable networks from a single large IP network.
• To best utilize available addresses if we put more than 16000000 hosts in a single network, due to
broadcast and collision, that network will never work.
• If we put less hosts then remaining addresses will be wasted.
• Subnetting provides a better way to deal with this situation.
• Subnetting allows us to create smaller networks from a single large network which not only fulfill our
hosts’ requirement but also offer several other networking benefits.
• In computer networking, Subnetting is used to divide a large IP network in smaller IP networks known
as subnets.
• A default class A, B and C network provides 16777214, 65534, 254 hosts respectively. Having so many
hosts in a single network always creates several issues such as broadcast, collision, congestion, etc.
• As we know default subnet mask for all class. Class A subnet mask default is 255.0.0.0 or /8,Class B
default is 255.255.0.0 or /16 and Class C is 255.255.255.0 or /24.
• It is the process of Dividing a single Network into Multiple Networks converting host bits into
Network bits that is Converting 0’s into 1’s.
Subnetting can be perform in two ways:
1. FLSM (Fixed Length subnet Mask).
2. VLSM (Variable Length subnet Mask).
Subnetting can be done based on requirement.
Benefits of Subnetting:
• Reduce Broadcast.
• Reduce Network Complexity.
• Shortage of IP address solve.
• Improve Security.
• Improve Network Performance.
• Improve Network Management.
Pre requisites for Subnetting:
• Binary Numbers System.
• Decimal Numbers System.
• Binary to Decimal Conversion.
• Decimal to Binary Conversion.
• IPV4 Address (Class A, B, and C)
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• Basic Mathematics
Subnetting Terminology:
Subnet Mask: A mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to.
Subnetting: The Process of dividing a network into small network sections is called subnetting.
CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing simply represents the number of bits used for the subnet mask. For
example, /8, /14, /16 etc.
FLSM: Fixed-Length Subnet Masks all subnets will have same number of available hosts addresses.
VLSM: Variable Length Subnet Making is a way of further subnetting a subnet. All subnets have different
number of hosts address.
Supernetting: Supernetting combines several networks into one large one. Supernetting reduces the number
of entries in a routing table.
Network ID: In classfull addressing, the portion of the IP address that identifies the network is called the
Network-ID.
Host ID: In Classfull addressing, the portion of the IP address that identifiers the host is called the Host-ID.
Classful IP: Classful is based on the default Class A, B or C networks.
Classless IP: Classless IP addressing means you can use any subnetmask you want.
Default Subnet Mask: A subnet Mask Before Subnetting such as 255.0.0.0 class A, 255.255.0.0 Class B, and
255.255.255.0 class C.
Customize Subnet Mask: A subnet Mask after Subnetting Such as 255.128.0.0, 255.255.192.0 and
255.255.255.224 etc.
Networks and Host-Per-Subnet:
• The number of newly created subnet Formula = 2power n
• The number of hosts per subnet Formula = 2 power n – 2.
• Where n is barrow bits.
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Customize Subnet Mask:
2 Power table for Subnetting:
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Some Practices Question:
• “255.224.0.0” in slash notation form? - Answer /11
• “/18” in binary form? - Answer is 255.255.192
• “252.0.0.0” in slash notation form? – Answer is /6
IP (Internet Protocol):
IP Addresses are divided into 5 Classes, these are divided by IANA: - Internet Assigned Number
authority.
We are using two type of version
• IPV4
• IPV6
So let start first discussing IP V4.
• IP uses packets called IP packets to carry information. Every IP packet should have address.
• The IP address (IPV4) is 32 bit and consists of 2 parts, the network part and the host part.
Example:
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192 168 1 1
8 Bit 8 Bit 8 Bit 8 Bit
N N N H
The IP address is 32 bit but we write it into 4 block of 8 bit as given above.
IP Addresses are divided into 5 Classes, There are divided by IANA:- Internet Assigned Number
Authority.
Class A 1-126
Class B 128-191
Class C 192-223
Class D 224-239 - Multicast
Class E 240-255 - Reserved
So we are only using Class A,B & C IP address
Subnet Mask: It’s an address used to identify the network and host portion of the IP address
Class A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 /8
Class B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 /16
Class C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 /24
Remember 255 represent Network bit and 0 represent Host bit.
Class A = /8 = 2^24 (16,600,000) Addresses for hosts
Class B = /16 = 2^16 (65,000) Addresses for hosts
Class C = /24 = 2^8 (256) Addresses for hosts
Class A's default mask is 255.0.0.0, or /8
Class B's default mask is 255.255.0.0, or /16
Class C's default mask is 255.255.255.0, or /24
255.0.0.0 in binary is 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000.
255.255.0.0 in binary is 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000.
255.255.255.0 in binary is 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000.
Procedure for Subnetting:
1. Check how many host required. Calculate host bits required (h) => 2power h-2 >= req.
2. Calculated Converted network bits (n) that is Total Host Bits – Required host Bits.
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3. Total. Network Bits = total network bits + converted bits
4. Block size = 2 power h
5. Subnets = 2 power n
6. Range:
Network ID ------ Broadcast ID
This is the procedure let do one question.
Required 40 hosts using IP add 192.168.1.0/24
1. 2powerh -2>= req
2power6-2 >=40
64-2>=40
62>=40
Host bits required (h) = 6
2. Converted network Bits (n) = Total Host Bits – Required Host Bits
= 8-6 =2(n)
3. Total Network Bits = total network bits + converted bits
= 24+2 =26 that is /26
4. Block size = 2power h = 2power 6 = 64
5. Subnets = 2 power n = 4 subnets
6. Range:
Network ID ----------------- Broadcast ID
192.168.1.0/26 192.168.1.63/26
192.168.1.64/26 192.168.1.127/26
192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.191/26
192.168.1.192/26 192.168.1.255/26
Example 2:
Req = 500 hosts using B-class address network 172.16.0.0/16
1.Req = 500 hosts using B-class address network 172.16.0.0/16
2powerh - 2 >= req
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2power9 – 2 >= 500
512 – 2 >= 500
510 >= 500
2.Host bits required (h)= 9
3. Converted network Bits (n) = Total. H. Bits -- req. H. Bits
= 16 --- 9 = 7 (n)
4. Total . Network Bits = total network bits + converted bits = 16 + 7 = /23
subnet mask = (/23)= 255.255.254.0
5. Blocksize = = 2 power h = 29 = 512
6.Subnets = 2 power n = 2 power 7 = 128 Subnets
Range
Network ID --- Broadcast ID
172.16.0.0/23 ---- 172.16.1.255/23
172.16.2.0/23 ---- 172.16.3.255/23
172.16.4.0/23 ---- 172.16.5.255/23
172.16.6.0/23 ---- 172.16.7.255/23
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